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grammaire anglaise > formes avec ou sans -ing

 

valeurs > mise en scène

 

 

avec -ing : déjà dit (anaphore)        ≠        sans -ing : jamais dit

 

 

 

V + N-ing                V + toviseur -> Base Verbale

 

start demolishing        ≠        start toviseur speed up

 

 


 

 

The Guardian        Media        p. 21        24 July 2006

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Certains verbes, comme start ou begin,

acceptent deux constructions :

 

GV + to viseur -> BV

 

GV + BV + -ing

 

 

 

 

GV + toviseur -> Base Verbale

 


Friday May 21, 2004

 

 

 

 

 

 

Avec GV + toviseur -> Base V,

l'énonciateur met en scène une information / un événement

qu'il présente comme inédit(e) :

effet majorant, de premier plan.

 

 

C'est la fiction de l'imprévisible, de l'inattendu

(dans l'énoncé ci-dessous, vu le contexte historique,

un bombardement n'a en fait rien de surprenant) :

 

 

Suddenly the sirens sounded again.

She saw her little boy, with two friends, playing some distance away.

The cigarette still in her hand, Mrs Couchman ran out of the post.

Bombs began to fall as she ran.

I won't let them hurt you, Daily Mirror, 17.10.1940.

 

 

 

 

 

With blinks and gestures,

mother recalls attack horror

 

Abigail Witchalls got the creeps the moment

she locked eyes with the dark-haired stranger in the blue estate car

as she took her toddler son, Joseph,

home from nursery in his buggy along a secluded lane.

When she looked over her shoulder a few minutes later,

the man was out of the car and heading in her direction.

She began to run, pushing 21-month-old Joseph in front of her,

stopping only to try to open a gate, the buggy right behind her.

But the gate wouldn't budge and when she turned round again,

the man was holding a knife to Joseph's throat.

He beckoned Mrs Witchalls towards him,

and when she did as he asked,

he grabbed her hair, pulled her to the ground,

and plunged the knife into the back of her neck.

He then threw the buggy, with Joseph still in it,

on top of her before running off, leaving her for dead.

With blinks and gestures, mother recalls attack horror,
G,
27.4.2005,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/27/
ukcrime.rosiecowan 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

V + N-ing (gérondif)

 

 

 

A l'inverse de V + toviseur -> BV,

avec V + N-ing

l'information est présentée

comme étant déjà connue, dite, pensée, prévue, prévisible.

 

On est dans la reprise, la reformulation, la conséquence :

 

 

Wildcat postal strikes end

after pledge on victimisation

 

The Royal Mail could take between three and four weeks

to clear a backlog of letters left by wildcat strikes

which appeared to be coming to an end yesterday.

As more than 20,000 wildcat strikers

began returning to work yesterday,

the Post Office started the hefty task dealing with

a backlog of tens of millions of letters,

by re-opening sealed letter boxes

and urging the public to "carry on posting".

Headline and sub,
I,
4.11.2003,
http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/story.jsp?story=460295

 

 

 

 

 

-ing nominalise le verbe et son / ses complément(s).

 

L'ensemble en -ing

fonctionne comme un groupe nominal (GN gérondif) :

 

Crucially, she will be looking for confirmation from WNSL,

now chaired by Michael Jeffries,

that it has the financial firepower

to start demolishing the old stadium

and building the new 90,000-seater complex in North London.

MPs to turn spotlight on Wembley stadium scheme, Guardian Unlimited, 30.4.2002.

 

 

Dans l'énoncé ci-dessus,

le journaliste utilise BV + -ing après start

car l'information - construire le nouveau stade de Wembley -

n'en est pas vraiment une :

elle est supposée connue depuis des mois

par les lecteurs (c'est même un sujet d'intérêt national).

 

L'information est la confirmation éventuelle que l'entrepreneur,

WNSL, dispose d'une capacité financière suffisante

pour commencer à démolir l'ancien stade.

 

 

 

 

 

Au contraire, dans l'énoncé suivant,

en utilisant toviseur + Base Verbale

après have started,

le journaliste met en avant une information

qu'il présente comme inédite, et sur laquelle il veut insister :

 

The United States, Britain and Australia

have started to speed up the movements of troops and weapons

to the Gulf to give them the capability to attack Iraq by mid-February.

Allies speed up deployment to Gulf Region, GE, p. 9, § 1, 13.1.2002.

 

 

Même contexte (guerre USA-Irak),

mais vu d'un oeil différent :

 

George W. Bush, président des Etats-Unis,

s'adresse à ses concitoyens

au début de la guerre en Irak (20.3.2003).

 

Pour Bush, il n'y a pas lieu de présenter

les premières frappes aériennes

comme une information inattendue;

on pouvait s'y attendre.

 

Le 43ème président des Etats-Unis fait référence à du déjà énoncé :

striking selected targets of military importance

to undermine Saddam Hussein's ability to wage war

était prévu de longue date.

 

 

-ing est ici la marque du déjà-dit :

 

On my orders,

coalition forces have begun

striking selected targets of military importance

to undermine Saddam Hussein's ability to wage war.

These are opening stages

of what will be a broad and concerted campaign.

Full text: George Bush's address on the start of war,
G,
20 March 2003,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/20/
iraq.georgebush

 

 

 

 

 

A l'inverse,

avec began to notice, renforcé par l'adverbe suddenly,

le rédacteur de l'article suivant présente l'objet du verbe

- the sun glinting on the mountains -

comme relevant du jamais vu,

le mettant ainsi en valeur, sur le devant de la scène.

 

Is there any romance left in rail?

A brisk American ex-banker, Philip Mengel never thought so

- until he went for a ride in the driver's cab

of one of English, Welsh and Scottish Railway's

goods trains in the Scottish Highlands.

Hitching a lift from Inverness to Perth,

he suddenly began to notice the sun glinting on the mountains.

"It turned out to be one of the most beautiful,

crystal clear days in history", he recalls.

A friend of freight, début de l'article, GE, p. 16, 15.3.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Enoncé ci-dessous :

le journaliste utilise la forme en -ing après began

car la reddition des soldats irakiens

a déjà été évoquée / envisagée

par l'administration américaine et par la presse.

 

Dans ce contexte, -ing fait référence à du déjà dit / écrit :

 

le fait que les soldats de Saddam Hussein puissent se rendre

n'est pas une surprise.

 

L'information, c'est que ce processus a commencé la nuit dernière

(began... last night...).

 

Iraqi troops began surrendering last night

as coalition aircraft bombed heavy guns

within range of the Iraqui-Kuwait border,

clearing the way for a US and British invasion.

Iraq: the first shots are fired, 1er §, GE, p. 1, 20.3.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

V + N-ing  /  V + toviseur -> Base Verbale

 

autres énoncés

 

 

 

 

Americans started voting in federal and state elections

on Tuesday, with President George W. Bush

and Senator John Kerry locked in a neck-and-neck battle

for the White House.

Voting gets under way in tight presidential race,
FT,
2.11.2004,
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/ff7eacd6-2b89-11d9-92d4-00000e2511c8.html

 

 

 

 

 

The "MyDoom-A" version of the virus is reckoned

to be the worst to have hit the internet,

in terms of the speed of its spread,

with millions of PCs worldwidebelieved to be infected.

Such "zombie" machines begin to send out

hundreds of copies of the virus every hour

to almost any e-mail address in their files.

On Sunday they began sending automated queries

to SCO's website, an attack that will continue until 12 February.

The attack is the web equivalent of ringing the company's doorbell

and running away a million times a second,

leaving its computers unable to deal with standard requests

to view its pages.

Experts say 'zombie' PC viruses could be used to extort money as 'MyDoom' strikes,
I,
3.1.2004,
http://news.independent.co.uk/digital/news/story.jsp?story=487280 - broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

U.S. Begins Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors

 

Mon January 5, 2004

06:29 PM ET

 

ATLANTA (Reuters) - The United States began

fingerprinting and photographing visitors

from most countries on Monday in an unprecedented program

to try to prevent potential terrorists from slipping in

by plane or ship.

    Headline and §1, R, 5.1.2004,
    http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=
    SWKVQHG55WVPYCRBAEOCFFA?type=topNews&storyID=4076520

 

 

 

 

 

It may look like a garden barbecue, or a giant pocket watch.

But it is, in fact, a space probe

- on Christmas Day it will land on Mars and start exploring.

Here, Colin Pillinger, the British scientist

behind this shoestring project, tells the story of the Beagle 2

Sub, Man with a mission,
G,
10.11.2003,
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/10/
science.scienceandnature

 

 

 

 

 

Wildcat postal strikes end

after pledge on victimisation

 

The Royal Mail could take between three and four weeks

to clear a backlog of letters left by wildcat strikes

which appeared to be coming to an end yesterday.

As more than 20,000 wildcat strikers

began returning to work yesterday,

the Post Office started the hefty task dealing

with a backlog of tens of millions of letters,

by re-opening sealed letter boxes and urging the public

to "carry on posting".

Headline and sub, I, 4.11.2003,
http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/story.jsp?story=460295

 

 

 

 

 

Turmoil at start of sniper trial

Turmoil in court

as US sniper suspect conducts own defence

 

The trial of the man charged

with last year's sniper shootings in the Washington area

was thrown into turmoil yesterday

when the accused began conducting his own defence.

Headline, sub and §1, G, 21.10.2003,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/21/
usgunviolence.usa 

 

 

 

 

 

Dinosaur Hunter

 

Jack Homer began collecting fossils when he was eight years old.

The secret, he tells Tim Radford, is to keep your eyes on the ground

Headline and sub headline, G/G2, p. 8, 7.8.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

"I know girls who are crack mad," he said.

"Before it came on the scene,

they might spend £90 a week on heroin.

I know people who now spend £60 on crack and £90 on heroin.

One you start spending money on it, you can't stop.

Heroin is a physical addiction.

Crack is mentally addictive.

You just want the high."

Euan's story: caught in the Yardies' web of crack and violence, GI, p. 3, 14.6.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

After a year of bloody fighting, but with neither side beaten,

Israel and the Palestinians are finding it hard suddenly

to stop shooting and start talking again.

The beginning of the end of the Palestinian uprising?, E, p. 49, 29.9.2001.

 

 

 

 

 

More reports indicate that previous rumors of Apple sales

at Best Buy will materialize soon.

BestBuy will utilize fulltime Apple Reps

to provide sales support for Apple items.

The current plan is to deploy this plan

to a select number of Best Buys,

so not every store will carry the Apple products initially.

While the official launch date remains in August,

some stores may start to sell Apple items

as early as Monday.

Update:

Initial stores to carry Apple's Product line

are focused in California and Illinois,

with scattered stores in other states (AZ, VA, NY, MD, MN).

Products to be carried include the eMac, iMac (15" and 17"),

PowerMac (G4), iBook (12"), PowerBook (12" and 15"), iPod,

as well as selection of accompanying accessories and software titles.

Again, some stores may start selling Apple products

as early as this week.

http://www.macrumors.com/pages/2003/07/20030727004224.shtml , added 30.7.2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Niveau avancé

 

formes en -ing

 

Ngérondif

 

Glossaire > Anaphore

 

Syntaxe > To

 

 

 

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