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grammaire anglaise > GV > auxiliaires > modaux
sens et valeurs > hypothèse > degrés hypothétiques
Larry Wright Comment cartoon Cagle 19.11.2004 http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/wright.asp http://info.detnews.com/wrightoon/index.cfm
would
could
should
may
might
mustépistémique / hypothétique
reprise de could / may par might
hadauxiliaire + Nsujet + beenauxiliaire + participe passé (passif)
Had she been put to death,
+
Nsujet + would + haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire
Newton would have been the first black woman to be executed in Texas and the fourth woman to be executed in the state since 1863. Governor Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution R, Wed Dec 1, 2004 06:35 PM ET
http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=
may > sens / valeurs
hypothèse, incertitude, stase, éventuel, virtuel, "peut-être"
The Guardian Money p. 9 19 November 2005
The Guardian Sport p. 5 18 December 2008 http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2008/12/18/pdfs/gdn_081218_spr_5_21488249.pdf
What Do You Expect for $99.23 a Night?
November 20, 2005 The New York Times By MANNY FERNANDEZ
It was about 4
p.m. when something crawled on the carpet. A large insect of unidentified
species made its way across the hotel lobby, and a group of European tourists
tracked it with a cheerful curiosity until a gray-haired man in a baseball cap
waiting to check in stomped on it.
What Do You Expect for
$99.23 a Night?,
mustépistémique / hypothétique
For Better or For Worse By Lynn Johnston Washington Post April 4, 2011 http://wpcomics.washingtonpost.com/client/wpc/fb/
Valeur épistémique de must :
l'énonciateur estime que ce qu'il dit va / doit très certainement arriver, est vrai / sera vrai.
Enoncé ci-dessous : la révolution des LED doit avoir lieu, ne peut qu'arriver.
Moi qui parle, je fais un constat, j'estime que la révolution des LED est nécessaire, inévitable, inéluctable :
1 - The LED revolution must happen. These little devices already provide the gleam behind some computer and phone screens, as well as traffic lights and giant display screens in public places. They throw a brilliant light but almost no heat, so they last for 10 years rather than 10 weeks or 10 months. A 10-watt LED will have the shine of a 50-watt incandescent bulb.
LED at the end of the
tunnel:
Derrière cette inéluctabilité de façade, une part d'incertitude subsiste : mustépistémique est la marque d'un pari.
Pari raisonné, mais pari tout de même : moi qui parle, je pense qu'il y a toutes les chances que...
A l'inverse, will indiquerait ici une très forte probabilité, une prévision dénuée de toute subjectivité.
Le même énoncé, modalisé en will, serait plus objectif : affirmation scientifique, énonciateur en retrait -> A 10-watt LED will have the shine of a 50-watt incandescent bulb.
Ne pas confondre mustépistémique et mustradical, même si leurs valeurs se "recouvrent"' souvent, à des degrés divers : voir rubrique sur must.
déduction / prévision / présupposition
d'hypothèse en hypothèse :
may, should, must, could ?
2.45pm Bird flu pandemic 'could kill 150m'
Friday September 30, 2005 Guardian Unlimited James Sturcke
A global influenza pandemic is imminent and will kill up to 150 million people, the UN official in charge of coordinating the worldwide response to an outbreak has warned. David Nabarro, one of the most senior public health experts at the World Health Organisation, said outbreaks of bird flu, which have killed at least 65 people in Asia, could mutate into a form transmittable between people. "The consequences in terms of human life when the pandemic does start are going to be extraordinary and very damaging," he said. He told the BBC that the "range of deaths could be anything between five and 150 million".
Bird flu pandemic
'could kill 150m',
A la différence de may, avec lequel l'énonciateur pose (ou prétend poser) une hypothèse pour la première fois - un "premier dit" ou un "pré-dit" - could permet de re-formuler cette hypothèse à partir d'un déjà-dit réel (information déjà énoncée) ou fictif (l'énonciateur manipule son co-énonciateur en faisant comme si l'information avait déjà été donnée).
Le titre de l'article ci-dessus - Bird flu pandemic 'could kill 150m' - est modalisé en could car il reprend l'hypothèse, souvent émise depuis au moins un an, d'une pandémie causée par la grippe aviaire.
Le choix entre may et could dépend donc non seulement du sens (pure hypothèse avec may, hypothèse probable avec could), mais aussi du point de l'énoncé dans un continuum discursif (reprise, répétition, reformulation).
Sur le plan sémantique (sémantisme = sens), le titre est ici sans équivoque :
une pandémie n'est plus un risque inédit, théorique, que l'on commence à envisager / formuler (fonction de may), mais bel et bien la conclusion logique d'un raisonnement maintes fois formulé / repris (could) :
si il y a pandémie - et les risques de pandémie sont loins d'être négligeables -, alors il pourrait bien il y avoir 150 millions de morts.
On reste certes dans l'hypothétique avec could, mais il s'agit ici d'une hypothèse récurrente, construite, scientifique, fondée, à prendre au sérieux.
L'actualisation / la réalisation de l'hypothèse est très possible, presque probable.
Could réduit le champ du virtuel :
à noter d'ailleurs la reprise de could kill (titre) par will kill (première phrase).
En savoir plus sur la valeur de prévision de will
Could > valeur de prévision-modélisation scientifiques :
The Nation's Weather
March 24, 2007 Filed at 5:21 a.m. ET The New York Times By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Heavy showers and thunderstorms are likely in the Southern and Central Plains on Saturday, and temperatures could drop as a cold front moves into the region. Meanwhile, severe weather that brought tornadoes to parts of New Mexico on Friday could affect areas spanning from northern Texas through Nebraska. Rain is expected in the Rockies, and several inches of snow are likely in higher elevations of New Mexico and Colorado. A slow-moving front is expected to move through the upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic regions. New England could get rain and snow. Temperatures ranging from the 40s to 60s are expected in the Northwest, and rain is likely in Washington state. In the Northeast, temperatures ranging from the 30s to 50s is expected, while the Southeast could see temperatures in the 80s. Temperatures in the lower 48 states Friday ranged from a low of 17 degrees at Farson, Wyo.,
to a high of 89 degrees at Naples, Fla.
The Nation's Weather,
A l'inverse de could, may place le co-énonciateur dans le spéculatif, l'aléatoire, le virtuel, l'éventualité.
Dans l'article ci-dessous, publié le même jour (30 septembre 2005) que le texte sur la grippe aviaire, le titre est modalisé en may car il s'agit d'une hypothèse qui, si elle n'est pas complètement nouvelle, n'a pas le même degré de récurrence dans les média.
Pour le lecteur peu informé sur l'hépatite C, ce titre en may surprend, attire l'attention.
Qui plus est, l'emploi de ce modal permet au journaliste - dans le titre, pas dans le premier paragraphe - de rester prudent sur ce qu'il avance.
Hepatitis C timebomb may kill 150,000
By Jeremy Laurance, Health Editor Published: 30 September 2005 The Independent
Up to 150,000 people in Britain are expected to die over the next 20 years from a treatable disease that most do not know they have. A silent epidemic of hepatitis C, a blood-borne virus, has infected an estimated 500,000 people in the UK and new cases are rising faster here than in other European countries, specialists said yesterday. Typical victims of the illness are middle-class professional men and women who dabbled in drugs in their youth and contracted the infection through sharing needles. Other people became infected through contaminated blood transfusions before testing for hepatitis C was introduced in 1991. The disease is already the main reason for liver transplants, and it will kill more people than Aids by 2020. The scale of the problem has been recognised by the Government, which published an action plan to tackle it last year. But in a report published yesterday, the Hepatitis C Trust, a charity for sufferers, said that Britain was at the bottom of the European league on treatment, with fewer than 2 per cent of cases receiving drugs, compared with 15 per cent in France. Drug treatment costs £6,000 to £12,000 per case, and cures more than half of sufferers. It has been approved for use on the NHS by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice), but the disease has no symptoms in its early stages and only one in 10 sufferers knows they are infected.
Hepatitis C timebomb
may kill 150,000,
Dans l'article ci-dessous, qui traite de la présence de méthane sur Mars, deux voix énonciatives se répondent, celles du journaliste et de l'astronome Andrew Coates.
§2 - Première hypothèse du scientifique : d'après ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui de l'atmosphère de Mars, moi, astronome, je suis en mesure d'avancer que la présence de méthane doit être de courte durée, elle doit durer tout au plus quelques centaines d'années.
"Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere. It should last for less than a few hundred years,"
L'énonciateur n'est pas complètement certain de ce qu'il dit, il ne dit pas is, il modalise : should indique ici qu'il reste une marge d'erreur.
La validité de l'énoncé reste relative.
§3 - Constructions hypothétique et linguistique.
A partir de cette première hypothèse, l'astronome en déduit une seconde : puisque il y a du méthane sur Mars, et que ce gaz disparaît rapidement (en temps astronomique) dans l'atmosphère martienne, c'est qu'il a dû être émis récemment : donc / par conséquent (so), il doit nécessairement / certainement (must) il y avoir une source récente, peut-être même actuelle : So there must be a very recent source, perhaps even a current source.
Must, ici utilisé dans sa valeur épistémique (j'estime que...), marque aussi le passage logique de la première à la seconde hypothèse : si 1, alors 2.
Le scientifique poursuit sa déduction.
Si il existe une source d'émission, il n'y a que deux possibilités connues : activité volcanique ou forme de vie.
Le champ du possible est ici délimité par could :
The two possible sources could be volcanism - very recent or current volcanism - or life.
Traduction : Les deux sources possibles pourraient être le volcanisme ou une forme de vie.
A l'inverse, l'astronome ne modalise pas lorsqu'il affirme - c'est une donnée scientifique - que toute forme de vie sur Terre produit du méthane (présent simple : produce + s) :
"All life as we know it on Earth, even down to the tiniest microbe, produces methane as a byproduct."
§5. Autre voix énonciative : le journaliste utilise can pour présenter ce qui est, selon lui, une caractéristique inhérente de Mars.
Quelle que soit la réponse au problème - volcanisme ou vie -, moi, journaliste, je peux désormais vous affirmer que la planète rouge ne peut plus être considérée comme une planète morte. :
Either way, the red planet can no longer be considered a dead planet.
Le journaliste, ou le sub-editor, reste prudent dans le titre : un gaz pourrait fournir un indice...
may indique ici un degré hypothétique élevé :
Gas may yield clue to life on Mars
§7. Dernière phase de la déduction : étant donné qu'il y aurait (conditionnel) des signes d'une activité volcanique relativement récente - tentative evidence of relatively recent, small-scale volcanism -, il y a de fortes chances pour que le méthane soit d'origine volcanique.
Traduction explicative : le méthane pourrait bien être d'origine volcanique :
"So there is certainly a good chance that it could be volcanism," Dr Coates said.
Gas may yield clue to life on Mars
1. Scientists yesterday confirmed the presence of methane on Mars, raising two possibilities - volcanos, or life on the red planet.
2. "Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere. It should last for less than a few hundred years," Andrew Coates, of the Mullard space science laboratory at University College London, told the British Association science festival in Exeter.
3. "So there must be a very recent source, perhaps even a current source. The two possible sources could be volcanism - very recent or current volcanism - or life. All life as we know it on Earth, even down to the tiniest microbe, produces methane as a byproduct."
4. Mars was once an active planet: Mons Olympus on Mars is the biggest volcano in the solar system. But the planet has not been volcanic on any large scale for at least 3.8bn years.
5. So even if the source of the methane is geological rather than biological, the discovery is enough to set pulses racing in planetary science laboratories. Either way, the red planet can no longer be considered a dead planet.
6. There is tentative evidence of relatively recent, small-scale volcanism.
7. "So there is certainly a good chance that it could be volcanism," Dr Coates said. Headline and first §§, G, 10.9.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/science/story/0,12996,1301417,00.html
Pluto may have three moons, instead of one
Mon Oct 31, 2005 10:59 PM ET Reuters By Deborah Zabarenko
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Pluto, that cosmic oddball at the far reaches of our solar system, may have three moons instead of one, scientists announced on Monday. Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope glimpsed the two new satellites back in May, and were intrigued when the pair of possible moons appeared to move around Pluto over three days in what looked like a nearly circular orbit. If confirmed by the International Astronomical Union, they will get official names based on classical mythology, joining Pluto's moon Charon, which is named for the ferryman of the dead. Pluto is named for the lord of the underworld. For now, the new satellites are called simply P1 and P2. One of the scientists who discovered the satellites couldn't resist making some spooky allusions with the announcement. "It's ... strictly coincidental that Pluto of course was named for the god of the underworld and we're describing these Halloween moons," said Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute in a telephone news conference. Pluto's first known moon, Charon, was discovered in 1978. Charon is about half Pluto's size, making it less like a satellite and more like a sibling, and many scientists consider Pluto and Charon to be a binary system, with the moon orbiting about 12,000 miles from the planet. The newfound putative satellites are likely much smaller than Charon, ranging in size from perhaps 30 miles to 100 miles in diameter.
Scientists are still trying to figure this out.
More information and images are available online at http://hubblesite.org/news/2005/19/ ,
Pluto may have three moons,
instead of one, R, 31.10.2005,
would
valeurs > forte probabilité
l'hypothèse que je fais, ce que je dis / prédique (prédicat) du sujet est fort probable :
Why Making A 'Designer Baby' Would Be Easier Said Than Done
The Guardian Weekend p. 70 5 November 2005
structure modale
shouldauxiliaire modal + Nsujet + BV
“Should locals have concerns, we encourage them to come forward,” she wrote.
structure verbale
hadauxiliaire + Nsujet + participe passé
Had she been put to death, Newton would have been the first black woman to be executed in Texas and the fourth woman to be executed in the state since 1863.
In Afghan South, U.S. Faces Frustrated Residents
October 16, 2010 The New York Times By CARLOTTA GALL
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan — As American troops mount a critical operation this
weekend in the campaign to regain control in Kandahar, they face not only the
Taliban but also a frustrated and disillusioned population whose land has been
devastated by five years of fighting.
and Ruhullah Khapalwak from Kabul.
In Afghan South, U.S.
Faces Frustrated Residents,
HOUSTON, Texas (Reuters) - Texas Gov. Rick Perry granted a rare stay of execution to a Houston woman just hours before she was scheduled to die on Wednesday night by lethal injection for the 1987 murder of her husband and two children. Frances Newton, 39, has protested her innocence since she was charged in the shooting deaths of her husband Adrian, 23, son Alton, 7, and daughter Farrah, 21 months, in what prosecutors said was an attempt to collect $100,000 from life insurance policies on her family. Had she been put to death, Newton would have been the first black woman to be executed in Texas and the fourth woman to be executed in the state since 1863.
Governor Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution,
Accidents will happen and illness can strike, but many of us seem to assume that our charmed lives will last for ever. According to research from the Alliance & Leicester bank, almost a third of Britons haven't got life assurance. Of course, no one wants to dwell on thoughts of what might happen should they die, but the beginning of National Breast Cancer Awareness month ought to remind us that it's vital we do think the unthinkable if we don't want our loved ones to struggle financially.
So you think disaster will
never strike?: A third of us have no life cover.
may
extralinguistique > éventualité, hypothèse pure, hypothèse première (ce qu'on a tout d'abord envisagé)
linguistique > forme première
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could November 27, 2019 7:39 AM ET NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
vs.
could
extralinguistique :
potentialité du référent du sujet, forte possibilité, probabilité
linguistique :
forme seconde / anaphorique, référenciation, comparaison
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could November 27, 2019 7:39 AM ET NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
The Guardian p. 1 11 January 2007 http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/jan/11/cancer.infectiousdiseases
The Guardian p. 3 7 December 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/dec/07/spaceexploration.research
What Trump's Increasing Isolation Could Mean For His Presidency
August 19, 2017 7:00 AM ET NPR
http://www.npr.org/2017/08/19/
Scientists link plastic food containers with breast cancer
A chemical widely used in food packaging may be a contributing factor to women developing breast cancer, scientists have suggested.
Headline
and §1, G, 30.5.2005,
Decoded at last: the 'classical holy grail' that may rewrite the history of the world
Scientists begin to
unlock the secrets
For more than a century, it has caused
excitement and frustration in equal measure - a collection of Greek and Roman
writings so vast it could redraw the map of classical civilisation. If only it
was legible.
Headline, sub and first §§, IoS, 17.4.2005,
The true horror emerges
· Children may make up a third of dead, says UN · Disease could double toll
The death toll in the Asian tsunami disaster topped 60,000 last night, with world health chiefs warning that disease could kill as many people again if fresh water and medicine do not reach stricken areas soon.
Across the Indian Ocean rim, stories of
incredible devastation emerged as one of the largest and most complex relief
efforts ever undertaken swung into action.
India's death toll of 11,500 included at least
7,000 on the Andamans and Nicobar archipelago. On one island, the surge of water
triggered by Sunday's undersea earthquake killed two-thirds of the population.
In Sri Lanka, the confirmed toll was 21,000 and rising, with another 2,000 in
the Tamil north. (...) The World Health Organisation said the focus now should be on preventing the spread of disease, especially malaria and cholera. Dr David Nabarro, the WHO head of crisis operations, said: "There is certainly a chance that as many could die from communicable diseases as from the tsunami."
The true
horror emerges,
could
valeurs > possibilité soumise à condition (if...)
Is it a bird? Is it a spaceship? No, it's a secret US spy plane · Sightings of flying object over Britain worried MoD · Questions threatened to strain relations with US G Saturday June 24, 2006 http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/jun/24/freedomofinformation.usnews
The Guardian p. 1 13.8.2005
The Guardian p. 21 18.11.2004
The Guardian Film & Music p. 15 28.10.2005
may > valeurs
possibilité, éventualité, risque, chance
The Guardian p. 14 25 September 2004
may marque souvent la première étape d'une réflexion hypothétique : l'éventualité, la théorie, la possibilité, l'aléatoire.
Les énoncés en may laissent (ou prétendent laisser) le co-énonciateur libre de croire ou non à ce qui est dit.
You may think that : Moi qui parle je vous donne le droit de penser ça mais vous pouvez bien penser ça, ça m'est bien égal, vous avez peut-être tort.
énoncés hypothétiques en may
Hundreds of people were killed in the Maldives, Myanmar and Malaysia. The arc of water struck as far away as Somalia and Kenya. Fishing villages, ports and resorts were devastated, power and communications cut and homes destroyed. The tremor, the biggest in 40 years, may have caused the Earth to wobble on its axis, permanently accelerating its rotation and shortening days by a fraction of a second, U.S. scientists said.
Race
to Bury Asia's Dead as Toll Hits 68,000,
Human brain result of 'extraordinarily fast' evolution
Emergence of society may have spurred growth
Headline and sub, G, 29.12.2004,
Smoke and fire Addiction to nicotine may be in the genes
MARK TWAIN once observed that giving up
smoking is easy. He knew, because he'd done it hundreds of times himself. Giving
up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it
is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? (...) The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA “letters”, some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behaviour pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behaviour. (...) Results such as Dr Vink's must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain's problem may eventually become a thing of the past.
Headline and first §§, E, 25.11.2004,
Thousands warned of possible vCJD infection
Thousands of patients were today sent letters warning them that they may have been exposed to the degenerative brain condition Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through transfusions of blood plasma products such as clotting agents.
Headline and §1, G, 21.9.2004,
The report, Smoking and Reproductive Life, says studies show that smoking may cause impotence through damage to the blood circulatory system caused by exposure to the many toxins in cigarettes, including carbon monoxide. It estimates that 120,000 men aged between 30 and 50 in the UK are impotent because of the effects of smoking. There is a small amount of evidence suggesting that passive smoking might also have an effect. Smoking linked to impotence in young men :BMA report says cigarettes damage nearly all aspects of sexual health, G, 12.2.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/12/ medicineandhealth.sciencenews
British officials are circulating a story that Saddam Hussein may have been hoodwinked into believing that Iraq really did possess weapons of mass destruction. The theory, which is doing the rounds in the upper reaches of Whitehall, is the result of an attempt to find what one official source called a "logical reason" why no chemical and biological weapons had been found in Iraq. (...) The hypothesis, which is being spread privately by officials, is open to the interpretation that the government is searching for an excuse, however implausible, for failure to discover any WMD in Iraq.
New theory for
Iraq's missing WMD:
Officials fear al-Qaida may hijack planes again to target US interests
The US has deployed anti-aircraft missiles around Washington and other possible terrorist targets in fear of another attack using a commercial plane, but there is disagreement among intelligence officials about how direct the threat is to America.
America deploys missiles around airports, sub,
Iran death toll may reach 50,000
The death toll from Friday's devastating earthquake in Iran could reach 50,000, government officials said today.
Headline and §1,
might
hypothèse très probable (présupposition / anaphore)
reprise de may par might
might > différence avec may
Comics ci-dessous, première case (référence à l'épisode antérieur) :
Mark suspects that Birdie's husband might be shipping drugs inside mounted animal trophies
Le modal might est ici présupposant et anaphorique (renvoi à un déjà dit) : ... pourrait bien ...
Cette légende est un résumé des épisodes précédents, et n'apprend rien au lecteur.
A l'inverse, He may be going to pick up drugs (dernière case > ouverture narrative) est une hypothèse première, d'où l'emploi de may.
Mark suspects that Birdie's husband might be shipping drugs inside mounted animal trophies
He may be going to pick up drugs
Mark Trail Jack Elrod Created by Ed Dodd in 1946 5 December 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
[ reprise de may (§1) par might (titre) ]
Fri May 20, 2005 9:59 AM ET Reuters
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A daily baby aspirin is often recommended by
doctors to help prevent heart attacks or stroke, but for people over 70 years
old the benefits may be offset by bleeding risks, investigators report. "The
balance of harm and benefit could tip either
way," they say.
Full
text,
PARIS (Reuters) - Yasser Arafat remained in a critical condition as uncertainty mounted over who might succeed him and where he might be buried should he die. One aide to the Palestinian president said he was "between life and death" in a coma, though one from which he could still recover. Others, hoping to calm fears of chaos back home, said his life was not in danger.
Arafat Stable Amid Puzzle Over Burial and
Successor,
All 50,000 troops who served in the first Gulf war might have been exposed to low levels of chemical warfare agents during the fighting and its aftermath, a US investigation has suggested.
50,000 troops in Gulf
illness scare, G, §1, 11.6.2004,
A possible new cattle disease which might pose a risk to human health is being urgently investigated by government vets.
Vets investigate mystery
brain disease in cattle,
Rich diet 'may harm' low weight babies
Small dietary changes during pregnancy might have a dramatic effect on a baby's life expectancy - at least in mice, according to research linked to Addenbrooke's hospital.
Headline and sub,
The Guardian p. 9 28.8.2004
might
valeurs > présupposition (pourrait bien / vraiment, être sans doute)
The Guardian p. 3 14.10.2004
Revealed: The real cost of air travel
It might be cheap, but it's going to cost the earth. [ Traduction explicative : c'est sans doute pas cher, mais ça va coûter cher à notre planète ]
The cut-price airline ticket is fuelling a boom that will make countering global warming impossible.
Headline and §1, I,
28.5.2005,
When fed to rats it affected their kidneys and blood counts. So what might it do to humans? We think you should be told
The secret research we reveal today raises the potential health risks of genetically modified foods. Here, environment editor Geoffrey Lean, who has led this paper's campaign on GM technology for the past six years, examines the new evidence. And he asks the questions that must concern us all: why is Monsanto, the company trying to sell GM corn to Britain and Europe, so reluctant to publish the full results of its alarming tests on lab rats? Why are our leaders so keen to buy the unproven technology against the wishes of consumers? And why is the man who first raised these concerns six years ago shunned by the scientific establishment and his former political masters?
Headline and sub,
IoS, 22.5.2005,
Mandrake Fred Fredericks Created by Lee Falk 7.5.2005 > Suite : 9.5.2005 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mandrake/about.htm
Comics ci-dessus > Bande dessinée 1, publiée un samedi :
1. indicating they might explode at any moment!
might > anaphore textuelle (as sparks begin to fly from...) + anaphore visuelle = présupposition
Traduction explicative : ... qu'ils pourraient bien exploser à tout moment !
Bande dessinée 2, publiée un lundi (pas de Mandrake le dimanche) :
"remise à zéro" de l'énonciation avec may, retour à une hypothèse première fictive / théorique + intensification avec un verbe à particule (blow up) et deux points d'exclamation :
2. The abandoned refrigeration plant may blow up at any moment!!
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Fran Matera 6.10.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
would could should may might mustépistémique / hypothétique
autres énoncés
Spiderman Stan Lee 18.9.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/spidermn/about.htm
Smoking ban 'would save 5,000 lives a year'
Banning smoking in public places could save more lives more quickly than the creation of a single new anti-cancer drug, campaigners said today.
Headline and §1, G,
15.8.2004,
BNFL to continue releasing 'killer' gas
Subhead : Environment Agency accepts that Thorp reprocessing plant could be closed before it finds a way to control release of Krypton 85
BNFL
to continue releasing 'killer' gas, G, 3.4.2004,
Earth-like planet could harbour life
European scientists have found a planet circling a distant star that could be home to life. The planet, the first detected so far that is enough like Earth for life to develop, orbits a star called mu Arae in the southern constellation Altar. The planet - astronomers call such things exoplanets - is only 14 times the mass of Earth and, like Earth, could be composed of rock and support an atmosphere. Earth-like planet could harbour life, G, 31.8.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/aug/31/ starsgalaxiesandplanets.spaceexploration
Paedophiles could be barred from net
Headline, O, 7.3.2004,
Prison suicide 'could have been avoided'
Headline,
O, 7.3.2004,
Collision with comet may have hastened first plague epidemic
A collision between Earth and a passing comet in the 6th century AD may have caused the collapse of agriculture, mass famine and indirectly led to the bubonic plague in Europe, a study has suggested. Scientists have calculated that a relatively small comet, or fragment of a comet, could have caused huge amounts of dust and debris to be ejected into the atmosphere, blocking the sun for months at a time. The resulting crop failures and famine would have allowed bubonic plague to spread easily among a physically weakened population. Headline and first
§§, I, 4.2.2004,
Britain should escape the worst of today's predicted gale force winds, but forecasters have warned that a storm tonight could be more severe than had been expected. Storms had been expected to hit southern England today, with forecasters originally predicting torrential rain and winds of up to 90mph. However, a spokesman for the Press Association said that there was now only a 40% chance that the UK would be affected by storms today. "There's a chance it might spin back up and hit the south-east of the country," he said. The storm is now expected to pass to the south, with the severe winds instead affecting the English Channel and northern France. UK set to miss worst of gales, G, 12.1.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/weather/Story/0,2763,1121278,00.html
A knife-wielding murderer who targets lone women joggers in public parks could strike again, police in north London warned yesterday.
Women warned after
second park stabbing, G, 8.12.2003,
Al-Qa'ida may be poised to attack, US warns
Concern about aterror attack occurring in Saudi Arabia, possibly imminently, was growing yesterday as the United States issued a warning that it could happen as early as today. Headline, §1, IoS,
26.10.2003,
Global warming could create 150 million environmental refugees - but the countries responsible are in no hurry to carry their share of the costs
Unnatural disasters, G,
15.10.2003,
Finally, consider the economic consequences in the US. A good war would obviously help President Bush, but maybe not as much as he expects. After a victory in Iraq, attention might quickly refocus on problems in the economy and Wall Street. Bush could still suffer the same fate as his father unless he can rapidly trigger a convincing recovery. A bad war would be almost as catastrophic for Bush as for Blair. The stock market and the economy would plunge, almost certainly triggering a double-dip recession. Fiscal policy would be unable to compensate, since Democrats would refuse to legislate tax cuts. The only recourse would be massive monetary easing, as recently suggested by the Federal reserve. The dollar would fall sharply. Meanwhile trade policy would lurch towards protectionism in response to domestic recession and Europe's perceived betrayal of the US. Export industries would be devastated around the world. Unemployment in continental Europe would rise to a level last seen in the 1930's. And who knows what "rough beast" might rise again? War could mean the end of the economic world, T, p. 27, 2 derniers §, 18.3.2003.
-> "rough beast" fait référence au poème de Yeats 'The second coming' : http://www.well.com/user/eob/poetry/The_Second_Coming.html
Had Philippoussis nailed to serve at this juncture to take a 3-0 lead the Australian might have gone on to win the first set. Instead Federer forced him to volley long. Federer finds steel to galvanise his skill, GW, p. 36, 10/16.7.2003.
Heading for disaster ... biotechnology could bring death on a previously inconceivable scale
Caption,
Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have been supplied with DIY pregnancy tests in case the enforced intimacy of space travel prompts mixed crews to try for the 200-mile-high club. The test sticks have been included in the station's medical pack in one of the first admissions that its astronauts might have sex in orbit.
Sex
in space: thin blue line keeps crews in check,
As the crackle of anti-aircraft and machine-gun fire moved closer to the centre of Baghdad, it was clear that the battle was drawing nearer. It was also clear how it might go. The signs had been there since Saturday morning: a motorway on the southern extremities of Baghdad, dotted with the blackened carcasses of Iraqui army vehicles, gruesome souvenirs of the American army's brief jaunt through the suburbs.
'They
had cannon, rockets and faith.
'Decapitating' the regime may not end war quickly Headline, T, p. 10, 25.3.2003.
U.S. May Face Nuclear Blackmail Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 3, 16-7.3.2003.
Invasion May Be Al Qaeda's Best Recruiting Tool Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 1, 23-4.3.2003.
A meteor barrage may have led to volcanic eruptions and the subsequent extinction of dinosaurs.
If the Meteors Didn't Get Dinosaurs, the Lava Did,
War could mean the end of the economic world Headline, T, p. 27, 18.3.2003.
As a social fund officer he had seen claimants by the thousand. (...) I had arranged a hypothetical interview with him to find out what the social fund would give me if I was down on my luck arriving in an empty council flat with few possessions I might be a woman fleeing a violent husband. I might be a refugee family. I might have had my home repossessed after losing my job and defaulting on my mortage. "How much can you give me to furnish my empty flat?" I begin. "Nothing at all". The other side of the tracks, GE/GE2, p. 2, 13.1.2003.
Contexte :
la journaliste se fait passer pour une personne sans-abri, qui pourrait être une femme battue, réfugiée ou expulsée de sa maison.
reprise de could par might
suite hypothétique, déduction, inférence, conséquence, degré hypothétique supérieur
If it is done properly, the privatisation of Japan Post could boost competition in the country's financial markets. Trouble is, it might not be
Ready, steady, go, E, 2.9.2004,
The west prides itself on its open democratic society, but if openness and democracy are what we value, then we need to export those values to countries that desperately need them. We will supply arms to anybody. Where is our support for those men and women who are trying to modernise their countries - to bring books and education and emancipation to people who live in fear of being flogged or killed? The truth is that we would rather sell arms and trade oil and cheap goods with the bosses than help the ordinary people who need us. I'm not talking charity. I mean a whole new approach to how we deal with the third world. We could start by not exploiting them. We could give up the myth that the west is the good guy. We could refuse foreign policy deliberately aimed at manipulating other countries for our own ends. We could learn to forgive. That might mean learning to say our prayers... You need not believe in God to believe in prayer. Which of us should not ask for forgiveness? Which of us should not ask for the strength to forgive others?
Forgive but don't forget:
would / mustépistémique / may / might
+
actif : haveauxiliaire + verbeparticipe passé
ou
passif : haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire + verbeparticipe passé
When the shoebill was crfeated, the mold must have been broken, but the big beak serves the bird very efficiently
Mark Trail Jack Elrod Created by Ed Dodd in 1946 5.12.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
Abigail Witchalls, the 26-year-old mother who was left paralysed after being stabbed in the neck, has failed to pick out one of the main suspects in the investigation during a photo identity parade, police said last night. Richard Cazaly, a 23-year-old gardener who lived near the scene of the attack, has been a suspect since he killed himself in Scotland a few days after the assault. In one suicide note he wrote: "I'm terribly sorry. I must be two people. I can't remember. But I must have done it." Mrs Witchalls was shown the photograph in hospital yesterday afternoon. A police spokesman said: "Surrey police officers investigating the attempted murder of Abigail Witchalls on 20 April 2005 have now conducted a formal identity parade in which Abigail was shown a photograph of Richard Cazaly along with eight others. "Abigail did not pick out Richard Cazaly as the man who attacked her.
Witchalls
ID parade fails, first §§, G, 10.6.2005,
Day from Hell May Have Killed Off Dinosaurs
Wed Oct 27, 2004 09:32 AM ET Reuters
One minute you're a big T-Rex, the next you're toast. Challenging conventional theory, new scientific research suggests the dinosaurs may have been scorched into extinction by an asteroid collision 65 million years ago that unleashed 10 billion times more power than the Hiroshima nuclear bomb. Earth's temperatures soared, the sky turned red and trees all over the planet burst into flames, said atmospheric physicist Brian Toon of the University of Colorado. Among the few survivors would have been animals living in water or burrowed in the ground like turtles, small mammals and crocodiles. (...) Creatures living near ground zero would have been vaporized immediately while those in the Caribbean area and southern United States would have drowned in 330-feet-high (100-meter) tsunamis when the asteroid impacted near today's Gulf of Mexico shoreline at a speed of 33,750 mph (54,000 kph). Then, a column of red-hot steam and dust soared thousands of miles into space and most of it fell back toward Earth within a few hours, turning the heavens into hell.
GIANT FIRE It would be like standing next to a giant fire; you'd be burned very severely," Toon said, whose research is based on mathematical and computer models.
Headline and
first §§, R, 27.10.2004,
SEOUL (Reuters) - A huge explosion rocked North Korea near the border with China three days ago, producing a mushroom cloud that sparked speculation Pyongyang might have tested an atomic weapon, Yonhap news agency reported on Sunday.
Big Blast,
Mushroom Cloud Reported in N.Korea, R, 12.9.2004,
Had Guy Fawkes succeeded in blowing up the Palace of Westminster 398 years ago today, large parts of Central London would have been flattened, new calculations show. Westminster Hall, the Abbey and surrounding streets would have been destroyed, with damage spreading into Whitehall, according to experts at the Centre for Explosion Studies at the University of Wales in Aberystwyth. There would have been complete destruction of all buildings within 135ft, and partial collapses of walls and roofs of houses out to 354ft. Ceilings would have fallen in and glass been damaged up to 1,600ft away.
What if Guy Fawkes had got
away with it?,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé
passé temporel, "passé" hypothétique
may > valeurs > hypothèse première
Reprise de may par might / could
Traduire le verbe "devoir" en anglais
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