Les anglonautes

About | Search | Grammar | Vocapedia | Learning | News podcasts | Videos | History | Arts | Science | Translate and listen

 Previous Home Up Next

 

grammaire anglaise > groupe verbal

 

present perfect actif

 

haveauxiliaire + verbeparticipe passé

 

+

 

marqueur de temps

 

 

 

 

 

 

present perfect > valeurs

 

bilan jusqu'au présent

 


Since the day President Obama took [ passé actif ] office,

he has failed

[ present perfect actif ]

to bring to justice anyone responsible

for the torture of terrorism suspects

— an official government program

conceived and carried out

in the years after the attacks

of Sept. 11, 2001.

Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses, NYT, 21.12.2014,

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html

 

 

 

 

 

Since passage of the Affordable Care Act,

has the number of uninsured Americans

increased, decreased or stayed the same?

 [ present perfect actif ]

Since passage of the Affordable Care Act,
has the number of uninsured Americans increased,
decreased
or stayed the same?
NPR        Jan. 12, 2017

http://www.npr.org/2017/01/12/
509314717/we-asked-people-what-they-know-about-obamacare-see-if-you-know-the-answers

 

 

 

 

 

E-cigarette users have tripled

[ present perfect actif ]

to 2 million since 2012,

[ since + début du bilan ]

study finds

    The Guardian, Monday 28 April 2014

http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/apr/28/e-cigarette-users-triple-ash-survey

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        p. 1        29 January 2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

marqueurs de temps

 

+

 

present perfect simple

(haveauxiliaire + participe passé)

 

 

 

 

 

In the span of a couple of weeks,

 

 

this year, in five years,

 

 

in one year, in two decades, in years,

 

 

in almost 20 years, in recent years, in recent days,

 

 

over the last 25 years, Over the past two years, Over the past week, Over the years

 

 

as yet, yet, just, in the year,

 

 

never, ever, never ever

 

 

now, long, so far, so far this year, already, finally,

 

 

Three times this month,

 

 

It is the first time

 

 

For the time being,

 

 

Throughout history,

 

 

Throughout history and across cultures

 

 

always

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Since

marque le début

de la période de référence du bilan :

 

E-cigarette users have tripled to 2 million since 2012,

study finds

The Guardian, Monday 28 April 2014
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/apr/28/
e-cigarette-users-triple-ash-survey

 

 

 

 

Since early this year, in the weeks since, ever since,

 

Since the 9/11 attacks,

 

In the nine years since the first American troops landed in Afghanistan,

 

Since the mid-1960s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jeff Parker

cartoon

Florida Today

Cagle

16 December 2010

 

R: U.S. president Barack Obama

 

Donkey = Democrats

Elephant = Republicans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

for  [ depuis > durée de la période du bilan ]

+

the past several years,

 

for years,

 

for X years,

 

For the last several years,

 

for the last 30 years,

 

for more than three decades,  for a third month in a row

 

for  [ pour ] the first time in a generation,

 

for  [ depuis ] more than a year,

 

for [ depuis ] the past 26 years,

 

FOR  [ depuis ] 50 years,

 

For [ depuis ] the last couple of hours,

 

For [ depuis ] too long,

 

 

 

 

 

since  [ depuis > point de départ de la période du bilan ]

1999 / then / Christmas / the last recession,

 

 

since she disappeared [ passé ],

 

 

since separating from my husband five years ago,

 

 

since he was [ passé ] 13,

 

 

since the start of the year, since time immemorial,

 

 

Since his release in January after serving time for a 2006 theft conviction,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

present perfect + for  -> traduction : depuis

 

I have been waiting for you for two hours!

 

 

passé + for  -> traduction : pendant.

 

I lived in NYC for two years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

since = depuis.

 

Ce mot peut être préposition (+ N) :

since the start of the year

since separating from my husband five years ago,

 

ou

 

conjonction (+ S + Vintransitif  /  S + Vransitif + O) :

since she disappeared [ passé actif ],

 

Le segment en since

marque le début / l'ancrage de la période de référence du bilan.

 

 

 

since  (ancrage temporel dans le passé ( = perfect ) ---------  b   i   l   a   n  ---------- > énonciation (present)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sinceconjonction

 

+

 

proposition (SVO)

au passé

actif ou passif

 

 

 

 

Cette proposition marque le début

de la période de référence du bilan.

 

Exemple :

 "It has created a strong and effective leadership team.

 

Remarkably, not one of the 13 members of that team has left [ present perfect actif ]

 

 since it was established 18 months ago".

[ proposition au passé passif = ancrage dans le passé temporel ]

Psyched up for CEO search:
PersonnelToday.com, 13 September 2005,
http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/09/13/
31562/psyched-up-for-ceo-search.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Comme toutes les prépositions,

since

porte sur

une forme nominale (N)

 

 

 

 

sincepréposition + forme nominale

marque le début

de la période de référence du bilan :

 

since 

+

last Christmas,

2 o'clock,

1980,

the start of the Iraq war,

separating from my husband five years ago

 

 

Ex : Remember who's gone [ present perfect actif ] vegetarian

 

since last Christmas [ marqueur temporel du passé = ancrage dans le passé ]

Watch the birdie, G, 4.12.2007,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/dec/04/
christmas.foodanddrink

 

 

 

 

 

Names of the Dead

 

April 9, 2007

The New York Times

 

The Department of Defense has identified [ present perfect actif ]

3,258 American service members who have died [ present perfect actif ]

since the start of the Iraq war.

 

It confirmed the deaths of the following Americans over the weekend:

CAJIMAT, Jay S., 20, Pfc., Army; Lahaina, Hawaii; First Infantry Division.

CAUTHORN, Forrest D., 22, Sgt., Army; Midlothian, Va.; 25th Infantry Division.

FUENTES, Daniel A., 19, Pfc., Army; Levittown, N.Y.; First Infantry Division.

SCHWEDLER, Joseph C., 27, Petty Officer Second Class, Navy;

Crystal Falls, Mich.; East Coast Navy Seal Team.

SHAFFER, Jason A., 28, Specialist, Army; Derry, Pa.; First Cavalry Division.

Names of the Dead,
NYT, 9.4.2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/09/us/
09list.html

 

 

 

 

 

Sincepréposition + N > Autre exemple :

 

I've been having an affair with a married man

 [ present perfect actif -ing ]

since separating from my husband five years ago.

Privates Lives, GE/GE2, p. 8, 2.11.2001.

 

 

 

 

 

Après sinceconjonction

on peut rencontrer - mais c'est rare

et considéré comme incorrect dans les grammaires prescriptives -

une proposition au present perfect :

 

'It has been a long time

since I have seen my sister's grave'

Coming home,
GE/GE2, p. 4,
27.11.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Guardian        G2        p. 16        29 January 2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

since (depuis) : préposition / adverbe

 

 

 

 

since (depuis que) : conjonction

 

 

 

 

portée nominale ou verbale de since (depuis)

 

 

 

 

since (puisque) : conjonction

 

 

 

 

- sincepréposition + N

 

Portée du N introduit par sincepréposition.

 

En 1, la portée est verbale ;

since déclenche donc le present perfect.

 

1 -    I haven't seen her since last Christmas

 

 

 

 

 

Portée nominale :

 

2 -    Hong-Kong plunged  [ passé actif ]  into

its deepest political crisis [ <- ] since the 1997 handover to China

 

when the territory's leader, Tung Chee-hwa,

was this week forced  [ passé passif ]

into a humiliating u-turn

on security legislation demanded by Beijing.

Marchers throw Hong-Kong into crisis, GW,
Thursday July 10 to Wednesday July 16 2003,
p.1, 1ère phrase de l'article.

 

 

since the 1997 handover to China

détermine / porte sur / est relatif à

its deepest political crisis.

 

since n'a donc ici aucune influence

sur la forme verbale (plunged  [ passé actif ]).

 

 

Il en va de même

dans la note blibliographique ci-dessous,

since 1950 contribue à délimiter American religion.

 

 

Op-Ed Contributor

The Presidency’s Mormon Moment

 

April 9, 2007

The New York Times

By KENNETH WOODWARD

 

IN May, Mitt Romney, the former Massachusetts governor

and 2008 Republican presidential hopeful,

will give the commencement address

at Pat Robertson’s Regent University.

What better opportunity for Mr. Romney to discuss

the issue of his Mormon faith before an audience of evangelicals?

(...)

The issues above are real to many people,

and Mr. Romney should take the opportunity

to address them at Regent University.

But none of these popular reservations about the Mormon Church

are reasons to vote for or against Mitt Romney.

History was bound to have its Mormon moment in presidential politics,

just as it had its Catholic moment when Kennedy ran.

Now that the moment has arrived, much depends on Mr. Romney.

 

Kenneth Woodward, a contributing editor at Newsweek,

is writing a book about American religion since 1950.

The Presidency’s Mormon Moment,
NYT,
9.4
.2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/09/
opinion/09woodward.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- sinceadverbe + ø (depuis)

 

After Blair's election to leader,

the pair became much closer,

and Caplin has since been employed

[ present perfect passif ]

to advise on many aspects of dress, health and fitness,

and is credited with introducing Blair

to a number of alternative therapists.

The court of Cherie, GE/GE2, p. 4, 06.12.2002.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- sinceconjonction (depuis)

+

proposition (SVO)

avec verbe au passé

 

I haven't seen her

[ present perfect actif ]

since she lost her job.

[ passé actif ]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- sinceconjonction

(puisque, étant donné que, vu que)

 

Since Dr Pearce died [ passé actif ]

fewer than 24 hours after he left a police cell,

Suffolk police have voluntarily referred the incident

[ present perfect actif ]

to the police complaints authority, as is standard practice.

Investigation into death of arrested pathologist,
GE, p. 5, 2.1.2003,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jan/02/
prisonsandprobation.sarahhall 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

confusions possibles

 

marqueurs de temps + present perfect


 

 

 

In the past year

[ ces douze derniers mois / de février 2006 à février 2007 ],

more than 500 people have been killed

[ present perfect passif ]

by explosions while shopping or selling goods

in the capital’s markets.

 

Photograph:

Khalid Mohammed/Associated Press

 

At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market

NYT

12.2.2007

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/world/middleeast/12cnd-iraq.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

during the past decade, during the past year,

during the past four years,

 

 

for the past few years,

 

 

in the past, in the past decade, in the past year,

in the past week, just in the past two years,

 

 

in the last six weeks, in the last three months, in the last year, in the last ten years,

for much of the last decade, in the last decade, in the last decade or so,

 

In the last year (l'année écoulée jusqu'à présent,

et non pas l'année dernière : last year + passé)

 

Ne pas confondre :

in the last (période toujours en cours)

et

last

 

 

over the last three years, over the last year, over the last year or so,

Three times over the last two years,

Three times over the last two decades,

over the past few weeks, over the past three years,

over the past year, over the past week, 

over the past several months, over the past 21 years,

over the years, over the past few years,

over the last few days,

 

 

 

 

 

Attention :

 

Dans over the past / the last..., in the past / the last...,

past et last

sont des "faux-amis grammaticaux".

 

 

Ces marqueurs de temps ne doivent pas être confondus

avec last year (l'an dernier),

marqueur d'une période passée,

et qui est lié au passé.

 

 

Over the last / past...

délimite une période qui n'est pas finie,

qui court jusqu'à l'instant de l'énonciation

(prise de parole, rédaction de l'article).

 

 

On parle d'une tendance présente, toujours d'actualité,

d'où l'emploi du present perfect.

 

 

 

Social Networks

Meant for Social Good,

but at a Price

 

December 19, 2010

The New York Times

By STEPHANIE STROM

 

Over the last year or so,

[ ces douze derniers mois

= du 1er janvier 2010 au 19 décembre 2010 ]

there has been [ bilan au present perfect actif ]

an explosion of online intermediaries promising to help

nonprofit groups raise money and awareness.

Crowdrise, Jumo, Causecast, Causes on Facebook and others

try to use social networking and crowdsourcing

to build interest in charities and causes,

and to help them attract donations.

2010 has really been

[ bilan au present perfect actif ]

the year of the social network for social good,”

said Katya Andresen,

chief operating officer at Network for Good,

a nonprofit that handles processing

and other administrative chores for many of the new sites.

Social Networks Meant for Social Good, but at a Price,
NYT, 19.12.2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/20/
business/20charity.html

 

 

 

 

 

College, Jobs and Inequality

 

December 13, 2010

The New York Times

 

A college education

is better than no college education

and correlates with higher pay.

But as a cure for unemployment

or as a way to narrow the chasm

between the rich and everyone else,

“more college” is a too-easy answer.

 

Over the past year

[ ces douze derniers mois

= du 1er janvier 2010 au 13 décembre 2010 ],

for example, the unemployment rate for college grads under age 25

has averaged [ bilan au present perfect actif ] 9.2 percent,

up from 8.8 percent a year earlier and 5.8 percent

in the first year of the recession that began in December 2007.

That means recent grads

have about the same level of unemployment as the general population.

It also suggests that many employed recent grads may be doing

work that doesn’t require a college degree.

College, Jobs and Inequality,
NYT,
13.12.2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/opinion/14tue1.html

 

 

 

 

 

"I haven't felt too good

[ bilan au present perfect actif ]

this last week

[ ces derniers jours ]."

Michael Barrymore interview,
O,
29.12.2002.

 

Dans cet entretien, publié un dimanche,

Michael Barrymore fait le bilan de la semaine,

période non révolue au moment où il se confie au journaliste.

 

 

 

 

 

De même,

in the last three years / in the past week /

 in the past / in the past year / in the past couple of days

over the last decade

sont liés au present perfect / past perfect.

 

 

La période de référence du bilan

court jusqu'à l'instant de de l'énonciation.

 

 

Attention à la traduction :

in the past year

ne se traduit pas par l'année dernière,

mais par :

au cours des douze derniers mois / ces douze derniers mois

 

 

In the last three years,

Operation Trident has compiled a database

[ present perfect actif ]

of 500 criminals involved in trafficking and dealing in crack cocaine.

Drug gang warning by police: Yardie violence spreads across UK,
GI, p. 1, 14.6.
2003

 

 

 

Traduction explicative :

 

Ces trois dernières années (de 2001 à 2003 inclus),

l'opération Trident a permis de constituer une base de données...

 

Le reste de l'article précise

que cette opération est toujours en cours.

 

 

 

 

 

The number of families making official complaints

against schools' admissions procedures

has more than trebled in the past two years,

[ present perfect actif ]

figures to be presented to ministers this week show.

Many schools were failing to follow their own procedures

and in many cases the rules on admissions

were unclear or over-complicated,

according to a report by Philip Hunter,

the chief schools adjudicator.

Complaints were also increasing because parents

were better informed about appeal procedures, he said.

The Office of the Schools Adjudicator deals with appeals from parents

whose children have been denied a place at the school of their choice.

It received 270 complaints this year, compared with 78 in 2002.

Surge in school entry disputes,
G, Saturday October 30,
2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/oct/30/
politics.schooladmissions

 

 

 

 

 

The Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon,

spoke to his Palestinian counterpart today

and agreed in principle to permit the ailing Yasser Arafat

to be flown abroad for medical treatment.

It remained unclear, however,

whether Mr Arafat would be allowed to return.

In the past Israel has said

[ present perfect actif ]

the Palestinian leader could leave the West Bank,

but that he might not be allowed to come back.

Sharon: Arafat can leave Ramallah,
G, 28.10.2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/israel3 

 

 

 

 

 

In the past week

security forces have intercepted bombs smuggled

[ present perfect actif ]

on bicycles, in fruit carts and motor cars.

Clashes with US-led forces in the volatile southern provinces have intensified.

[ present perfect actif ]

 

Yesterday Nato troops mounted foot patrols

and searched vehicles in Kabul,

after a rocket landed 200 metres

from a fortified US compound.

Call for global jihad puts jittery Afghanistan on high alert:
Propaganda urges war on 'oil-thieving Christian crusaders'
as Taliban vows to derail today's election,
G,
Saturday October 9, 2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/09/
afghanistan.declanwalsh

 

 

 

 

 

Internet search giant Google

has spectacularly laid to rest concerns

that growth would be hampered by going public,

announcing that profits had more than doubled in the past year

[ past perfect actif ]

in its first financial results since floating on the stock market.

Google, which was started in a garage by two students

and grew to overtake Yahoo! and Microsoft

to become the most popular search engine in the world,

posted third quarter net profits of $52m (£30m),

up from $20.4m in the previous year.

Google profits soar, G, 22.10.2004,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/news/0,12597,1333332,00.html - broken link

 

 

 

Même information,

mais au present perfect,

en Une de l'édition web du Guardian :

 

Google profits soar

 

Online: Internet search giant Google announces

that its profits have more than doubled in the past year.

[ bilan au present perfect actif ]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dans l'énoncé ci-dessous,

extrait d'un article du New York Times

qui fait un bilan de la violence

à l'intérieur même des tribunaux américains,

In the last decade ne se traduit pas par :

 

Au cours de la dernière décennie (1990-2000)

 

mais par

 

Ces dix dernières années (1995-2005).

 

Le bilan court jusqu'à l'énonciation (mars 2005)
:

 

Only federal authorities keep a count of annual threats,

but the 700 reported against federal judicial officials alone

suggest that the total made against federal,

state and local court officials is much larger.

In the last decade, too, threats have escalated,

[ present perfect actif ]

especially on the federal level,

where there is a new age of dangerous cases

involving terrorism, international drug trafficking,

international organized crime and gangs.

Violent incidents themselves,

inside and outside the courtroom, are not tallied,

but they are known to involve

an unpredictable range of defendants,

from white supremacists and gang members

to white-collar frauds, batterers and civil litigants.

In Courts, Threats Become Alarming Fact of Life,
NYT,
20.3.2005,
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/
national/20judges.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

anglais américain > expression du bilan

 

L'expression du bilan

peut se faire au passé

 

 

 

 

No Need for All These Nukes

 

January 7, 2012

The New York Times

By PHILIP TAUBMAN

 

STANFORD, Calif.

OVER the last three years,

as I delved into the world of American nuclear weapons,

I felt [ passé actif du verbe irrégulier feel ] increasingly

as though I had stepped into a time warp.

Despite the nearly total rearrangement

of the international security landscape

since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991,

the rise of Islamic terrorism

and the spread of nuclear materials and technology

to volatile nations like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran,

the Defense Department remains enthralled

by cold war nuclear strategies and practices.

No Need for All These Nukes,
NYT, 7.1.2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/
opinion/sunday/reducing-the-nuclear-arsenal.html

 

 

 

 

 

American Dream

Is Elusive for New Generation

 

July 6, 2010

The New York Times

By LOUIS UCHITELLE

 

GRAFTON, Mass. — After breakfast,

his parents left for their jobs, and Scott Nicholson,

alone in the house in this comfortable suburb west of Boston,

went to his laptop in the living room.

He had placed it on a small table

that his mother had used for a vase of flowers

until her unemployed son found himself reluctantly stuck at home.

The daily routine seldom varied. Mr. Nicholson, 24,

a graduate of Colgate University,

winner of a dean’s award for academic excellence,

spent his mornings searching corporate Web sites

for suitable job openings.

When he found one, he mailed off a résumé and cover letter

— four or five a week, week after week.

 

Over the last five months

[ ces cinq derniers mois / du 1er janvier 2010 à juin 2010 ],

only one job materialized

[ passé actif ].

 

After several interviews,

the Hanover Insurance Group in nearby Worcester

offered to hire him as an associate claims adjuster,

at $40,000 a year.

But even before the formal offer,

Mr. Nicholson had decided not to take the job.

American Dream Is Elusive for New Generation,
NYT, 6.7.2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/
business/economy/07generation.html

 

 

 

 

 

At Least 67 Killed

at Baghdad’s Largest Market

 

February 12, 2007

The New York Times

By DAMIEN CAVE

 

BAGHDAD, Feb. 12 — Four bomb explosions

at Baghdad’s oldest market

killed at least 67 people and wounded 155 today,

charring families in their cars, shredding stores

and setting ablaze a seven-story clothing warehouse,

where black smoke billowed for hours,

witnesses and officials said.

The blasts at Central Baghdad’s Shorja Market

— the capital’s largest bazaar — struck shortly

after Iraq’s Shiite-led government marked the first anniversary,

by the Islamic calendar,

of an attack that destroyed a revered Shiite mosque in Samarra.

That bombing, which shattered the shrine’s golden dome,

ignited a wave of sectarian violence in Iraq

that has yet to be extinguished.

With its timing and severity, today’s attack seemed designed

to fuel the country’s sectarian hatreds,

and to identify weaknesses

in the new American-Iraqi security plan for Baghdad

that has just begun.

It was  [ passé de be ]

at least the fifth bombing at the Shorja market since August [2006],

and one of roughly a dozen attacks at markets over the past year,

killing more than 500 people as they bought or sold what they needed to survive.

At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market,
NYT,
12.2.2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/world/middleeast/12cnd-iraq.html

 

 

 

 

 

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Less than two weeks

after its stock price smashed through $600 for the first time,

Google Inc. showed why it might not be long

before the Internet search leader's shares are flirting with $700.

[. . .]

In the past few months,

Google unveiled [ passé actif ] a way to show text-based ads

across the bottom of videos supplied by its YouTube subsidiary

and also began distributing ads within ''widgets''

-- the interactive capsules that are becoming Internet staples.

Google 3Q Profit Soars 46 Percent,
NYT
,
19.10.2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/technology/AP-Earns-Google.html - broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

present perfect actif

 

haveauxiliaire + participe passé

 

+

 

marqueur de temps

 

 

autres énoncés

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé

 

bilan

présent, present perfect, past perfect ou passé ?

 

 

present perfect > traductions

 

 

past perfect

 

 

depuis : since / for

 

 

place de l'adverbe

dans un Groupe Verbal au present perfect

 

 

 

home Up