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grammaire anglaise > groupe verbal

 

temps

(présent / prétérit)

 

et

 

formes verbales

(present perfect)

 

valeurs et sens > bilan

 

 

 

 

 

faire un bilan :

 

present perfect

(haveauxiliaire + participe passé),

 

présent

 

ou prétérit ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FACT CHECK:

What Has President Trump Done To Fight Illegal Immigration?

 [ bilan au present perfect actif, forme interrogative ]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What has Bush accomplished in Iraq?

 [ bilan au present perfect actif, forme interrogative ]

 

Chris Britt

cartoon

The State Journal-Register

Cagle

10.1.2004

http://www.sj-r.com/
https://www.copleynews.com/1cns/EditorialCartoons/bt/
http://www.cagle.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/britt.asp

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

present perfect

 

 

 

 

Le bilan jusqu'au présent - provisoire ou définitif -

est l’une des valeurs du present perfect actif 

(haveauxiliaire + participe passé) :

 

The Dow has lost 12% in a volatile month)

 

ou du present perfect passif 

(haveauxiliaire + been auxiliaire + participe passé) ;

exemple dans prochaine édition.

 

 

 

 

 

En anglais américain, un bilan peut se faire aussi au prétérit.

 

 

 

 

 

Rappel : 

Dans certaines grammaires,

-EN symbolise le participe passé.

 

 

-EN n'est que le symbole grammatical du participe passé :

 

increase, increased, increased

 

take, took, taken

 

cut, cut, cut

 

go, went, gone

 

bring, brought, brought.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

L’énoncé-bilan au present perfect répond à la question :

 

Où en est-on,

quelles sont les dernières données sur tel sujet / action ?

 

 

Ce bilan est souvent comparatif :

 

on compare l'état / l'évolution d'une action

par rapport / depuis son début.

 

Ce bilan au present perfect peut prendre diverses formes :

 

statistique,

 

résumé d’une tendance,

 

état des lieux / constat,

 

dernier décompte en date,

 

résultat,

 

conclusions d'une enquête,

 

liste des dernières améliorations,

des nouveaux avantages, etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

La période d'un bilan au present perfect

peut être précisément délimitée / cadrée dans le temps,

avec notamment un point d'ancrage / un instant de référence

qui se situe évidemment dans le passé :

 

Government’s Disaster Response

Wins Praise

 

April 30, 2011

The New York Times

By KEVIN SACK

and TIMOTHY WILLIAMS

 

TUSCALOOSA, Ala. —

It has been the deadliest natural disaster on American soil [ événement ]

since [ depuis ] Hurricane Katrina.

[ événement de référence, début / ancrage du bilan ]

Government’s Disaster Response Wins Praise,
NYT,
30.4.2011,
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/
us/01fema.html

 

 

 

 

 

La période d'un bilan au present perfect

peut également être implicite :

 

on fait un bilan à partir d'un point chronologique non précisé,

jusqu'à l'instant de l'énonciation :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drug Use Has Increased in Afghanistan,

U.N. Report Says

Drug Use Has Increased in Afghanistan, U.N. Report Says,

NYT, 21.6.2010

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/world/asia/22afghan.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11 May 2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        p. 5        21 August 2006

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lyons report

 

Ministers stall radical shake-up of council tax

· No revaluation or extra bands before at least 2011

· Tourist tax and levies on charity shops also blocked

 

David Hencke, Westminster correspondent        The Guardian        p. 6

Thursday March 22, 2007

http://politics.guardian.co.uk/economics/story/0,,2039803,00.html


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        Weekend        p. 4        26.8.2006

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        Weekend        p. 31        7.10.2006

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) -

Suicides of U.S. Marines have reached their highest level in five years,

prompting a Defense Department effort

to encourage Marines to seek mental health services,

a Marine Corps spokesman said on Tuesday.

But spokesman Bryan Driver said

there was no evidence linking the higher suicide rate

with the long tours of duty and frontline fighting Marines have engaged in Iraq.

There have been 32 confirmed or probable suicides among 178,000 Marines this year,

surpassing the 28 who killed themselves in 2001

as the United States invaded Afghanistan, Driver said.

The Marines, the smallest of the U.S. armed services by number of troops,

have had the military's highest suicide rate

-- about 25 per year among 178,000 active duty troops since 1999,

the year the government began keeping detailed records.

U.S. Marines Suffer Most Suicides in Five Years,
R,
Tue Dec 21, 2004,
06:57 PM ET,
http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=
SLIY3FFEE5GUMCRBAEKSFFA?type=domesticNews&storyID=7154053

 

 

 

 

 

In the last 10 years,

new sexually transmitted infections in England

have more than doubled to nearly 1.5m a year.

"We have a problem of growing seriousness,"

said Ms Johnson.

Explicit ads target sex diseases among young:
Soaring rates of infection prompt government
to launch unromantic campaign distributing spoof Valentine cards,
G,
7.2.2004,
http://society.guardian.co.uk/publichealth/story/0,11098,1143123,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

FRANKFURT (Reuters) -

Natural disasters have killed nearly five times more people in 2003

than they did last year, partly due to the earthquake in Iran

and the summer's heat wave in central Europe,

the world's top reinsurer said on Monday.

Heat Wave, Earthquake Lift '03 Disaster Death Toll,
R, 
Mon December 29, 2003 12:31 PM ET,
http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=
SM5BORP140OPKCRBAELCFFA?type=reutersEdge&storyID=4053967

 

 

 

 

 

So far Texas has executed 336 people

since the state resumed executions in 1982.

A total of 23 convicts have been put to death

in the state this year.

Both totals lead the nation.

Governor Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution,
R,
Wed Dec 1, 2004 06:35 PM ET,
http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=
L0RJGJTLY4NXKCRBAEKSFFA?type=domesticNews&storyID=6971566

 

 

 

 

 

As every school child knows,

there have been ravens at the Tower of London

since time immemorial,

and if they ever leave,

the monarchy and the tower itself will fall.

Tower's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy,
G,
15.11.2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/15/
britishidentity.artsandhumanities

 

 

 

 

 

Saddam 'destroyed' WMD after 1991

 

Saddam Hussein did not have weapons of mass destruction,

it has finally been confirmed.

The group hunting for Saddam's arsenal said it found no evidence

the dictator had chemical, biological of nuclear weapons

when US-led forces invaded Iraq last year. After 16 months of searching,

the Iraq Survey Group concluded Saddam had "essentially destroyed"

his banned weapons after the 1991 Gulf War.

    Headline and first §§, PA, 7.10.2004,
    http://www.pa.press.net/story.php?ID=A15522161097087938A0

 

 

 

 

 

A peace deal to end Africa's longest civil war

has finally been signed

( present perfect passif > valeur ici > info nouvelle).

The fighting in Sudan,

which has raged intermittently

[ present perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ].

for nearly 50 years [ for + durée ],

has claimed two million lives.

[ present perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ].

War ends after 50 years,
DT web frontpage, 27.5.2004.

 

 

 

 

 

The prison population has reached a new record,

passing the 75,000 mark for the first time,

the Prison Service said today.

Prison population hits new record,
I, 8.3.2004,
http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/story.jsp?story=499154

 

 

 

 

 

Palestinians marked the third anniversary of their uprising

against Israeli occupation yesterday,

but there was no sign either side has a strategy to end the violence

that has so far killed at least 3,163 people, 502 of them children.

    Intifada's terrible toll leaves peace a distant dream, I, 29.9.2003,
    http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/story.jsp?story=448056

 

 

 

 

 

The U.S. has lost 2 million jobs since March 2001.

NYT/Le Monde, 9/10.2.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

The reality matched [ prétérit actif ]

the hype yesterday

as the latest Harry Potter book continued [ prétérit actif ]

to fly off the shelves at a record rate.

(...) Amazon, the online retailer, said [ prétérit actif ]

the novel had broken [ past perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ]

internet sales record,

with more than 1.3m advance orders worldwide,

including more than 420,000 in the UK.

Harry casts worlwide spell, GI, p. 5, 23.6.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        p. 16        23.10.2004

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

La période de référence du bilan

peut n'être pas révolue au moment de l'énonciation.

 

Cette période peut être plus ou moins longue.

 

L'énonciateur part d’un point x

dans un passé plus ou moins proche,

et fait un bilan jusqu’au moment présent où il parle / écrit.

Ce point x représente le début du bilan,

l'ancre / le point d'ancrage du bilan.

 

L'énoncé-bilan en have + participe passé (present perfect)

renvoie à des faits qui peuvent donc encore exister

au moment où l'on parle / écrit,

contrairement à l'énoncé-bilan au prétérit,

qui renvoie souvent à du révolu, à de l'historique :

 

Throughout Europe,

250,000 Jewish lives were saved [ prétérit passif ]

by diplomats whose work will be honoured

at an exhibition to be opened in London this month

by Peter Hain, the Minister for Europe.

'British Schindler' saved 1,000 Jews from Nazis,
The Times, p. 6, 5.4.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exceptions > Expression d'un bilan au prétérit

 

Les dépêches de l'agence Reuters

sont presque toutes au prétérit,

même lorsqu'il s'agit d'un bilan (toll) :

 

BAGHDAD (Reuters) -

The U.S. military death toll in Iraq reached 1,000 on Tuesday

nearly 18 months after the invasion to topple Saddam Hussein,

making its mark on the U.S. presidential election campaign.

U.S. Iraq Death Toll Hits 1,000, Two Italians Seized,
R, Wed Sep 8, 2004 12:19 AM ET, §1, 8.9.2004
http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=topNews&storyID=6174720

 

 

 

 

 

Exceptions > Expression d'un bilan au prétérit

 

Bilan d'un fait révolu

et dont l'énonciation s'inscrit

dans une narration au prétérit

(concordance des temps = tous les verbes sont au prétérit) :

 

 

Church Attack

Seen as Strike at Iraq’s Core

 

November 1, 2010

The New York Times

By ANTHONY SHADID

 

BAGHDAD — Blood still smeared the walls

of Our Lady of Salvation Church on Monday.

Scraps of flesh remained between the pews.

It was the worst massacre of Iraqi Christians

since the war began here in 2003.

Church Attack Seen as Strike at Iraq’s Core, NYT, 1.11.2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/world/middleeast/02iraq.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Les marqueurs de temps (groupe adverbial, proposition)

utilisés avec le present perfect indiquent souvent

une période qui n’est pas achevée,

qui court jusqu'au présent de l’énonciation -> liste de ces marqueurs.

 

Certains énoncés-bilan au present perfect

n’ont pas de marqueur de temps.

 

Le point de départ de la période de référence

est implicite :

l’important, c’est le présent (1-4).

 

 

 

Le present perfect sert également

à donner des informations d’autre type que le bilan : breaking news

 

 

 

 

 

1 -    In U.S. Airstrikes, Afghan Civilians

Have Paid [ present perfect actif ] a Heavy Toll

Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 5.

 

 

 

 

 

2 -    Muggings, mobile phone thefts

and other street crimes have fallen [ present perfect actif ]

sharply in the 10 worst crime areas in England,

David Blunkett announced yesterday.

 

(ici pas de concordance de temps

entre le prétérit announced

et le present perfect have fallen).

Blunkett claims success in war on street crime,
GE2, p.5, 13.9.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

3 - Life expectancy in America

has risen [ present perfect actif ]

to a record 77 years

and the gaps between the longevity

of blacks and whites and men and women

have narrrowed [ present perfect actif ],

a US government report says.

 

(ici concordance de temps

entre le présent actif says

et le present perfect actif has risen).

Life gets longer in land of junk food, T, p. 20, 14.9.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

4 -    Fifty sites have been searched [ present perfect passif ]

and 3,000 people have been interviewed [ present perfect passif ].

(...) police find body, T, p. 1, 24-4-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

The number of Chinese migrant workers who died

after becoming trapped by rising tides

while picking cockles in Morecambe Bay

has risen [ present perfect actif ] to 18.

    18 dead in cockle picking disaster, Ananova, 6.2.2004,
    http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_863170.html

 

 

 

 

 

A charity battling against diseases in Africa

will be helped by our appeal,

which has raised [ present perfect actif ]

£221,721 so far.

    Your donation can help medics fight Africa's measles epidemic, O, 28.12.2003,
    http://society.guardian.co.uk/christmasappeal/story/0,11321,1113233,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

Conservative support has reached [ present perfect actif ]

40% for the first time in over a decade,

according to a poll published today.

    Poll shows Tory support at 40%, G, 23.1.2004,
    http://politics.guardian.co.uk/conservatives/story/0,9061,1129897,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

Buenos Aires was considered

one of the safest cities in the Americas.

But since 1995, theft has doubled [ present perfect actif ].

The murder rate has risen [ present perfect actif ]

almost 50 per cent since 1998,

the year the country began its painful economic decline.

Today, there are more than 10 murders per 100,000 inhabitants

- a figure equalled only during the 1970's,

when the military dictatorship "disappeared" Argentines by the thousands.

(...) The number of people caught trafficking or possessing drugs

has more than doubled [ present perfect actif ]

since 1997.

Argentina's traumatic lurch into high crime, FT, p. 4, 4.6.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Britain has enjoyed [ present perfect actif ]

the sunniest March for more than 40 years,

according to met office figures released yesterday.

Record-breaking hours of sunshine

have been experienced [ present perfect passif ]

in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Sunniest March for 40 years, GE, p. 5, 1.4.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Ever since Simon Dee's first broadcast from the MV Caroline in 1964,

pirate radio has played [ present perfect actif ]

a crucial role in forming Britain's musical taste.

(...) Fraudster has been involved [ present perfect passif ]

in pirate radio since he was 13 [ prétérit ].

Hold tight the massive, GE Friday Review, p. II-III, 22.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Hundreds of birds

have already fallen [ present perfect actif ]

victim to the spill

Photo caption, I, p. 5, 20.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Refugees have now spent [ present perfect actif ]

three days there.

    BBC radio 4, Today, 12.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Sixty-five per cent of the human population

has never made [ present perfect actif ]

a telephone call,

and one-third has no access to electricity

or any other form of commercial energy.

Power for everyone, GE, p. 7, 17.9.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

"Caine's performance is among the best

he has ever given" [ present perfect actif ]

The Quiet America, ad, TLS, 22.11.2002, last page.

 

 

 

 

 

In the ten days since she left us [ prétérit actif ],

there have been [ present perfect actif ] countless tributes

and expressions of affection and respect,

including those of the many people

who have queued and filed [ present perfect actif ]

patiently past her coffin.

    'Strength, dignity and laughter', Queen Mother's funeral, GE, p. 4, 10.4.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

So now we know:

up to 4.7 million people have died [ present perfect actif ]

in the Democratic Republic of Congo's

four-and-a-half-year civil war.

Counting the dead, GE, p. 8, 10.4.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

The site has accumulated [ present perfect actif ]

more than 4.5 million registered users

since it was established 18 months ago

in the bedroom of a house in Barnet, North London,

by the husband-and-wife team

of Steve and Julie Pankhurst.

Teacher blames website for insult, T, 14.3.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Nationwide, meth use has nearly tripled [ present perfect actif ] since 1994,

and there are now far more regular users of meth than crack,

according to the annual survey of drug use done

for the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Drugs, Poverty and Crime Plague Rural U.S., NYT/Le Monde, p.4, 15/16-12-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

He's a top marksman. He's not picky about his victims.

He says he is God and has claimed [ present perfect actif ]

eight lives - so far.

Psycho-sniper's sharpe eye, O, p. 18, 13.10.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

The amateur sleuth, who identifies himself only as D.U.A.

has tantalised [ present perfect actif ]

Belgium over the past week

with internet claims that he has solved [ present perfect actif ] the enigma

that has baffled [ present perfect actif ]

police, art experts, psychics and Adolph Hitler's personal art squad

for 68 years.

Sleuth promises to solve riddle of lost painting, T, p. 3, 3.10.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Sales of sniper weapons have increased [ present perfect actif ]

rapidly in the past decade

Photo caption, 0, p. 19, 13.10.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Twelve million people are suffering from starvation

in countries such as Malawi and Zimbabwe ;

it is one of the biggest humanitarian disasters

we have ever seen [ present perfect actif ].

New from McDonald’s : the McAfrika burger (don’t tell the 12m starving), GE, p. 1, 24-8-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Since 1995,

the number of vehicles on our roads has grown [ present perfect actif ]

by 15 per cent

while the population has risen [ present perfect actif ]

by just three per cent.

Carnival spirit rules the day, M, p. 4, 2-5-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Britain’s special relationship with the United States

has been strained [ present perfect passif ] in recent months

by that country’s willingness to go it alone on Iraq

and by its withdrawal from international treaties on the environment.

US row over London congestion charge, GE, p. 5, 16.9.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

At least 60 prostitutes have been murdered

[ present perfect passif ]

in the past ten years – probably more.

Mean streets, G2, 16.9.2002, p. 3.

 

 

 

 

 

It’s now been [ present perfect actif ] five months

since she disappeared [ prétérit actif ].

Mean streets, G2, 16.9.2002, p. 3.

 

 

 

 

 

Three times he has been nominated [ present perfect passif ]

for the Oscar for best actor and if he fails to win this time,

Hollywood’s critics will have a field day.

Will talent out this time?, O, p. 27, 24-3-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

In France,

400,000 jobs have been created [ present perfect passif ]

by shorter working hours.

Long day’s journey into shorter working hours, O, Cash supplement, p. 26, 24-3-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

But her death has revealed [ present perfect actif ]

some significant divisions in the 21st century Britain she leaves behind.

The most obvious is the familiar gap between left and right.

Uncertain farewell reveals a nation divided, GE, p. 1, 1-4-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Les énoncés 1-2,

extraits de la Une de l'édition internet du Guardian du 28.1.2004,

montrent bien la différence de point de vue

entre present perfect et prétérit.

 

Dans les deux cas, l'information vient juste de tomber.

 

1.    Fait passé, présenté de façon ponctuelle, presque décontextualisée

(les opérations militaires en Afghanistan sont un peu oubliées) :

 

gros plan sur la mort du soldat.

Cette mort n'est reliée à aucune autre.

Il n'y a pas de bilan.

 

A British soldier died [ prétérit actif ] today

and four others were injured [ prétérit passif ]

following an explosion near a military base

in the Afghan capital Kabul,

the Ministry of Defence (MoD) said [ prétérit actif ].

British soldier killed in Afghan blast,
G / Agencies, 28.1.2004,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,1133058,00.html

 

 

2.    Bilan provisoire (at least)

du nombre de morts palestiniens

au cours des derniers affrontements

en date dans la bande de Gaza :

plan d'ensemble / panoramique

en cours (at least).

 

At least 13 Palestinians have died [ present perfect actif ],

Israel's Army Radio reported [ prétérit actif ] today,

in the deadliest clashes in the Gaza Strip for over one month.

Israeli army says 13 Palestinians dead in Gaza clash,
G / Agencies, 28.1.2004, 10am update,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1133036,00.html    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Présent et prétérit

peuvent également

exprimer un bilan


 

 

The Guardian        p. 11        13 November 2004

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.    Enoncés-bilans au présent

 

 

More people are going to the cinema

than at any time in the past 30 years.

Roll up, roll up, GE2, 21.8.2002, p. 7.

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.    Enoncés-bilans au prétérit :

       Bilan sur une période passée.

       La période de référence est présentée comme révolue,

       ne court pas jusqu'au présent de l'énonciation.

 

 

 

New Jersey’s Ethnic Makeup Shifts,

and Population Drifts Southward

 

February 3, 2011

The New York Times

By RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA

 

In the last decade,

the number of white people in New Jersey declined

as the number of Asians and Hispanics soared,

and the population shifted southward

— some of the many shifts with broad cultural and political implications

that were revealed in 2010 census figures released on Thursday.

Newark, the state’s largest city, grew 1.3 percent, to more than 277,000 people,

reversing five decades of contraction,

and the second-largest, Jersey City, grew 3.1 percent, to more than 247,000.

But populations declined in several of the largest

and most heavily minority cities and towns,

including Paterson, Trenton, Camden, Union City, East Orange, and Irvington.

In particular, the state’s most crowded areas saw

something of a black exodus from 2000 to 2010;

the total population dropped 11.2 percent in Irvington

and 8 percent in East Orange,

both places that are predominantly black.

At the same time, the cities became much more heavily Hispanic.

Over all, the population of New Jersey grew 4.5 percent,

to nearly 8.8 million people,

but that was far behind the 9.7 percent national growth rate.

(...)

    New Jersey’s Ethnic Makeup Shifts, and Population Drifts Southward, NYT, 3.2.2011,
    http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/04/nyregion/04jersey.html

 

 

 

 

 

Factory Activity Growth Fastest in 20 Yrs

 

Fri January 2, 2004

10:32 AM ET

By Ros Krasny

 

CHICAGO (Reuters) -

U.S. factory activity expanded

at the fastest pace in 20 years in December,

the Institute for Supply Management said on Friday,

adding to evidence that a manufacturing recovery

is under way and lifting the economy.

    R, Friday, January 2, 2004,
    http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=businessNews&storyID=4065825

 

 

 

Même s'il vient juste d'avoir

l'information-bilan et de la mettre aussitôt en ligne,

le journaliste utilise le prétérit

car cette information sur la production industrielle américaine

concerne le mois de décembre, période révolue.

 

A noter aussi :

 

a - le journaliste ne donne pas de point de départ à ce bilan.

 

b - le corps des dépêches de Reuters est presque toujours au prétérit.

 

 

 

 

 

Le texte suivant (article du Guardian)

est intéressant en ce qu'il montre,

pour une information similaire

- bilan statistique mensuel publié le mois suivant -,

un traitement verbal différent :

 

 

Monthly car production figures have risen [ present perfect actif ]

*for the first time since last October,

it emerged yesterday  [ prétérit actif ] .

 

A total of 151,848 cars were made  [ prétérit passif ] in Britain in March 2003

- 2,7% more than in March 2002, the office for national statistics said.

Production for the home market was down 16.7% last month,

but export production rose 15.8%.

Car production increases, GE, p. 12, 29.4.2003.

 

 

Dans cet article, extrait d'un article publié le 29 avril,

le journaliste utilise tout d'abord le present perfect

pour faire un bilan statistique sur une période donnée,

à partir d'une date précise (since last October).

 

Quoi de neuf (breaking news) ?

En mars, et ce pour la première fois depuis octobre,

la production mensuelle d'automobiles a augmenté :

 

Monthly car production figures have risen

for the first time since last October.

 

Bien que le bilan soit arrêté en mars, mois révolu,

le journaliste emploie le present perfect car :

 

1 -    pour lui, la période de référence du bilan

se poursuit implicitement jusqu'au 28 avril,

lorsqu'il rédige son article (for the first time since last October).

Il y a effet d'annonce.

 

2 -    ce bilan a un point de départ.

Rappel : have + participe passé + since + marqueur de temps passé.

 

3 -    autre raison pour utiliser le present perfect :

cette forme verbale s'utilise très souvent

pour mettre en scène l'information "qui tombe"

(voir Present perfect > Breaking the news).

Or, le journaliste vient juste d'avoir cette information :

yesterday = 28 avril -> il prend connaissance de l'information

et écrit son article.

 

Le journaliste passe ensuite au prétérit

pour faire un gros plan sur le mois de mars, période révolue,

avec un compte-rendu détaillé de la production de voitures :

 

A total of 151,848 cars were made [ prétérit passif ]

in Britain in March 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Autres énoncés-bilan au prétérit :

 

 

Consumer credit grew at its slowest pace for the last seven years in December,

according to data released yesterday by the Bank of England.

Borrowing increased by 0.5% last month, the lowest figure since March 1997.

The £834m rise was far less than the £1.4bn rise the City had been expecting.

    Credit slowdown foxes the City, G, 31.1.2004,
    http://money.guardian.co.uk/creditanddebt/debt/story/0,1456,1135953,00.html    

 

 

 

An American soldier was killed,

and two others were injured, in Baghdad yesterday

when a rocket-propelled grenade was fired at a military ambulance.

The soldier was the third member of the US military to die

in the Iraqi capital in the past three days.

He was the latest in a list of casualties since Saddam Hussein's fall.

Another US soldier is killed by Iraq grenade attack, GI, p. 11, 20.6.2003.

 

 

 

House prices posted a strong rise this month,

helping to offset some of the stock market losses

homeowners will have suffered,

Nationwide building society said yesterday.

House price rises offset dwindling markets, GE, p. 11, 31.1.2003.

 

 

Explication :

cet article fait un bilan mensuel des prix de l'immobilier.

La date de publication est le 31 janvier ;

ce mois est présenté comme une période révolue,

d'où le prétérit.

 

 

Over the past decade, Cowgate enjoyed an urban renaissance,

its cheek-by-jowl gathering of pubs,

clubs and the Gilded Balloon comedy club

becoming increasingly fashionable.

And then came the recent fire.

Thirteen buildings in this World Heritage site were gutted.

What, then, will happen

to this gloriously atmospheric quarter of old Edinburgh?

How can anyone hope to re-create the rich life,

let alone the haunted patina of buildings

that have developed their special character

over recent decades and past centuries?

Starting over, GE/GE2, p. 6, 30.12.2002.

 

 

    Over the past decade, Cowgate enjoyed...

            -> bilan d'une période révolue (1990-2000) -> prétérit.

 

    ... buildings that have developed their special character

    over RECENT decades and past centuries

            -> la période de référence du bilan court jusqu'au présent -> present perfect.

 

 

Ce n'est donc pas seulement over

qui appelle telle ou telle forme verbale,

mais aussi le sens du Groupe Nominal (GN) :

 

over the past decade -> passé -> prétérit.

 

over recent decades and past centuries -> continuité passé-présent -> present perfect.

 

 

 

In many ways, 2002 was a good year for the theatre.

Standards of acting, directing, design and lighting were astonishingly high.

New plays poured out in abundance.

And the effects of the government's extra £25m in funding began to be felt,

not least in more adventurous regional programming.

Yet there was something missing:

a strange dearth of plays that grappled with public issues or portrayed

what is like to live in Britain today.

Modern life is rubbish, GE, p. 10, §1,  18.12.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Immigration soared by 25 per cent

to reach almost 126,000 people last year,

according to official figures published yesterday.

Immigration increases by quarter to a record, T, p. 12, 29.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

20bn texts were sent worldwide in 2001 -

1bn in the UK.

'Hi, I'm in G2, G2, p. 3, 11.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

The employers’ organisation

said the rate of annual growth last month

was the strongest for almost 14 years

as the early Easter and good weather lured out shoppers.

Hopes lift for manufacturing recovery, DT, Sport Pullout, p. 35, 2-5-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Unemployment in Britain tumbled

to its lowest level in 27 years last month

as the retail boom outweighed

widespread job losses in manufacturing and IT.

UK unemployment drops to lowest level in 27 years, T, Business, p. 1, 12.9.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

The results of the British Crime Survey, published yesterday,

suggested that crime fell by 9% during 2002.

Public blind to fall in crime: Street robberies drop by 23%, but more feel at risk,
G, p.6, 5.4.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Les énoncés suivants montrent bien

la différence entre prétérit et present perfect / présent.

 

 

Dans la deuxième phrase, l'énonciateur se veut factuel :

il rapporte un bilan sur une période révolue (last year = 2002).

Il utilise donc le prétérit.

 

 

A la phrase suivante, il fait un bilan,

dont la période de référence implicite court jusqu'au présent :
   

At the same time n'est pas ici un marqueur de temps passé.

Cette séquence argumentative se traduit par

"pourtant / cependant / mais", et non pas "sur la même période".

Les deux GV suivants sont d'ailleurs au présent :

end et has never been.

 

 

We are living in a boom time for rape.

Last year women reported 27% more rapes than in the year before.

At the same time, convictions have plummeted to a record-breaking low:

only 5.8% of reported rapes end with a conviction,

down from 7.5% in 1999 and 33% in 1977.

Not just a boom time for rape, then - also a boom time for rapists.

There has never been a better time to rape and get away with it.

Sexual violence is encouraged by the law, the media and wider culture:
We live in a boom time for rape - and for rapists, G, p. 22, 2.8.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Valeur bilan du prétérit

reprise de l'information initiale

(reprise détaillée ou non)

 

 

 

 

Britain has enjoyed the sunniest March for more than 40 years,

according to met office figures released yesterday.

Record-breaking hours of sunshine have been experienced

in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

England and Wales experienced an average

of 5.41 hours of sunshine each day,

the sunniest since records began in 1961,

beating the previous record of 5.04 hours in 1995.

In Northern Ireland there was an average of 5.23 hours,

again the sunniest since 1961, beating the 4.74 hours of 1982,

and in Scotland the story was the same

- 4.86 hours of sunshine each day,

beating the 4.06 hours seen in 2001.

Sunniest March for 40 years, GE, p. 5, 1.4.2003

 

 

 

 

 

A 12-year-old girl has become

the first person under 16 in Britain to be electronically tagged,

it emerged yesterday.

 

[ début de l’article ] The device, fitted to her right leg,

is active 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Tom Stacey, director of the Offenders Tag Association,

said the girl was at the lowest age

at which anyone could be tagged in Britain

and was the first person of her age to be tagged.

Girl, 12, becomes youngest Briton to be tagged,
GE, p. 7, 20-5-2002.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bilan au prétérit

avec marqueur de temps passé

 

Insertion d'un événement

dans une chronologie explicite / implicite

 

Présentation historique d'un événement

 

 

 

 

 

Bomb takes US toll in Iraq war to 500

Roadside bomb leaves five dead

 

The number of US soldiers killed in Iraq since the invasion in March climbed

to 500 yesterday when a roadside bomb killed three US soldiers and two Iraqi troops.

The Americans, from the 4th Infantry Division,

and the Iraqis, from the Iraqi Civil Defence Corps,

died when their patrol was hit by a powerful roadside bomb

at Taji, 20 miles north of Baghdad.

Two artillery shells buried in the ground detonated at 7:45am,

destroying a Bradley Fighting Vehicle.

Two other US soldiers were injured and were flown by helicopter

back to a field hospital in the capital

where they were in a 'stable' condition last night.

Headline, sub and first §§, O, 18.1.2004,
http://observer.guardian.co.uk/iraq/story/0,12239,1125655,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

The death of four more American soldiers in Iraq yesterday

took to 102 the number killed in military action

since President George Bush announced the end of major combat operations.

Death toll passes 100 for US occupation forces, I, 18.10.2003,
http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/story.jsp?story=454564

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alex        DT         6 February 2004

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=
HOME&grid=P13&menuId=-1&menuItemId=-1&_requestid=37355

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé

 

Present perfect > marqueurs de temps

 

Present perfect > Valeurs > Breaking News

 

depuis : since / for

 

Present perfect > traductions

 

Past perfect > Valeurs

 

 

 

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