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grammaire anglaise > groupe verbal
present perfect actif
haveauxiliaire + verbeparticipe passé
+
marqueur de temps
present perfect > valeurs
bilan jusqu'au présent
he has failed [ present perfect actif ] to bring to justice anyone responsible for the torture of terrorism suspects — an official government program conceived and carried out in the years after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses, NYT, 21.12.2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html
Since passage of the Affordable Care Act, has the number of uninsured Americans increased, decreased or stayed the same? [ present perfect actif ]
Since passage of the Affordable Care Act,
http://www.npr.org/2017/01/12/
E-cigarette users have tripled [ present perfect actif ] to 2 million since 2012, [ since + début du bilan ] study finds The Guardian, Monday 28 April 2014 http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/apr/28/e-cigarette-users-triple-ash-survey
The Guardian p. 1 29 January 2007
marqueurs de temps
+
present perfect simple (haveauxiliaire + participe passé)
In the span of a couple of weeks,
this year, in five years,
in one year, in two decades, in years,
in almost 20 years, in recent years, in recent days,
over the last 25 years, Over the past two years, Over the past week, Over the years,
as yet, yet, just, in the year,
now, long, so far, so far this year, already, finally,
Throughout history and across cultures
Since marque le début de la période de référence du bilan :
E-cigarette users have tripled to 2 million since 2012, study finds
The Guardian,
Monday 28 April 2014
Since early this year, in the weeks since, ever since,
In the nine years since the first American troops landed in Afghanistan,
Jeff Parker cartoon Florida Today Cagle 16 December 2010
R: U.S. president Barack Obama
Donkey = Democrats Elephant = Republicans
for [ depuis > durée de la période du bilan ] + the past several years,
for years,
for X years,
for more than three decades, for a third month in a row
for [ pour ] the first time in a generation,
for [ depuis ] more than a year,
for [ depuis ] the past 26 years,
For [ depuis ] the last couple of hours,
since [ depuis > point de départ de la période du bilan ] 1999 / then / Christmas / the last recession,
since she disappeared [ passé ],
since separating from my husband five years ago,
since he was [ passé ] 13,
since the start of the year, since time immemorial,
Since his release in January after serving time for a 2006 theft conviction,
present perfect + for -> traduction : depuis
I have been waiting for you for two hours!
≠
passé + for -> traduction : pendant.
I lived in NYC for two years.
since = depuis.
Ce mot peut être préposition (+ N) : since the start of the year since separating from my husband five years ago,
ou
conjonction (+ S + Vintransitif / S + Vransitif + O) : since she disappeared [ passé actif ],
Le segment en since marque le début / l'ancrage de la période de référence du bilan.
sinceconjonction
+
proposition (SVO) au passé actif ou passif
Cette proposition marque le début de la période de référence du bilan.
Exemple : "It has created a strong and effective leadership team.
Remarkably, not one of the 13 members of that team has left [ present perfect actif ]
since it was established 18 months ago". [ proposition au passé passif = ancrage dans le passé temporel ]
Psyched up for CEO
search:
Comme toutes les prépositions, since porte sur une forme nominale (N)
sincepréposition + forme nominale marque le début de la période de référence du bilan :
since + last Christmas, 2 o'clock, 1980, the start of the Iraq war, separating from my husband five years ago
Ex : Remember who's gone [ present perfect actif ] vegetarian
since last Christmas [ marqueur temporel du passé = ancrage dans le passé ]
Watch the birdie, G,
4.12.2007,
Names of the Dead
April 9, 2007 The New York Times
The Department of Defense has identified [ present perfect actif ] 3,258 American service members who have died [ present perfect actif ] since the start of the Iraq war.
It confirmed the deaths of the following
Americans over the weekend:
Crystal Falls,
Mich.; East Coast Navy Seal Team.
Names of the Dead,
Sincepréposition + N > Autre exemple :
I've been having an affair with a married man [ present perfect actif -ing ] since separating from my husband five years ago. Privates Lives, GE/GE2, p. 8, 2.11.2001.
Après sinceconjonction on peut rencontrer - mais c'est rare et considéré comme incorrect dans les grammaires prescriptives - une proposition au present perfect :
'It has been a long time since I have seen my sister's grave' Coming home,
The Guardian G2 p. 16 29 January 2007
since (depuis) : préposition / adverbe
since (depuis que) : conjonction
portée nominale ou verbale de since (depuis)
since (puisque) : conjonction
- sincepréposition + N
Portée du N introduit par sincepréposition.
En 1, la portée est verbale ; since déclenche donc le present perfect.
1 - I haven't seen her since last Christmas
Portée nominale :
2 - Hong-Kong plunged [ passé actif ] into its deepest political crisis [ <- ] since the 1997 handover to China
when the territory's leader, Tung Chee-hwa, was this week forced [ passé passif ] into a humiliating u-turn on security legislation demanded by Beijing. Marchers throw Hong-Kong into crisis, GW,
since the 1997 handover to China détermine / porte sur / est relatif à its deepest political crisis.
since n'a donc ici aucune influence sur la forme verbale (plunged [ passé actif ]).
Il en va de même dans la note blibliographique ci-dessous, où since 1950 contribue à délimiter American religion.
Op-Ed Contributor The Presidency’s Mormon Moment
April 9, 2007 The New York Times By KENNETH WOODWARD
IN May, Mitt Romney, the former Massachusetts governor and 2008 Republican presidential hopeful, will give the commencement address at Pat Robertson’s Regent University. What better opportunity for Mr. Romney to discuss the issue of his
Mormon faith before an audience of evangelicals? and Mr. Romney should take the opportunity to address them at Regent University. But none of these popular reservations about the Mormon Church are reasons to vote for or against Mitt Romney. History was bound to have its Mormon moment in presidential politics, just as it had its Catholic moment when Kennedy ran. Now that the moment has arrived, much depends on Mr. Romney.
Kenneth Woodward, a contributing editor at Newsweek, is writing a book about American religion since 1950. The Presidency’s Mormon Moment,
- sinceadverbe + ø (depuis)
After Blair's election to leader, the pair became much closer, and Caplin has since been employed [ present perfect passif ] to advise on many aspects of dress, health and fitness, and is credited with introducing Blair to a number of alternative therapists. The court of Cherie, GE/GE2, p. 4, 06.12.2002.
- sinceconjonction (depuis) + proposition (SVO) avec verbe au passé
I haven't seen her [ present perfect actif ] since she lost her job. [ passé actif ]
- sinceconjonction (puisque, étant donné que, vu que)
Since Dr Pearce died [ passé actif ] fewer than 24 hours after he left a police cell, Suffolk police have voluntarily referred the incident [ present perfect actif ] to the police complaints authority, as is standard practice. Investigation
into death of arrested pathologist,
marqueurs de temps + present perfect
In the past year [ ces douze derniers mois / de février 2006 à février 2007 ], more than 500 people have been killed [ present perfect passif ] by explosions while shopping or selling goods in the capital’s markets.
Photograph: Khalid Mohammed/Associated Press
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market NYT 12.2.2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/world/middleeast/12cnd-iraq.html
during the past decade, during the past year,
in the past, in the past decade, in the past year, in the past week, just in the past two years,
in the last six weeks, in the last three months, in the last year, in the last ten years, for much of the last decade, in the last decade, in the last decade or so,
In the last year (l'année écoulée jusqu'à présent, et non pas l'année dernière : last year + passé)
in the last (période toujours en cours)
over the last three years, over the last year, over the last year or so, Three times over the last two years, Three times over the last two decades, over the past few weeks, over the past three years, over the past year, over the past week, over the past several months, over the past 21 years, over the years, over the past few years,
Attention :
Dans over the past / the last..., in the past / the last..., past et last sont des "faux-amis grammaticaux".
Ces marqueurs de temps ne doivent pas être confondus avec last year (l'an dernier), marqueur d'une période passée, et qui est lié au passé.
Over the last / past... délimite une période qui n'est pas finie, qui court jusqu'à l'instant de l'énonciation (prise de parole, rédaction de l'article).
On parle d'une tendance présente, toujours d'actualité, d'où l'emploi du present perfect.
Social Networks Meant for Social Good, but at a Price
December 19, 2010 The New York Times By STEPHANIE STROM
Over the last year or so, [ ces douze derniers mois = du 1er janvier 2010 au 19 décembre 2010 ] there has been [ bilan au present perfect actif ] an explosion of online intermediaries promising to help nonprofit groups raise money and awareness. Crowdrise, Jumo, Causecast, Causes on Facebook and others try to use social networking and crowdsourcing to build interest in charities and causes, and to help them attract donations. “2010 has really been [ bilan au present perfect actif ] the year of the social network for social good,” said Katya Andresen, chief operating officer at Network for Good, a nonprofit that handles processing and other administrative chores for many of the new sites.
Social Networks Meant
for Social Good, but at a Price,
College, Jobs and Inequality
December 13, 2010 The New York Times
A college education is better than no college education and correlates with higher pay. But as a cure for unemployment or as a way to narrow the chasm between the rich and everyone else, “more college” is a too-easy answer.
Over the past year [ ces douze derniers mois = du 1er janvier 2010 au 13 décembre 2010 ], for example, the unemployment rate for college grads under age 25 has averaged [ bilan au present perfect actif ] 9.2 percent, up from 8.8 percent a year earlier and 5.8 percent in the first year of the recession that began in December 2007. That means recent grads have about the same level of unemployment as the general population. It also suggests that many employed recent grads may be doing work that doesn’t require a college degree.
College, Jobs and
Inequality,
"I haven't felt too good [ bilan au present perfect actif ] this last week [ ces derniers jours ]."
Michael Barrymore interview,
Dans cet entretien, publié un dimanche, Michael Barrymore fait le bilan de la semaine, période non révolue au moment où il se confie au journaliste.
in the last three years / in the past week / in the past / in the past year / in the past couple of days sont liés au present perfect / past perfect.
La période de référence du bilan court jusqu'à l'instant de de l'énonciation.
Attention à la traduction : in the past year ne se traduit pas par l'année dernière, mais par : au cours des douze derniers mois / ces douze derniers mois
In the last three years, Operation Trident has compiled a database [ present perfect actif ] of 500 criminals involved in trafficking and dealing in crack cocaine.
Drug gang warning by police:
Yardie violence spreads across UK,
Traduction explicative :
Ces trois dernières années (de 2001 à 2003 inclus), l'opération Trident a permis de constituer une base de données...
Le reste de l'article précise que cette opération est toujours en cours.
The number of families making official complaints against schools' admissions procedures has more than trebled in the past two years, [ present perfect actif ] figures to be presented to ministers this week show. Many schools were failing to follow their own procedures and in many cases the rules on admissions were unclear or over-complicated, according to a report by Philip Hunter, the chief schools adjudicator. Complaints were also increasing because parents were better informed about appeal procedures, he said. The Office of the Schools Adjudicator deals with appeals from parents whose children have been denied a place at the school of their choice. It received 270 complaints this year, compared with 78 in 2002. Surge in school
entry disputes,
The Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon, spoke to his Palestinian counterpart today and agreed in principle to permit the ailing Yasser Arafat to be flown abroad for medical treatment. It remained unclear, however, whether Mr Arafat would be allowed to return. In the past Israel has said [ present perfect actif ] the Palestinian leader could leave the West Bank, but that he might not be allowed to come back. Sharon: Arafat can leave Ramallah, G, 28.10.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/israel3
In the past week security forces have intercepted bombs smuggled [ present perfect actif ] on bicycles, in fruit carts and motor cars. Clashes with US-led forces in the volatile southern provinces have intensified. [ present perfect actif ]
Yesterday Nato troops mounted foot patrols and searched vehicles in Kabul, after a rocket landed 200 metres from a fortified US compound.
Call
for global jihad puts jittery Afghanistan on high alert:
Internet search giant Google has spectacularly laid to rest concerns that growth would be hampered by going public, announcing that profits had more than doubled in the past year [ past perfect actif ] in its first financial results since floating on the stock market. Google, which was started in a garage by two students and grew to overtake Yahoo! and Microsoft to become the most popular search engine in the world, posted third quarter net profits of $52m (£30m), up from $20.4m in the previous year.
Google profits soar, G,
22.10.2004,
Même information, mais au present perfect, en Une de l'édition web du Guardian :
Google profits soar
Online: Internet search giant Google announces that its profits have more than doubled in the past year. [ bilan au present perfect actif ]
Dans l'énoncé ci-dessous, extrait d'un article du New York Times qui fait un bilan de la violence à l'intérieur même des tribunaux américains, In the last decade ne se traduit pas par :
Au cours de la dernière décennie (1990-2000)
mais par
Ces dix dernières années (1995-2005).
Le
bilan court jusqu'à l'énonciation (mars 2005)
Only federal authorities keep a count of annual threats, but the 700 reported against federal judicial officials alone suggest that the total made against federal, state and local court officials is much larger. In the last decade, too, threats have escalated, [ present perfect actif ] especially on the federal level, where there is a new age of dangerous cases involving terrorism, international drug trafficking, international organized crime and gangs. Violent incidents themselves, inside and outside the courtroom, are not tallied, but they are known to involve an unpredictable range of defendants, from white supremacists and gang members to white-collar frauds, batterers and civil litigants.
In Courts, Threats Become
Alarming Fact of Life,
anglais américain > expression du bilan
No Need for All These Nukes
January 7, 2012 The New York Times By PHILIP TAUBMAN
STANFORD,
Calif. as I delved into the world of American nuclear weapons, I felt [ passé actif du verbe irrégulier feel ] increasingly as though I had stepped into a time warp. Despite the nearly total rearrangement of the international security landscape since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, the rise of Islamic terrorism and the spread of nuclear materials and technology to volatile nations like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran, the Defense Department remains enthralled by cold war nuclear strategies and practices. No Need for All These Nukes,
American Dream Is Elusive for New Generation
July 6, 2010 The New York Times By LOUIS UCHITELLE
GRAFTON, Mass. — After breakfast, his parents left for their jobs, and Scott Nicholson, alone in the house in this comfortable suburb west of Boston, went to his laptop in the living room. He had placed it on a small table that his mother had used for a vase of flowers until her unemployed son found himself reluctantly stuck at home. The daily routine seldom varied. Mr. Nicholson, 24, a graduate of Colgate University, winner of a dean’s award for academic excellence, spent his mornings searching corporate Web sites for suitable job openings. When he found one, he mailed off a résumé and cover letter — four or five a week, week after week.
Over the last five months [ ces cinq derniers mois / du 1er janvier 2010 à juin 2010 ], only one job materialized [ passé actif ].
After several interviews, the Hanover Insurance Group in nearby Worcester offered to hire him as an associate claims adjuster, at $40,000 a year. But even before the formal offer, Mr. Nicholson had decided not to take the job.
American Dream Is
Elusive for New Generation,
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market
February 12, 2007 The New York Times By DAMIEN CAVE
BAGHDAD, Feb. 12 — Four bomb explosions at Baghdad’s oldest market killed at least 67 people and wounded 155 today, charring families in their cars, shredding stores and setting ablaze a seven-story clothing warehouse, where black smoke billowed for hours, witnesses and officials said. The blasts at Central Baghdad’s Shorja Market — the capital’s largest bazaar — struck shortly after Iraq’s Shiite-led government marked the first anniversary, by the Islamic calendar, of an attack that destroyed a revered Shiite mosque in Samarra. That bombing, which shattered the shrine’s golden dome, ignited a wave of sectarian violence in Iraq that has yet to be extinguished. With its timing and severity, today’s attack seemed designed to fuel the country’s sectarian hatreds, and to identify weaknesses in the new American-Iraqi security plan for Baghdad that has just begun. It was [ passé de be ] at least the fifth bombing at the Shorja market since August [2006], and one of roughly a dozen attacks at markets over the past year, killing more than 500 people as they bought or sold what they needed to survive.
At
Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market,
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Less than two weeks after its stock price smashed through $600 for the first time, Google Inc. showed why it might not be long before the
Internet search leader's shares are flirting with $700. Google unveiled [ passé actif ] a way to show text-based ads across the bottom of videos supplied by its YouTube subsidiary and also began distributing ads within ''widgets'' -- the interactive capsules that are becoming Internet staples. Google 3Q Profit Soars 46 Percent,
present perfect actif
haveauxiliaire + participe passé
+
marqueur de temps
autres énoncés
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé
présent, present perfect, past perfect ou passé ?
dans un Groupe Verbal au present perfect
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