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History > USA > 20th - early 21st century > Main timeline
U.S. Service members gather around President George W. Bush during a visit to Al Asad Air Base, Iraq.
Bush was joined by Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, Secretary of State Condolezza Rice, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace, U.S. Central Command Commander Adm. William J. Fallon, Commander of Multinational Forces-Iraq Gen. David Petreaus, Commander of Multinational Corps-Iraq Lt. Gen. Ray Odierno, and others.
Defense Dept. photo by Cherie A. Thurlby
Date 3 September 2007 (2007-09-03)
http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/newsstoryPhoto/2007-09/hrs_hires_070903-D-7203T-022a.jpg
Author Defense Dept. photo by Cherie A. Thurlby
Primary source http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/newsstoryPhoto/2007-09/hrs_hires_070903-D-7203T-022a.jpg
Related http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/08/bush-memoir-iraq-war
George W. Bush
43rd President of the United States 2001-2009
Iraq War
Iraq timeline
2004 presidential elections
U.S. President George W. Bush speaks before signing H.R. 1731, the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act, in the Roosevelt Room of the White House July 15, 2004
REUTERS/Larry Downing.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2016/may/10/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/09/
https://www.economist.com/news/2005/12/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/13/usa.georgebush https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/28/usa.julianborger http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5099996 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/28/politics/politicsspecial1/28assess.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/usa.jamessturcke https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/iraq.usa https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/usa.georgebush http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/worldspecial/index.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/31/usa.suzannegoldenberg https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/21/usa.julianborger http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/16/national/16abuse.html http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/15/national/15abuse.html
http://www.time.com/time/personoftheyear/2004/photoessay/ http://www.nytimes.com/ref/elections2004/2004President.html http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/05/politics/campaign/05bush.html http://www.time.com/time/election2004/electionmap/ http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/bushbubble/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/ https://www.theguardian.com/uselections2004/0,13918,1047353,00.html https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/page/0,12438,793802,00.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/18/uselections2004.usa2 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/27/uselections2004.usa https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/30/uselections2004.usa http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/documentography/ http://www.code7r.org/Bintoons/bush01.htm http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/dossiers/election2004/
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html
George W. Bush Presidency
Vice President Dick Cheney
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/17/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/dec/16/
Iraq > Saddam Hussein 1937-2006
August 2005
Hurricane Katrina
https://www.npr.org/series/429056277/
https://www.npr.org/sections/hurricane-katrina-and-beyond/
https://www.npr.org/2015/08/29/
https://www.npr.org/2015/08/28/
https://www.npr.org/series/14009721/
https://www.npr.org/2015/08/27/
https://www.npr.org/series/5236558/
https://www.npr.org/2005/08/30/
2001
Saudi response to terrorist attacks
Saudi Arabia issued a statement on the day of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, calling them "regrettable and inhuman."
As of mid-November, the Bush administration has continued to publicly praise Saudi support for the war on terrorism.
However, published media reports have indicated U.S. frustration with Saudi inaction.
Although 15 of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi nationals, publicly the Saudis were not cooperating with Americans wanting to look at background files of the hijackers or interview the hijackers' families.
Although the U.S. might have wanted to use Saudi bases for its campaign in Afghanistan, the U.S. knew it couldn't ask the Saudis to allow American planes to fly bombing raids against the Taliban. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/
August 2001
Strains in U.S.-Saudi relationship
Frustrated by the lack of U.S. response to Israeli-Palestinian violence, Crown Prince Abdullah sent President George W. Bush an angry letter on August 29, according to an October 2001 report in The Wall Street Journal.
He warned that Saudi Arabia was being put in an untenable position and reportedly wrote:
"A time comes when peoples and nations part.
We are at a crossroads.
It is time for the United States and Saudi Arabia to look at their separate interests.
Those governments that don't feel the pulse of their people and respond to it will suffer the fate of the Shah of Iran." http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
https://www.loc.gov/collections/
12 October 2000
Suicide bomb attack on a US Navy destroyer in the Yemeni port of Aden
Suicide bombers attack USS Cole
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/07/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/
22 April 2000
Federal agents seize Elian Gonzalez from the home of his relatives in Miami
Border Patrol agents searching the Miami home of Lazaro Gonzalez found Elian Gonzalez, 6, being held by Donato Dalrymple, in April 2000.
The boy was returned to his father in Cuba after a custody battle with Florida relatives.
Photograph: Alan Diaz Associated Press
U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility By PETER BAKER NYT DEC. 17, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/
Related
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/elian-gonzalez https://www.theguardian.com/world/elian-gonzalez
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/06/elian-gonzalez-cuba-picture
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/elian-gonzalez-cuba-tug-war
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/22/news.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/apr/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/elian/0,2759,213941,00.html
Death penalty
A lethal-injection gurney sits ready at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem.
Oregon juries have imposed 73 death sentences since voters reinstated the death penalty in 1984, but only two inmates have been executed. Both volunteered.
Thomas Boyd The Oregonian
Can Oregon afford the death penalty? by Susan Goldsmith, The Oregonian Saturday April 18, 2009 6:56 PM
http://blog.oregonlive.com/news_impact/2009/04/deth1.jpg
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/capital-punishment
https://www.amnestyusa.org/issues/death-penalty/abolish-the-death-penalty/
https://www.thoughtco.com/women-on-death-row-971323
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/history-of-the-death-penalty/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/timeline.html
1998
bombings of the United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
2020
Al Qaeda’s No. 2, Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks, is Killed in Iran
Al Qaeda’s second-highest leader (was) accused of being one of the masterminds of the deadly 1998 attacks on American embassies in Africa,
(...)
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, who went by the nom de guerre Abu Muhammad al-Masri, was gunned down on the streets of Tehran by two assassins on a motorcycle on Aug. 7, the anniversary of the embassy attacks.
He was killed along with his daughter, Miriam, the widow of Osama bin Laden’s son Hamza bin Laden.
(...)
Mr. al-Masri, who was about 58, was one of Al Qaeda’s founding leaders and was thought to be first in line to lead the organization after its current leader, Ayman al-Zawahri.
Long featured on the F.B.I.’s Most Wanted Terrorist list, he had been indicted in the United States for crimes related to the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 224 people and wounded hundreds.
The F.B.I. offered a $10 million reward for information leading to his capture (...)
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/world/africa/
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/05/world/africa/
The 1996 terrorist attack on Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia (...) killed 19 United States airmen http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/opinion/a-break-in-the-khobar-towers-case.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/
The Waco siege, also known as the Waco massacre, was the law enforcement siege of the compound that belonged to the religious sect Branch Davidians.
It was carried out by the U.S. federal government, Texas state law enforcement, and the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993.
Source: Wikipedia, January 27, 2023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/25/
1993
World Trade Center Bombing
the February 1993 truck bombing (...) killed six people and injured more than 1,000 at the World Trade Center
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
1993
Religious Freedom Restoration Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-21B
41st President of the USA 1989-1993
1992
After the civil war in El Salvador ended in 1992, US immigration policies hardened and migrants who had been convicted of crimes were sent back to El Salvador, bringing gang culture and violence to an already struggling state.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/22/
April-May 1992
Los Angeles
Rodney King riots
https://www.npr.org/series/525773617/
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/
https://www.npr.org/2012/06/18/
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/30/
https://www.npr.org/2012/04/27/
https://www.npr.org/2012/04/23/
March 3, 1991 Los Angeles Rodney King beating
In June 1991 Mr. King’s car was stopped on a June night by four white police officers, who beat and kicked him.
A video of the incident was soon seen throughout the nation; the officers were found not guilty of using excessive force at a state trial but later tried in federal court for depriving Mr. King of his constitutional rights.
Photograph: George Holliday Courtesy of KTLA Los Angeles, via Associated Press
Barry Kowalski, Prosecutor in Rodney King Case, Is Dead at 74 NYT July 5, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/
Attacks against U.S. and French forces
AIDS epidemic
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/06/26/
40th President of the United States 1981-1989
Irangate 1980s
Time Covers -The 80S TIME cover 07-20-1987 Lieut. Col. Oliver North.
Date taken: July 20, 1987
Photograph: Terry Ashe
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=32b38e333c1b4b19
alarmed Washington
One of the most interesting facets of Ronald Reagan's presidency was his apparent obsession with Central America.
President Reagan became convinced that the Sandinistas' 1979 victory in Nicaragua could spark off revolution throughout the region and threaten the security of the United States. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/16/
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm - updated 5 June 2004
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/26/
Terrorist attacks on Americans 1979-1988
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html
3 July 1988
US warship shoots down Iranian airliner
An American naval warship patrolling in the Persian Gulf shoots down an Iranian passenger jet after apparently mistaking it for an F-14 fighter.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/
17 May 1987
An Iraqi plane attacks a US frigate in the Gulf, killing 37 sailors
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1987/may/19/iraq.
blows up 73 seconds after liftoff
1986
David Jacobsen, an American hostage held in Beirut for 17 months by Islamic fundamentalists, is released
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/
On 13 May 1985, Philadelphia police moved in to arrest four members of a radical black liberation group called Move – but a bungled raid left 11 people dead.
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/13/
https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2017/09/17/
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/18/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/13/
1985
PLO militants hijack the Achille Lauro
US sets up task force to handle cruise crisis
https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/10/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/
1984
Suicide bombers kill 23 in attack on US embassy in Beirut
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
39th President of the United States 1977-1981
March 28, 1979
Three Mile Island nuclear accident near Middletown, Pa.
https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/
http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/03/27/27
https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/01/
30 January 1979
USA / China
America puts the flag out for Deng
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1979/jan/30/china.usa
Death penalty moratorium
U.S. Supreme Court
Temporary halt to executions 1967-1977
The Supreme Court reinstates the death penalty in 1976
https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-death-penalty-in-america-3896747
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/428/153
38th president of the United States 1974-1977
Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994) 37th President of the USA 1969-1974
1994
OJ Simpson trial
football player OJ Simpson is charged with murdering his wife Nicole Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman in Brentwood, California.
The eight-month trial becomes a national obsession.
It spawns mottos ("If the glove doesn't fit, you must acquit!"), reality stars (Kato Kaelin, the Kardashian empire) and dinner table arguments across America.
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/ http://www.theguardian.com/world/simpson
https://www.npr.org/2021/06/03/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/17/
http://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/sep/19/
http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/07/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/03/us/
11 September 1973
Chile
Cold war
General Augusto Pinochet ousts Salvador Allende in CIA-sponsored coup and proceeds to establish a brutal dictatorship http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/chile.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1973/sep/12/chile.
Jan. 23, 1973
The Supreme Court strikes down laws criminalizing abortion in Roe v. Wade
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/19/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
http://www.npr.org/2017/01/27/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/01/22/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/23/
August 20, 1972
Wattstax concert
https://www.npr.org/2018/08/15/
February 1972
Richard Nixon makes historic visit to China
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/
1972
Title IX was not tremendously popular with everyone when it first passed in 1972.
The legislation, which bans sex-based discrimination in schools and sports funded by the federal government, was originally opposed by the NCAA, which lobbied against it.
It was ignored or minimized by athletic departments at many state-funded schools and universities.
But Title IX found ardent support in the funny pages.
https://www.npr.org/2022/06/26/
https://www.npr.org/2022/06/26/
New York state Attica prison uprising
Kent State University shootings
August 15–18, 1969
Woodstock
music festival in the Catskill Mountains, northwest of New York City
https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2016/jul/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2009/jul/30/
1968
Washington black riots
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/04/
Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy 1925-1968
Jan. 23, 1968
North Korea's capture of the USS Pueblo
Near the end of Lyndon Johnson’s presidency, North Korea undertook an extraordinary gamble against the United States, attacking and capturing a Navy spy ship, the Pueblo.
Six gunboats and two jets pounced on the Pueblo off North Korea’s rugged eastern coast as it tried to pinpoint radar and other military installations.
One American sailor died in the Jan. 23, 1968, attack; 82 others were imprisoned.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/23/
Aug. 1, 1966
America's First Modern Gun Massacre University of Texas at Austin
http://www.npr.org/2016/10/14/
Oct. 3, 1965
The Immigration and Nationality Act
The Immigration and Nationality Act, signed at the foot of the Statue of Liberty on Oct. 3, 1965, abolished the national origin quota system, under which immigrants were chosen on the basis of their race and ancestry.
The quotas set aside tens of thousands of visas each year for immigrants from Northern and Western Europe, while many countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East were allocated barely 100 slots each.
It was a blatantly discriminatory system.
Under the new law, immigrants were to be selected on the basis of their family connections in the United States and the skills and training they could offer, with all nationalities treated more or less equally.
Fifty years after its passage, it is clear the law definitively altered the complexion of the U.S. population.
In 1965, the immigrant share of the population was at an all-time low.
Eighty-five percent of the population was white, and 7 out of 8 immigrants were coming from Europe.
By 2010, the share of the U.S. population born overseas had tripled, and 9 out of 10 immigrants were coming from outside Europe.
https://www.npr.org/2015/10/03/
https://www.npr.org/2015/10/03/
1965
Immigration and Nationality Act
The law ended the era of race-based immigration, a quota system based on national origin that overwhelmingly favored white European immigrants.
http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/
The landmark Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 eased the path across the nation's borders for people from Asia and Africa — parts of the world that previously had limited opportunity to immigrate to the United States.
http://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/
http://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/
http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/
August 11, 1965
Watts Riots
https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/times/times_watts.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/15/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/24/
During the Gemini 4 flight in June 1965, Edward H. White became the first American to perform a spacewalk.
During the Gemini 4 flight in June 1965, Edward H. White became the first American to perform a spacewalk.
Sarah Wheeler, the head of photographs at Bloomsbury London, which is handling the photograph auction, said the spacewalk photographs resemble scenes from “Gravity.”
“They remind me of George Clooney,” she said.
James McDivitt/NASA, via Bloomsbury Auctions
Rarely Seen Images From Space Including the ‘Best Selfie Ever’ By KENNETH CHANG NYT FEB. 23, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/science/space-photos.html
Voting Rights Act 6 August 1965
1964
Civil Rights Act
This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal.
This document was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97
https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97
Alaskan earthquake March 27, 1964
Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973)
36th President of the USA 1963-1969
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963)
35th president of the United States 1961-1963
March 29, 1961
The states completed ratification of the 23rd Amendment, which gave residents of the District of Columbia the right to vote in presidential elections
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/
https://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment23.html
John Glenn became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth on the third of NASA’s Mercury missions.
The previous two were suborbital — they went up and then came right back down about 15 minutes later, more like a big roller coaster ride.
American in Orbit.
On Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth on the third of NASA’s Mercury missions.
The previous two were suborbital — they went up and then came right back down about 15 minutes later, more like a big roller coaster ride.
NASA, via Bloomsbury Auctions
Rarely Seen Images From Space Including the ‘Best Selfie Ever’ NYT FEB. 23, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/science/space-photos.html
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963)
35th President of the United States 1961-1963
Cuban missile crisis 1962
Description: John F. Kennedy meeting with Willy Brandt at the White House.
Source: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division under the digital ID cph.3c34151
Date: 1961 Mar. 13
Author: Marion S. Trikosko
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://100days.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/us/19dallas.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/18/usa
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1963/nov/23/mainsection.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1963/nov/23/usa.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1961/jan/20/usa.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1962/oct/29/fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1961/jan/21/mainsection.fromthearchive
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=14
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pi051.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov22.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep29.html
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=26
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/start/keywords/jfkenned.html
Mariner 2 was the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft.
Launched Aug. 27, 1962, on an Atlas-Agena rocket, Mariner 2 passed within about 34,000 kilometers (21,000 miles) of Venus, sending back valuable new information about interplanetary space and the Venusian atmosphere.
Mariner 2 recorded the planet's temperature for the first time, revealing its very hot atmosphere of about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit).
The spacecraft's solar wind experiment was the first to measure the density, velocity, composition and variation over time of the solar wind. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_964.html
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_964.html
the first legally elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was assassinated (...) on 17 January, 1961.
This heinous crime was a culmination of two inter-related assassination plots by American and Belgian governments, which used Congolese accomplices and a Belgian execution squad to carry out the deed.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/17/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
September 26, 1960
The First Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debate
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/
Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994)
Vice Presidency 1953-1961
Vice. Pres. Richard Nixon.
Location: US
Date taken: September 1960
Photograph: Joseph Scherschel
Life Images
Richard Nixon (1913-1994) / Watergate 1972-1974
Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994) 37th President of the United States 1969-1974
1956
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Interstate Highway Act, authorizing the creation of ultimately more than 45,000 miles of high-speed roads
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)
Thirty-Fourth President of the USA 1953-1961
Description Senior American military officials of World War II.
Seated are (from left to right)
Gens. William H. Simpson, George S. Patton, Carl A. Spaatz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Courtney H. Hodges, and Leonard T. Gerow;
standing are (from left to right)
Gens. Ralph F. Stearley, Hoyt Vandenberg, Walter Bedell Smith, Otto P. Weyland, and Richard E. Nugent.
Original image caption: "This is the brass that did it. Seated are Simpson, Patton (as if you didn't know), Spaatz, Ike himself, Bradley, Hodges and Gerow. Standing are Stearley, Vandenberg, Smith, Weyland and Nugent."
NARA FILE #: 208-YE-182 WAR & CONFLICT #: 751 This image is available from the Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration
under the ARC Identifier 535983.
Date: circa 1945
Author Army; part of the collection of the Office of War Information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Mamie Eisenhower and Dwight D. Eisenhower on the front steps of St. Louis Hall (St. Mary's University), San Antonio, Texas 1916
This image comes from the National Archives and Records Administration Eisenhower Library File No. 77-18-15 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eisenhower_with_Mamie.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/
http://www.npr.org/2017/08/20/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/05/opinion/the-permanent-militarization-of-america.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/feb/15/terrorism.usa
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/10/martinkettle
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1953/jun/20/usa.fromthearchive
24 July 1959
Nixon-Khrushchev "kitchen debate"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/july/24/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/
Joseph McCarthy 1908-1957
MCCARTHY, JOSEPH RAYMOND. Photograph by United Press. 1954.
Library of Congress Location: Biographical File Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-71719
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/235_pom.html
Daniel Fitzpatrick St Louis Post-Dispatch 23rd February, 1947 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyism.htm - borken link
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/dec/06/
Civil rights > Emmett Till 1941-1955
April 12, 1955
the U.S. government licensed the first vaccine against poliomyelitis, created by Dr. Jonas Salk, after scientists announced that day that it was found to be 80 percent to 90 percent effective.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/13/
June 1954
Guatemala coup
Washington feared Arbenz because he tried to institute agrarian reforms that would hand over fallow land to dispossessed peasants, thereby creating a middle class in a country where 2 percent of the population owned 72 percent of the land.
Unfortunately for him, most of that territory belonged to the largest landowner and most powerful body in the state: the American-owned United Fruit Company.
Though Arbenz was willing to compensate United Fruit for its losses, it tried to persuade Washington that Arbenz was a crypto-communist who must be ousted.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, along with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother, Allen, the C.I.A.’s director, were a receptive audience. In the cold war fervor of the times, Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers believed a strike against Arbenz would roll back communism.
And the Dulleses had their own personal sympathies for United Fruit: they had done legal work for the company, and counted executives there among their close friends.
It is true that Arbenz’s supporters in the Guatemalan Legislature did include the Communist Party, but it was the smallest part of his coalition.
Arbenz had also appointed a few communists to lower-level jobs in his administration.
But there was no evidence that Arbenz himself was anything more than a European-style democratic socialist.
And Arbenz’s land reform program was less generous to peasants than a similar venture pushed by the Reagan administration in El Salvador several decades later.
Eisenhower’s attack on Guatemala was brilliantly executed.
A faux invasion force consisting of a handful of right-wing Guatemalans used fake radio broadcasts and a few bombing runs flown by American pilots to terrorize the fledgling democracy into surrender.
Arbenz stepped down from the presidency and left the country.
Soon afterward, a Guatemalan colonel named Carlos Castillo Armas took power and handed back United Fruit’s lands.
For three decades, military strongmen ruled Guatemala.
The covert American assault destroyed any possibility that Guatemala’s fragile political and civic institutions might grow.
It permanently stunted political life.
And the destruction of Guatemala’s democracy also set back the cause of free elections in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras — all of which drew the lesson that Washington was more interested in unquestioning allies than democratic ones.
It was only after the cold war and a United Nations-negotiated peace deal with leftist guerrillas in 1996 that genuine democracy began to take hold in Guatemala.
And even since then, the cycle of violence and lawlessness unleashed by the 1954 coup has continued.
In 1998, an assassin bludgeoned to death the Catholic bishop Juan Gerardi shortly after he issued a damning report blaming the army for widespread massacres.
In 2007, Guatemala had the world’s third-highest homicide rate, according to a United Nations-World Bank study.
In 2009, more civilians were murdered in Guatemala than were killed in the war zones of Iraq.
Washington took the first step toward making amends when President Bill Clinton visited Guatemala in 1999 and offered a vague apology for America’s support of violent and repressive forces there.
This year is an opportunity for Washington to fully own up to its shameful role in destabilizing Guatemala and honor Arbenz for having the courage to lead one of Central America’s first democracies — and send a signal that America has learned to stop placing its ideological concerns and business interests ahead of its ideals.
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
August 1953
Iran
is overthrown in a coup engineered by the British and American intelligence services
General Fazlollah Zahedi is proclaimed as prime minister and the Shah returns http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm
https://www.bbc.com/news/
https://www.npr.org/2020/08/18/
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/10/
https://www.npr.org/2019/01/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/30/
1952
The United States tests its first thermonuclear bomb
Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion.
Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll, in the now independent island nation of the Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Ivy.
It was the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design, a staged fusion device. - Wikipedia, 31 March 2024
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2024/03/29/
1951
U.S. and Saudi Arabia formalize security relationship
Under a mutual defense agreement, the U.S. established a permanent U.S. Military Training Mission in the kingdom and agreed to provide training support in the use of weapons and other security-related services to the Saudi armed forces.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers assisted in the construction of military installations in the kingdom.
This agreement formed the basis of what grew into a longstanding security relationship. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
1948
U.S. Recognition of the State of Israel
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/us-israel
Henry Ford 1863-1947
Time Covers - The 40S TIME cover 03-23-1942 ill. of Henry Ford.
Date taken: March 23, 1942
Photographer: Ernest Hamlin Baker Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=da2dc6ff40c2bf91
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul30.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/henry-ford
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/10/
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/17/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm
1947
Marshall plan
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
From 1946 to 1948, American public health doctors deliberately infected nearly 700 Guatemalans — prison inmates, mental patients and soldiers — with venereal diseases in what was meant as an effort to test the effectiveness of penicillin. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/
G.I. Bill of 1944
After the war, Black veterans were largely left out of the benefits created by the G.I. Bill of 1944.
https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/
https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/
Harry S. Truman 1884-1972
Thirty-third President of the United States 1945-1953
Description: President Harry S. Truman is shown at his desk at the White House signing a proclaimation declaring a national emergency.
Date: December 16, 1950
Source: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/Assets/Still/1999/DoD/HD-SN-99-03031.JPEG
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg
From left, Winston Churchill, President Harry S. Truman and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Potsdam in 1945.
Photograph: The New York Times
Harry Truman: The Everyman President NYT March 11, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=15
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/us/
with King Ibn Saud aboard USS Quincy (CA-71), 14 February 1945 (USA-C-545).jpg Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_on_quincy.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud
Saudi Arabia gains strategic importance during World War II
Although Saudi Arabia officially maintained neutrality through most of the war, the U.S. began to court the kingdom as it realizedthe strategic importance of Saudi oil reserves.
In 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt made Saudi Arabia eligible for Lend-Lease assistance by declaring the defense of Saudi Arabia of vital interest to the U.S.
In 1945, King Abdel Aziz and President Roosevelt cemented the tacit oil-for-security relationship when they met aboard the USS Quincy in the Suez Canal. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_on_q https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/08/
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1882-1945 32nd President of the United States 1933-1945
September 1938
The Great Hurricane of 1938, or "The Long Island Express"
The Great Hurricane of 1938, or "The Long Island Express" as it was also called, (...) destroyed more than 63,000 homes.
It injured thousands.
It killed more than 600 people.
https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2023/07/11/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2023/07/11/
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/flsa1938.htm
the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (...) vainly fought against Fascism’s advance into Spain in the late 1930s
(...)
nearly 3,000 quixotic young Americans (...) volunteered for the Spanish Civil War in a bloody prelude to World War II.
About 800 of those who volunteered were believed to have been killed.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/us/
Hollywood Cartoons
American Animation in Its Golden Age
Walt Disney 1901-1966
Walt Disney Brown Brothers NYT January 22, 2006
At Disney, a Dealmaker in the Grip of Technological Change By LAURA M. HOLSON and JOHN MARKOFF NYT January 23, 2006
https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/23/
Walt Disney Productions, Jiminy Cricket, 1940. Pencil with watercolor and ink. LC-DIG-ppmsca-03346 © Disney Enterprises, Inc. Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/artwood/aw-animation.html
https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/artwood/
https://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0195167295.html
Un-American Activities Committee HUAC
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/dec/06/
May 6, 1937
Crash of the Hindenburg passenger blimp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hindenburg_burning.jpg Source: Wikipedia - added 2.9.2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8V5KXgFLia4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGCTsqGWoUk
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/
Ohio River flood 1937
Contrasts between the American image of plenty and the needs of many citizens have become more glaring in times of crisis.
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White Time Life Pictures/Getty Images [ 1937 ]
Straggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis The coronavirus pandemic has shown how close to the edge many Americans were living, with pay and benefits eroding even as corporate profits surged. NYT April 16, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/
Related
First published in Life Magazine’s February 1937 issue, World’s Highest Standard of Living became instantly recognizable to many Americans during the Great Depression for its starkly ironic juxtaposition of an idealized America alongside the grimmer aspects of everyday reality.
Often thought to be an unemployment line, the photo was actually taken in Louisville after the flooding of the Ohio River, which killed almost 400 people and displaced about a million more across four states.
https://www.artic.edu/articles/467/
The Ohio River flood of 1937 took place in late January and February 1937.
With damage stretching from Pittsburgh to Cairo, Illinois, 385 people died, one million people were left homeless and property losses reached $500 million ($8.723 billion when adjusted for inflation as of January 2019).
Federal and state resources were strained to aid recovery as the disaster occurred during the depths of the Great Depression and a few years after the beginning of the Dust Bowl. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937
1933
Saudi Arabi and Standard Oil sign concession agreement
King Abdel Aziz granted a concession to the U.S. company, Standard Oil, which allowed them to explore for oil in the country's Eastern Province.
The joint enterprise eventually became known as the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco).
The company granted a loan of £50,000 to the Saudi government and paid it other assorted rental fees and royalty payments.
In exchange, Aramco received exclusive rights to mine, produce and export oil from the eastern part of the country, free of Saudi taxes and duties.
In 1938, efforts were rewarded with the first discovery of commercial quantities of oil at Dammam Well Number 7, located near Dhahran.
The agreement was modified several times over the years.
In 1950, Saudi Arabia and Aramco agreed to a 50-50 profit-sharing arrangement, and a series of agreements between 1973 and 1980 resulted in the Saudis' regaining full control of the company.
In 1988, King Fahd issued a royal decree establishing the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, known as Saudi Aramco, to replace Aramco. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/05/09/
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=
1931
The American dream
The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931.
He states:
"The American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.
It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it.
It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position." (p.214-215)
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/thedream.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/resource.html
1929 crash / Great depression / New deal
Woodrow Wilson 1856-1924
Twenty-eighth President of the USA 1913-1921
Description: President of the United States Thomas Woodrow Wilson, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left.
Source: The Library od Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html
Date: December 2, 1912
Author: Pach Brothers, New York Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:President_Woodrow_Wilson_portrait_December_2_1912.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson Primary source http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec28.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1919/wilson-bio.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec28.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun09.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/10/10/
William Howard Taft 1857-1930
Twenty-Seventh President of the USA 1909-1913
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:William_Howard_Taft.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft Primary source http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/010.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft
23 August 1927
Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco's execution
and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and anarchists who adhered to a movement that advocated relentless warfare against a violent and oppressive government.
Sacco, a shoe worker, and Vanzetti, a fish peddler, were accused of the shooting death of a paymaster and his guard on April 15, 1920, during a payroll robbery at a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass.
Sacco was arrested with a .32-caliber Colt automatic, Vanzetti with a .38-caliber Harrington & Richardson revolver.
Sacco was charged with killing the guard, Vanzetti with being one of four accomplices.
The other three robbers were never apprehended.
Contradictory evidence in the 1921 trial (both men had air-tight alibis, neither man was connected to the $16,000 in stolen money) and the pair's subsequent execution by the electric chair elevated them to martyr status in the Italian anarchist movement, which had spread west from its immigrant roots of artisan and peasant stock in New York and Chicago. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9517/sacco.html
http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9517/sacco.html http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9901/millay.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/07/
1927
Great Mississippi Flood
27,000 square miles (70,000 km2) inundated up to a depth of 30 feet (9 m).
To try to prevent future floods, the federal government built the world's longest system of levees and floodways.
Ninety-four percent of more than 630,000 people affected by the flood lived in the states of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana, most in the Mississippi Delta.
More than 200,000 African Americans were displaced from their homes along the Lower Mississippi River and had to live for lengthy periods in relief camps.
As a result of this disruption, many joined the Great Migration from the south to northern and midwestern industrial cities rather than return to rural agricultural labor.
This massive population movement increased from World War II until 1970. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927 - 17 April 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2020/04/22/841997647/aftermath
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/
In 1924, the Virginia legislature passed the Racial Integrity Act, which outlawed interracial marriage, in part by reclassifying American Indians as “colored.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
1924
The Indian Citizenship Act, also known as the Snyder Act
President Calvin Coolidge with a Native delegation, possibly from the Plateau area in the Northwestern United States, near the South Lawn of the White House in 1925, the year after the passage of the Snyder Act.
Photograph: Library of Congress
In 1920, Native Women Sought the Vote. Here’s What’s Next. The 19th Amendment did not bring the right to vote to all Native women, but two experts in a conversation said it did usher in the possibility of change. NYT Published July 31, 2020 Updated Aug. 11, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/
The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, (43 Stat. 253, enacted June 2, 1924) was an Act of the United States Congress that granted US citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States, called "Indians" in the Act.
While the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution defines as citizens any persons born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction, the amendment had been interpreted by the courts to not apply to Native peoples. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/
1924
National Origins Act / Immigration Act
Japanese immigration to America is banned
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota.
The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.
It completely excluded immigrants from Asia. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ImmigrationAct
The main sponsor of the 1924 law enacting the national origins quotas was Rep. Albert Johnson, R-Wash., chairman of the House Committee on Immigration.
Among Johnson's immigration advisers were John Trevor, the founder of the far-right American Coalition of Patriotic Societies, and Madison Grant, an amateur eugenicist whose writings gave racism a veneer of intellectual legitimacy.
In his 1916 book The Passing of the Great Race, Grant separated the human species into Caucasoids, Mongoloids and Negroids, and argued that Caucasoids and Negroids needed to be separated.
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/13/
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/13/
Italian immigrants arriving in New York in 1923, not long before a quota greatly restricting their numbers was imposed.
Photograph: De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images Plus
A Century Ago, America Built Another Kind of Wall There was a time when even Ivy League scientists supported racial restrictions at the border. NYT May 3, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1872-1933
Thirtieth President of the USA 1923-1929
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1872-1933 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Calvin_Coolidge_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug03.html http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/coolidge.htm http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/
Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era and the Consumer Economy 1921-1929
American Variety 1920's
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/
In 1921, thousands of armed union coal miners marched into Logan County to help striking miners who were being attacked by company gunmen.
The battle lasted for five days, and the miners were defeated after airplanes were used to bomb their trenches and federal troops arrived to suppress the rebellion.
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
19th amendment to the Constitution
1920
Presidential Election
First commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns
https://www.loc.gov/collections/
1919
Prohibition
Congress passes the Volstead Act providing for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified nine months earlier.
Known as the Prohibition Amendment, it prohibits the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" in the United States
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/october-28/ https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/30/
Prohibition
Une expérience américaine
Documentaire, USA, 2011
1 - Une nation d'ivrognes
Depuis que les Pères Pèlerins ont chargé la soute du Mayflower avec de la bière, l'alcool et les rituels qui l'entourent sont au moins aussi américains que l'Apple Pie.
Au milieu du XIXe siècle, le saloon est le lieu de rendez-vous des nouveaux arrivants désargentés.
Mais alors qu'une vague de ferveur idéologique balaie le pays, beaucoup, à commencer par les femmes, commencent à voir l'alcool comme un fléau.
Des campagnes de tempérance inspirées par l'Église au lobby xénophobe de la Ligue anti-saloon, les Américains se déchirent.
Cette dernière, emmenée par Wayne Wheeler, étend son influence politique et lorsqu'éclate la Première Guerre mondiale, elle n'hésite pas à assimiler les brasseurs et les buveurs de bière à l'ennemi allemand.
L'alcool est finalement déclaré illégal le 17 janvier 1920.
Mais déjà, la résistance s'organise... http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025728.html
2 - Du whisky aux bières légères et même au chou fermenté, tous les produits alcoolisés sont maintenant illégaux.
Des millions d'Américains se mettent alors à contourner la loi.
Tandis que l'ancien policier Roy Olmstead se lance dans la contrebande et approvisionne Seattle en schnaps canadien, des milliers de speakeasy - où l'on commande à voix basse - ouvrent leurs portes pour permettre aux New Yorkais d'étancher leur soif.
Médecins et pharmaciens, agents fédéraux et policiers locaux, rabbins et directeurs de pompes funèbres y trouvent des occasions de profit.
Les deux cents fonctionnaires chargés de faire appliquer la loi dans la Grosse Pomme ne peuvent que constater leur impuissance. http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025732.html
http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/
http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/
Related > Anglonautes > History
20th, early 21st century > USA >
America, USA > 18th, 19th century >
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