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grammaire anglaise > GV > auxiliaires > have
sens et valeurs > haveauxiliaire
present perfect / past perfect > structure
past perfect > sens
Present perfect et past perfect se construisent avec haveauxiliaire.
Actif :
Present perfect : haveauxiliaire + participe passé
Past perfect : hadauxiliaire + participe passé
Passif :
Present perfect : haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire + participe passé
Past perfect : hadauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire + participe passé
Past perfect > valeurs
1. Comme le present perfect, le past perfect sert à faire un bilan, mais dans un contexte passé.
A statement released on behalf of the company that owns the transporter, Elliott Sargeant of Totton, Southhampton, said it was "devastated". It had been the first accident involving one of its vehicles in more than eight years of trading.
Five killed as pile-up brings M1 to a halt,
2. Dans un contexte passé, le past perfect marque l'antériorité d'un événement A par rapport à un événement B :
A s'est produit avant B.
Fifty years ago, on Saturday, February 28, 1953, two young scientists walked (past / prétérit) into the Eagle, a dingy pub in Cambridge, England, and announced (past / prétérit) to the lunchtime crowd that they had discovered (past perfect) the secret of life.
Double Helix Leaps
Fom Lab to Real Life,
---- A (had discovered / past perfect) --------------> B (walked / announced / 28.02.1953 / past) ----------->
I forgot (verbe irrégulier forget au prétérit) that I had promised (past perfect) to take them on a picnic today...
Peanuts by Charles Schulz GoComics September 04, 2016 http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2016/09/04
3. Effet de rhétorique / de style : le past perfect met en valeur / en scène certains faits révolus.
Exemple dans une prochaine édition.
4. Hypothèse relative au passé : Past perfect modal
Dana Summers Orlando, FL The Orlando Sentinel Cagle 18 December 2008
Syntaxe > Sens
Le past perfect inversé (Hadauxiliaire + Nsujet + participe passé) permet de formuler une hypothèse sans utiliser if :
There is little doubt that had he not quit he would have been sacked.
Sky News reporter who
faked war report found hanged,
Musicians speculate endlessly about what Mozart might have achieved had he not died at the miserably early age of 35.
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Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé
Present perfect > Valeurs > Bilan
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