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History
> 20th century > UK > Northern Ireland >
The Troubles 1960s-1990s

A 45-foot “peace wall,”
erected by the British
authorities,
separating Catholic neighborhoods,
left,
from Protestants in Belfast.
Photograph:
Abbas/Magnum Photos
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html

An aerial view of the Maze prison
in 1983.
Photograph: PA
Gerry Adams
was interned illegally during
Troubles,
supreme court told
Wrong minister approved order,
court hears during appeal to
overturn convictions
for escaping Maze prison in 70s
G
Tue 19 Nov 2019
13.30 GMT
Last modified on Tue 19 Nov 2019
18.15 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/nov/19/
gerry-adams-was-illegally-interned-during-troubles-supreme-court-told
John Hume
1937-2020
Martin McGuinness 1950-2017
The
Troubles > Legacy
In
Northern Ireland,
"the
Troubles"
— the
long and bloody conflict
between
Catholic Irish nationalists
and
pro-British Protestants —
formally
came to an end
with a
peace agreement
in 1998.
But
before the deal
established
a
power-sharing government
in the region,
more than
3,600
lost their lives
in three
decades
of sectarian violence.
The
Protestant loyalists
wanted to
remain
part of the U.K.,
and the
Catholic nationalists
wanted to
end British rule.
https://www.npr.org/2015/07/18/
424120157/in-northern-ireland-terror-gets-old-but-divisions-linger
https://www.npr.org/2015/07/18/
424120157/in-northern-ireland-terror-gets-old-but-divisions-linger
https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/11/28/
367183005/for-northern-ireland-wounds-from-the-troubles-are-still-raw
2
June 2016
Irlande
du Nord,
les protestants
à l'épreuve
du processus de paix
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/levy-yann/blog/020616/
irlande-du-nord-les-protestants-lepreuve-du-processus-de-paix
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/levy-yann/blog/020616/
irlande-du-nord-les-protestants-lepreuve-du-processus-de-paix
murders of
alleged informers
by the IRA
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/apr/15/
northern-ireland-police-ombudsman-investigation-murders-informants-troubles
Timeline -
Worst IRA bomb attacks on mainland Britain
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-security-bombings/
timeline-worst-ira-bomb-attacks-on-mainland-britain-idUKTRE74F31Q20110516
Ian Paisley 1926-2014
May 2014
Helen McKendry,
daughter of
Jean McConville,
files a civil suit
against Sinn Fein

Helen McKendry,
daughter of Jean McConville,
has filed a civil suit against Sinn Fein.
Photograph:
Tom Jamieson for The New York Times
Where ‘Say Nothing’ Is Gospel, I.R.A. Victim’s Daughter Is
Talking
By KATRIN BENNHOLD NYT
MAY 21, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/
world/europe/where-say-nothing-is-gospel-ira-victims-daughter-is-talking.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/world/europe/
where-say-nothing-is-gospel-ira-victims-daughter-is-talking.html
March 2014
Man arrested in Northern Ireland
over 1972 case of
'disappeared' mother
(Jean
McConville)

Jean McConville, left,
with three of her 10 children.
She was abducted in 1972
and murdered.
Photograph: Associated Press
A Heinous Crime, Secret Histories and a Sinn Fein Leader’s
Arrest
By KATHARINE Q. SEELYE NYT
MAY 1, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/
world/europe/a-heinous-crime-secret-histories-and-a-sinn-fein-leaders-arrest.html
77-year-old held
by detectives investigating
IRA's kidnapping,
killing and secret burial
of Belfast widow
Jean McConville
A former IRA chief
of staff
and negotiator for
the Provisionals
with the British government in 1972
is in custody
tonight
being questioned about the murder
and disappearance
of a widow whose
death
in the same year
left 10 children
orphaned.
West Belfast
republican Ivor Bell
was arrested in
the city
earlier today
in connection
with
one of the most
controversial murders
of the early
years
of the Northern Ireland Troubles –
the case of
"disappeared"
mother of 10 Jean McConville.
The 77-year-old
was detained
in the city earlier today
by detectives
investigating the IRA's
kidnapping,
killing
and secret burial
of the Belfast woman
in 1972.
Bell was part
of an IRA delegation
that met William Whitelaw
at future Tory
minister
Paul Channon's flat in London
six months
before McConville's
disappearance.
He and other
IRA leaders
were trying to negotiate
a
ceasefire with the British
which broke
down
in the summer of 1972.
The republican
veteran
went on to become
a
leading figure
in the Provisionals
but was later
sentenced to death
by the organisation
for allegedly
trying
to stage a coup d'etat
against Gerry
Adams
in the early 1980s
because he
became convinced
the then West
Belfast
Sinn Féin MP
and others
around him
were determined
to "run down
the war"
and abandon
armed struggle.
Since his
departure
from the IRA,
Bell has kept a
low profile
and effectively
bowed
out of republican politics.
Jean McConville became
one of the most
famous
of the "disappeared"
and her body was not found
until 2003 on a beach
in
Co Louth.
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/18/northern-ireland-
arrest-disappeared-jean-mcconville
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/30/
gerry-adams-held-jean-mconville-killing
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/01/world/europe/
gerry-adams-questioned-over-murder-from-1972.html
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/mar/24/
gerry-adama-questions-murder-jean-mcconville
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/22/
ira-troubles-murder-ivor-bell-court-jean-mcconville
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/21/
former-ira-leader-ivor-bell-charged-connection-mcconville-murder
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/18/
northern-ireland-arrest-disappeared-jean-mcconville
February 2014
IRA Hyde Park
bombing:
man accused of
1982 attack
walks free
Judge rules promise
made by UK government
as part of
Good
Friday agreement
mean trial of John Downey
cannot go ahead
A man accused
of murdering four soldiers
in an IRA bomb
attack
in London's Hyde Park in 1982
has walked free
from court
after a judge ruled
his trial
should not go ahead
because of
British
government assurances
he received
under the Good Friday
peace agreement.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/25/
ira-hyde-park-bombing-1982-attack-john-downey
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/18/
ira-man-john-downey-participated-in-hyde-park-bombing-judge-rules
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/25/
ira-hyde-park-bombing-1982-attack-john-downey
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/25/
good-friday-deal-free-john-downey-ira-hyde-park
April 2011
A booby-trap car bomb
kills
Constable Ronan Kerr
outside his home
in
Omagh
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/apr/11/
gerry-adams-offers-talk-dissidents
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/04/omagh-bomb-informant-call-sinn-fein
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/04/editorial-ireland-murder-ronan-kerr
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/04/omagh-bomb-politics-stormont-nationalism
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/03/omagh-bomb-policy-chief-tribute
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/03/raf-budget-defence-dalton-libya
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/02/omagh-booby-trap-bomb-policeman-killed
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/02/omagh-murder-officer-1998-atrocity
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-irish-bomb/
car-bomb-kills-policeman-in-northern-ireland-idUSTRE7311X5
20110402
2008-2009
Republican attacks
http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2009/03/10/
NIRELAND_EVENTS.pdf
11 March 2009
Peace
protests
across Northern Ireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/11/northern-ireland-peace-protests
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/11/ireland-peace-rallies-murders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/11/gordon-brown-northern-ireland-murders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/gallery/2009/mar/11/northern-ireland-
peace-protest-rally?picture=344454320
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/audio/2009/mar/11/policeman-murder-northern-ireland
9 March 2009
PC Stephen Paul Carroll
is shot dead
by dissident republicans,
the Continuity IRA,
at Lismore Manor,
Craigavon,
County Armagh
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/11/
ireland-peace-rallies-murders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/11/northern-ireland-violence-fear
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/11/ira-peace-threat
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/11/northern-ireland-peace-process
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/
leading-article-politics-and-policing-can-defeat-this-sectarian-menace-1641889.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4970459/
Northern-Ireland-attacks-Policemans-widow-denounces-futility-of-his-death.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7934426.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7935734.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/foyle_and_west/7936622.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7968000/7968956.stm
Saturday 7 March
2009
Sapper Mark Quinsey, 23,
and Sapper Patrick Azimkar, 21,
are
shot dead at
the gates
of Massereene Army base,
Antrim, Northern Ireland
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8553776.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8162266.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/cartoon/2009/mar/10/
northern-ireland-attacks-steve-bell
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/
brown-in-northern-ireland-terror-summit-1640407.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4961591/
Antrim-Real-IRA-attack-Murdered-soldiers-named.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/09/real-ira-murders-massereene-soldiers
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/09/northern-ireland-soldiers-azimkar-quinsey
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/09/massereene-security-officer
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/09/brown-arrives-massereene-barracks
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/09/gerry-adams-sinn-fein-soldiers
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/08/faq-northern-ireland-shootings
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/09/british-soldiers-killed-northern-ireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/gallery/2009/mar/09/northernireland-northernireland?picture=344332207
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/foyle_and_west/7936622.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/hi/front_page/newsid_7968000/7968956.stm
https://www.gov.uk/government/fatalities/
sappers-patrick-azimkar-and-mark-quinsey-killed-in-northern-ireland
2008
The full extent
of a secret 20-year
"back channel"
between the British government
and the IRA is revealed
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/mar/18/northernireland.past
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/mar/18/northernireland.northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/mar/18/northernireland.past1
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/audio/2008/mar/18/watt.powell.part2
Devolution
26 March 2007
Deal to restore
Northern Ireland's
power-sharing administration

The Independent
Tuesday 27 March 2007
L to R:
Ian Paisley and
Gerry Adams
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/08/northernireland.northernireland4
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/mar/27/uk.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/mar/27/comment.politics
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/mar/27/politics.northernireland
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/mar/26/northernireland.devolution
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/26/northernireland.northernireland3
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/26/northernireland.northernireland2
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/mar/26/northernireland.devolution1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/26/northernireland.northernireland1
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6496065.stm
http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0326/breaking2.htm
http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/article2393950.ece
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=
1INZ3SNTXIGURQFIQMFCFF4AVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/03/26/nulster226.xml
1969-2007
Operation Banner
Operation Banner,
the British army's
longest continuous campaign,
comes to a close
(...)
after 38 years.
The military operation
to
assist the police
began in Northern Ireland
when the Troubles
flared up, in 1969.
In total, 763 soldiers
would
go on to die
as a direct result of
terrorism
in the conflict
with republican paramilitaries.
During the course
of the
operation,
the army was also accused
of
murdering civilians,
including the 13
who were
shot dead
on Bloody Sunday
in 1972.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.military1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/aug/01/northernireland.military
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.military
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.freedomofinformation
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/31/northernireland.military1
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/jul/31/northernireland?picture=330305298
5 April 2006
IRA turncoat >
Denis Donaldson's murder
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/21/
gerry-adams-denies-sanctioning-of-british-spy-denis-donaldson
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/05/
northernireland.northernireland3
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/05/
northernireland.northernireland
25 February 2006
Orange march
The first loyalist march
in Dublin since Partition
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/26/
northernireland.ireland
2006
Ken Barrett,
the loyalist gunman
convicted of killing
the Belfast solicitor
Pat Finucane,
is freed under the terms
of the
Good Friday
agreement,
after serving
three years
in jail
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/24/
northernireland.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/24/
northernireland.northernireland
Lord Merlyn-Rees 1920-2006
Labour home secretary
and Northern Ireland secretary
in the 70s
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/jan/05/labour.uk
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/jan/05/labour.uk1
2006
The St
Andrews agreement
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/oct/17/northernireland.devolution1
The
Bloody Sunday inquiry
/
Saville inquiry
sat between
April 1998
and January 2005
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/11/saville-inquiry-revelations-bloody-sunday
"... it is
expedient
that a Tribunal be established
for inquiring into a definite matter
of urgent public importance,
namely the
events
on Sunday 30th January 1972
which led to
loss of life
in connection
with the
procession
in
Londonderry
on that day,
taking
account
of any new information
relevant to events on that day"
Resolution
of the House of Commons,
30th January 1998,
and of the
House of Lords,
2nd February 1998
http://www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/15/bloody-sunday-inquiry-key-findings
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2010/jun/15/bloodysunday-northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/11/saville-inquiry-revelations-bloody-sunday
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/10/bloody-sunday-inquiry-northern-ireland
http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/ - broken link
4 October 2005
A former loyalist
leader
is shot dead
in east Belfast
(...)
while awaiting
trial
on money laundering
charges
Jim Gray, 47,
was a brigadier
in
the Ulster Defence Association
until April this year,
when he was forced
out
of the paramilitary group
because of
concerns
over his lavish lifestyle
and thuggish methods.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/oct/05/
northernireland.ukguns
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/oct/05/
northernireland.ukguns
September 2005
Belfast riots
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/13/
northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/cartoons/stevebell/
0,7371,1568845,00.html
September 2005
Decommissioning
of IRA arms
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/26/northernireland.northernireland1
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1578767,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1578828,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1578815,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/03/northernireland.northernireland
28 July 2005
IRA declares
end to armed struggle
The IRA formally orders
an end to its armed campaign
and says it will pursue
exclusively peaceful means.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/28/newsid_4948000/4948188.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/28/newsid_4948000/4948188.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1537901,00.html
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/northernirelandassembly/story/0,9061,1537995,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/28/
northernireland.devolution1
January 2005
Robert
McCartney murder
Robert McCartney (1971-2005)
Robert McCartney
was
murdered
by an
IRA gang which had,
ironically, just returned
from
mourning the dead
of
another infamous injustice
– the
Bloody Sunday
massacre of 1972.
The
men who murdered McCartney,
seriously injured Brendan Devine,
the
friend he tried to help,
and
then covered up their crime
and
threatened witnesses,
had
been to Derry
for
the 33rd anniversary
of
the killing of 14 unarmed civilians
by
the Parachute Regiment.
After
attending
the
commemoration
on
January 30, 2005,
the
IRA members from Belfast's
Short
Strand, Markets
and
Lower Ormeau Road areas
returned to the city and opted
to
end the evening
with
a few drinks
in
Magennis's bar.
It
was a decision
that
was to prove fatal
for
McCartney,
as
was his choice
of
drinking companion.
There
had been
a
history of animosity
between Devine
and
some IRA men.
So
his presence in the pub
full
of IRA members and supporters
created a tense atmosphere.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jun/27/
ukcrime.northernireland1
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-21601904
- 27 February 2013
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jun/27/
ukcrime.northernireland1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/15/
northernireland.angeliquechrisafis
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jun/27/ukcrime.northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/mar/08/northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/feb/13/northernireland.focus
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/northernirelandassembly/story/0,9061,1480431,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1498877,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1440592,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1411855,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4232753.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4364882.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/31/newsid_4922000/4922296.stm
1968-2003
The Troubles A Chronology of the
Conflict
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm
Brian Nelson 1948-2003
Nelson, a fanatical
and sectarian Protestant
from Belfast's
Shankill Road,
(...)
was
recruited in 1985
by British military intelligence
to act as an army
agent
in the UDA,
which he had
joined
a decade earlier.
Nelson,
a former
soldier,
had served
with
the Black Watch,
and later took
a
building job
in Germany.
He performed his
delicate
and dangerous new task
with great
enthusiasm.
His house and car,
plus £200 a week expenses,
were paid for
by
the British army
(the British taxpayer).
In 1987,
soon
after his recruitment,
Nelson went to South Africa
to shop for arms
for the UDA
and supervised the
shipment
of two huge batches of arms,
at least one of
which
ended up
in the hands
of the paramilitaries.
Throughout his
time
in the UDA,
Nelson worked
closely
with army intelligence,
whose policy at
the time
was shamelessly
to take sides:
for the Protestant
paramilitaries,
who were seen
as pro-British;
and against the
IRA,
who were seen
as the enemy.
This policy
drew
British
military intelligence
into a gang war.
Drawing on his
sources
in British intelligence,
Nelson would pass
on
the names and addresses
of known IRA
activists
to the UDA,
whose gunmen
would
promptly
go out and
"execute"
the suspects.
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/
guardianobituaries.northernireland
23 October 2001
IRA
begins decommissioning weapons
The
Northern Ireland peace process
reaches an historic breakthrough
as
the IRA announces
they have begun decommissioning
their weapons
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/newsid_2489000/2489099.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/newsid_2489000/2489099.stm
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/oct/23/northernireland.northernireland3
September 2001
Violence at
Holy Cross
school
Catholic schoolchildren
are
attacked by Protestants
as they make their way
to a
disputed school
in north Belfast
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/04/
qanda.schools
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/07/
northernireland.features11
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/04/
qanda.schools
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1526802.stm - 5
September 2001
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/04/
qanda.schools
Friday July 28,
2000
The last of Ulster's
428 political prisoners
are released
from
Maze prison
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/28/
northernireland.johnmullin
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/28/
northernireland.johnmullin
24 July 2000
Loyalist killer Michael Stone
is freed from
Maze
prison
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid
_2515000/2515041.stm
29 November 1999
NI power-sharing executive appointed
Northern Ireland
moves a step closer to ending
25 years of
direct rule from London
after the election
of a Northern Ireland Assembly
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/newsid_4067000/4067119.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/29/
newsid_4067000/4067119.stm
August 1999
Terror group
says Ulster war is over
INLA confirms ceasefire
amid fear of violence
from republican
splinter groups
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/aug/09/northernireland.audreygillan
15 March 1999
Rosemary Nelson murder
Lurgan
solicitor
Rosemary Nelson died
after a
booby-trap bomb
planted by loyalists
exploded under her car
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-12972857
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/19/northernireland
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/10/northernireland.northernireland1
8 September 1998
Real IRA announce ceasefire
The dissident
republican group
behind Northern Ireland's
worst atrocity
declares its violence
at an end.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/8/
newsid_2503000/2503633.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/8/
newsid_2503000/2503633.stm
August 17, 1998
Omagh
bombing
Northern Ireland's
worst-ever terrorist attack
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/omagh
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/01/
omagh-northern-ireland-bombing-case-against-remaining-suspect-collapses
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/apr/10/
man-charged-murder-29-people-omagh-bombing
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jul/07/
real-ira-founder-loses-omagh-appeal
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/5476676/
Omagh-bombing-judgment-relatives-win-landmark-civil-case.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jun/08/omagh-real-ira-leaders-liable
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jun/08/omagh-bombing-real-ira-leaders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2000/apr/02/northernireland.henrymcdonald
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/2007/dec/19/northernireland?picture=331849502
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/jul/26/northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2231141,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230858,00.html
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/mick_fealty/2007/12/omaghs_last_victim_justice.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230587,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230590,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230247,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230387,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230357,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,617648,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2230369,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/2007/dec/19/northernireland?picture=331849502
http://www.guardian.co.uk/graphic/0,,637512,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,638679,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,200430,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,200426,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,615238,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,637514,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1492979,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1019591,00.html
10 April 1998
Good Friday Agreement
The Good Friday Agreement
was little short
of an historic
breakthrough.
The 65-page document,
signed in 1998,
sought
to address relationships
within Northern Ireland;
between Northern Ireland
and the Republic;
and between
both parts of Ireland
and England,
Scotland and Wales.
The process, however,
was gruelling.
The Ulster Unionist leader
David Trimble
insisted
that UK Prime Minister
Tony
Blair
amend the agreement
to ensure that no one
in the proposed
Northern Ireland Assembly
could take office
if it had links
to paramilitary groups
still engaged
in violence.
Mr Blair refused
to make amendments
but offered an assurance
that politicians
linked to paramilitaries
who refused
to hand over weapons
would not hold office
in a Northern Ireland
government.
He also promised
decommissioning
would have
to begin immediately
after the Assembly
came into being.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/
northern_ireland/understanding/events/good_friday.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/
northern_ireland/understanding/events/good_friday.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/04/
john-hume-awe-political-bravery-generation-peace-northern-ireland-derry
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/aug/03/
john-hume-obituary
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/14/
good-friday-agreement-ireland-brexit-tony-blair-bertie-ahern
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/09/
the-guardian-view-on-the-good-friday-agreement-still-a-shared-achievement
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/05/
good-friday-agreement-20-britain-ireland-peace-process
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/23/
good-friday-agreement-irish-brexit-northern-ireland
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/
michaelh-higgins-irish-president-speech-parliament
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/27/
ira-letters-good-friday-agreement-northern-ireland
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/10/newsid_2450000/2450823.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4079267.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/07_12_04_ni_agreement_01.pdf
http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/agreement/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4079267.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/20/uk.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/20/guardianobituaries.politics
http://www.pixunlimited.co.uk/sys-files/Guardian/documents/2001/08/01/westonpark.pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1998/apr/12/
northernireland1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1998/apr/12/
northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1998/apr/12/
immigrationpolicy
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1998/apr/11/
mainsection.fromthearchive
27 April 1997
Robert Hamill murder
Mr
Hamill,
a 25-year-old Catholic,
was
beaten to death
by a loyalist mob
in Portadown,
County Armagh
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-12597209
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/10/
northernireland.northernireland1
December 27, 1997
Billy
Wright murder
The Loyalist Volunteer
Force founder
was shot dead
inside the Maze prison
by two members
of the Irish National
Liberation Army
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/sep/14/billy-wright-killing-report-mi5
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2010/sep/14/billy-wright-maze
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/gallery/2010/sep/14/northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/wintour-and-watt/2010/sep/14/billy-wright-northern-ireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/sep/13/billy-wright-assassin-maze-security
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jun/30/ian-paisley-junior-fined-billy-wright
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/apr/10/northernireland.northernireland1
12 February 1997
IRA sniper
Bernard
McGinn
shoots dead
Lance
Bombardier
Stephen Restorick,
the last British
soldier
to be killed before
the Good
Friday
agreement
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/21/
ira-sniper-bernard-mcginn-found-dead
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/21/
ira-sniper-bernard-mcginn-found-dead
1996
Bomb
blast destroys London bus
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/18/
newsid_4165000/4165719.stm
15 June 1996
The
largest ever IRA bomb
to hit the British mainland
explodes in Manchester
injuring at least 200 people
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1996/jun/17/
northernireland.christopherelliott
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1996/jun/17/
northernireland.christopherelliott
1996
an IRA bomb
explodes
in London's Docklands
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1996/feb/10/
northernireland.davidpallister
1968-1995
Northern Ireland's Troubles Timeline
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/oct/11/northern-ireland-making-peace-past
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/oct/11/northern-ireland-terrorists-miscarriages-justice
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/20/saville-inquiry-killings-soldiers-troubles-northern-ireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/20/call-for-ballymurphy-massacre-inquiry
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/world/europe/16nireland.html
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968645/
Northern-Ireland-A-history-of-the-Troubles.html - 10
March 2009
17 July 1994
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
a female Catholic
civilian
from Belfast
(Caroline Moreland)
was shot dead by
the IRA
as an alleged
informer.
Her body was
dumped
at Clogh, near
Rosslea,
County Fermanagh.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%9399)

Caroline Moreland was last seen
alive ironing in her kitchen,
before being abducted, tortured
and shot dead.
Photograph: Pacemaker Press
Families demand justice over IRA
victims 'executed' as informers
Relatives believe victims
sacrificed
to preserve position of British
army agent Stakeknife
G
Mon 1 Jun 2015
07.00 BST
Last modified on Wed 18 Dec 2019
15.22 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/01/
families-justice-ira-victims-executed-as-informers-british-army-agent-stakeknife
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%9399)
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/01/
families-justice-ira-victims-executed-as-informers-british-army-agent-stakeknife
Loughinisland
massacre County Down
18 June 1994
'No Stone Unturned' - Trailer
IndieWire 17 October 2017
From the Oscar winning director of
"Taxi to the Dark Side"
comes an unsolved mystery about a
deadly mass shooting in Ireland.
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB9XqkZD1yc

The funerals of two of the
Loughinisland victims,
Barney Green and his nephew Dan
McCreanor.
Photograph: John Giles/PA
Is Northern Ireland a democracy or
a police state?
Nobody has ever been tried
for the 1994 Loughinisland
massacre
but police arrested two
journalists.
It’s a scandal worthy of Kafka
G
Mon 3 Jun 2019 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/03/
northern-ireland-democracy-police-state-loughinisland-massacre
Loughinisland
massacre
a loyalist gang
burst into
a quiet rural pub
in County Down
and opened fire.
Six men were
killed.
They had been
watching
a World Cup match
between Ireland
and Italy,
their backs to the
door.
Five more were
injured.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/03/
northern-ireland-democracy-police-state-loughinisland-massacre
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/03/
northern-ireland-democracy-police-state-loughinisland-massacre
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/31/
northern-ireland-judge-rebukes-police-for-seizing-papers-from-journalists
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/nov/12/
no-stone-unturned-review-documentary-alex-gibney-northern-ireland
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/nov/03/
why-was-there-a-cover-up-film-maker-alex-gibney-on-a-case-of-cold-killing-in-county-down
May 1994
Roseanne Mallon
The 3,478th victim
of Northern Ireland's
conflict
One Sunday
evening,
Roseanne Mallon
was sitting on the sofa
at her
sister-in-law's bungalow
near Dungannon,
County Tyrone,
when a gunman
walked up the drive,
aimed his
Czech-made
assault rifle
at the living room
window,
and pulled the trigger.
She was hit several times
in her back, arms and legs
and
died instantly.
The following
night,
the Loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force
telephoned
a Belfast
television station
to claim responsibility.
Mallon was 76,
and the 3,478th
victim
of Northern Ireland's
conflict.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/apr/13/
roseanne-mallon-inquest-troubles-northern-ireland
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/apr/13/
roseanne-mallon-inquest-troubles-northern-ireland
1993-1994
The
Downing Street Declaration
and the IRA ceasefire in August 1994
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-13945530 - 3 August 2020
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/69283.stm
http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/events/northern_ireland/history/69283.stm
15 December 1993
John
Major and Albert Reynolds
sign a peace declaration
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1993/dec/16/northernireland.
michaelwhite
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/dsd151293.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/events/downing_street.stm
June 1993
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
Joseph Mulhern,
23,
from Belfast
(his) remains
were discovered
in June 1993
at Ballymongan
in Castlederg
in Co Tyrone.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
1993
Warrington,
Cheshire
IRA bombings

Tim Parry
was one of two young boys
killed by the Warrington bomb in 1993
Photograph: Parry family
Mother's Day: Warrington bomb film 'shows life after losing a
child'
BBC
Published 3 September 2018
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45396814
Johnathan Ball was killed
alongside 12-year-old Tim Parry
in 1993
when two bombs detonated
in Warrington, Cheshire,
injuring 54 people.
(...)
The two devices exploded
within a minute of each other
on Bridge Street.
The first went off
outside a Boots store
and the second
outside a McDonald's
in an area crowded
with shoppers.
https://www.bbc.com/news/
uk-england-merseyside-34581573 - 20 October 2015
https://www.bbc.com/news/
uk-northern-ireland-45396814 - 3 September 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/aug/31/
colin-and-wendy-parry-parents-of-warrington-bombing-victim-we-dont-want-to-know-who-did-it
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/
uk-england-merseyside-43465409 - 20 March 2018
https://www.bbc.com/news/
uk-england-merseyside-34581573 - 20 October 2015
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/nov/01/
northernireland.terrorism
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/20/
newsid_2544000/2544121.stm - 20 March 1993
July 1992
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
The bodies
of John Dignam,
32,
Gregory Burns, 33,
and Aiden Starrs,
29,
all from
Portadown,
(...)
were all
found
at different
places
along the Irish
border
on the same day
in July 1992.
All three
had been shot
in the head.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
Bishopsgate
bombing 24 April 1993
July 1991
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during
Northern
Ireland’s Troubles
Thomas Oliver,
33,
from Riverstown
in Dundalk
in the Irish
Republic,
(...)
was
discovered
in July 1991,
days after his
birthday.
His body was found
in a field in
Belleeks,
a village in Co
Armagh
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
June 1991
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s Troubles
Rory Finnis,
21,
from Derry,
(...)
was found
dead
in June 1991.
His hands had been tied
behind his back
and his eyes taped closed
at Central Drive
in the city’s
Creggan estate.
He had been shot
in the head.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
The Birmingham six are freed - 14 March 1991
18 February 1991
Two
IRA bombs
explode in London,
killing one
and injuring
at least 40 people
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1991/feb/19/northernireland.
duncancampbell
19 October 1989
Guildford Four released after 15 years
The Guildford Four
have their convictions
quashed by
the Court of Appeal
following
an
extensive inquiry
into the original
police investigation
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/19/newsid_2490000/2490039.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/19/
newsid_2490000/2490039.stm
summer of 1989
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s Troubles
John
McAnulty,48,
from Warrenpoint
in Co Down,
(...)
was abducted
in the summer of
1989
from a pub in
Armagh.
His body was
recovered
in Crossmaglen
in south Armagh.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
20 March
1989
murder of top Ulster RUC policemen
Buchanan
and Breen
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/sep/11/ira-murders-claim-to-smithwick
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/11/smithwick-tribunal-ian-hurst-analysis
Sunday, 12
February 1989
Patrick Finucane,
a
Belfast civil rights lawyer,
is murdered
by loyalist gunmen
working with
British security forces
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/14/wikileaks-revelations-finucane-inquiry
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/13/gerry-adams-mi5-offer-pat-finucane-murder
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/dec/13/wikileaks-legacy-distrust-finucane-killing
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2110996,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,2053425,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1677046.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1311707,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,739914,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,1303592,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,,938953,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.nickhopkins
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/12/newsid_2540000/2540849.stm
Belfast's
Milltown cemetery massacre 16 March 1988

March 1988
After a bomb and gun attack by
loyalists
at the Belfast funeral
of three IRA members killed in
Gibraltar,
McGuinness [
left ] goes to the aid of mourners
Photograph: David Jones/PA Images
A life in pictures – Martin
McGuinness
From republican activist in the
1970s
to Northern Ireland deputy first
minister,
a look at McGuinness’s political
journey
G
Tue 21 Mar 2017
15.38 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/gallery/2017/jan/19/
martin-mcguinness-a-political-career-in-pictures

Michael Stone, an Ulster loyalist,
attacked
an I.R.A. funeral service
at Milltown Cemetery in Belfast in 1988.
Filmed by TV news crews,
the attack caused shock around the world.
Photograph: Chris Steele-Perkins/Magnum Photos
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html
At the funerals
of the IRA members
[
shot by the
SAS
in Spain on March
6th ]
in Belfast's
Milltown cemetery
on the 16th,
loyalist gunman
Michael Stone
opens fire
and throws
grenades
at mourners,
killing three
and wounding 50.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/three_ira_members_shot_dead_in_gibraltar
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/three_ira_members_shot_dead_in_gibraltar
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/08/
archive-ira-gibraltar-bomber
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/
newsid_2523000/2523953.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/mar/07/
bbc-film-about-ira-funeral-murders-to-air-in-march
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/gallery/2017/jan/19
/martin-mcguinness-a-political-career-in-pictures
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/mar/08/
northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/nov/24/
northernireland.northernireland
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/jun/10/northernireland.devolution
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/09/northernireland.features11
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/25/
northernireland.johnmullin
6 March 1988
Spain
SAS killing
of three unarmed IRA members
in Gibraltar
On March 6,
the SAS shoots
dead
three unarmed IRA
members
in Gibraltar.
A car packed
with
explosives
is found
in nearby
Marbella
and Britain says
the soldiers acted
because they
thought
they were in
danger,
but there is
widespread criticism
from republicans.
At the funerals
of the IRA members
in Belfast's Milltown cemetery
on the 16th,
loyalist gunman Michael Stone
opens fire and
throws grenades
at mourners,
killing three and wounding 50.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/three_ira_members_shot_dead_in_gibraltar
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/three_ira_members_shot_dead_in_gibraltar
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/68885.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/08/
archive-ira-gibraltar-bomber
8 November 1987
An IRA bomb
kills 11 people
and injures 63 in Enniskillen
A
bomb explodes
during a Remembrance Day service
at
Enniskillen
in County Fermanagh
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/8/newsid_2515000/2515113.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1987/nov/09/
northernireland.davidhearst
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/8/
newsid_2515000/2515113.stm
March 1987
German
bombing claimed by IRA
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1987/mar/25/
northernireland.germany
1986
Sinn Fein
votes to abandon
abstentionism
and fight for
seats in the Dail
In November 1986,
Sinn Fein voted to
overturn
the longstanding
policy of abstaining
from the Irish
parliament
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2020/feb/09/
sinn-fein-votes-to-abandon-abstentionism-1986
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2020/feb/09/
sinn-fein-votes-to-abandon-abstentionism-1986
November
1985
The Hillsborough
agreement / Anglo-Irish Agreement
Britain
and the Republic
of Ireland
sign a deal giving
Dublin
a role in Northern
Ireland
for the first time
in more than 60
years.
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/aia/
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/aia/aiadoc.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/15/
newsid_2539000/2539849.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/68824.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1985/nov/16/
northernireland.fromthearchive
IRA Volunteer
Charles English is killed by an
explosion Derry August 6, 1985

August 1985
McGuinness acts as one of the
pallbearers
at the Derry funeral of IRA man
Charles English
Photograph: PA
A life in pictures – Martin
McGuinness
From republican activist in the
1970s
to Northern Ireland deputy first
minister,
a look at McGuinness’s political
journey
G
Tue 21 Mar 2017
15.38 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/gallery/2017/jan/19/
martin-mcguinness-a-political-career-in-pictures
IRA Volunteer
Charles English
is killed
by an
explosion
while trying to
attack
an RUC patrol
in Abbey Street
[ Derry ]
on August 6, 1985.
https://www.derryjournal.com/news/
my-son-was-a-good-man-1-6884478
https://www.derryjournal.com/news/
my-son-was-a-good-man-1-6884478

A
mural in the Falls Road in west Belfast in 1985,
warning against ‘touts’ or informers.
Photograph:
Kaveh Kazemi/Getty Images
Some of IRA's victims mistakenly killed as 'informers', files show
Government list includes
some of most notorious cases
from the Northern Ireland Troubles
G
Mon
30 Dec 2019 00.01 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
Brighton bombing
during
Conservative Party conference - 12 October 1984
14 March 1984
Sinn Fein leader
is shot in street attack
Gunmen shot
and wounded
the Sinn Fein
president,
Gerry Adams,
in an attack
in central Belfast.
He was hit
in the
neck,
shoulder and arm
as several gunmen
riddled his car
with about 20 bullets.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/14/newsid_2543000/2543503.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/14/newsid
_2543000/2543503.stm
17 December 1983
London
A
car bomb explodes
outside Harrods, killing five
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1376054,00.html
20 July 1982
Regent Park bombing
The explosion
killed seven bandsmen
of the Royal Green
Jackets
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/21/
ira-bombs-london-parks-kill-eight-soldiers-1982
20 July 1982
Hyde Park bombing four soldiers
(...) die in the IRA
blast

The scene in London’s Hyde Park
July 20, 1982,
where four soldiers and seven
horses died
when an IRA bomb was detonated.
Photograph: PA
From the archive
1982:
IRA terror bombs kill
eight soldiers in London parks
21 July 1982:
Two explosions bring
carnage to London’s Hyde Park and Regent’s ParkG
Fri 21 Jul 2017
05.30 BST
Last modified on Thu 27 Jun 2019
11.08 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/21/
ira-bombs-london-parks-kill-eight-soldiers-1982
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/18/
ira-man-john-downey-participated-in-hyde-park-bombing-judge-rules
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/21/
ira-bombs-london-parks-kill-eight-soldiers-1982
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/may/22/
hyde-park-bomb-man-charged
April 1982
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
Patrick Scott,
27,
from Twinbrook
in west
Belfast,
(...)
was found
shot dead
in that area in
April 1982.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
March 1982
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
Seamus Morgan,
24,
from Dungannon
in Co Tyrone,
(...)
was found
dead
in the south
Armagh village
of
Forkhill in March 1982.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
Republican hunger strikes in the Maze prison
October 1980 - October 1981

Danny Devine plays outside his
home
in Northern Ireland in 1981
Photograph: Homer Sykes
Growing up in Belfast:
‘I saw British soldiers holding
guns every day,
so I must have copied them’
G
Fri 1 Dec 2017
14.00 GMT
Last modified on Wed 18 Dec 2019
15.19 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/dec/01/
growing-up-in-belfast-british-soldiers-holding-guns-thats-me-in-the-picture
27 August 1979
IRA bomb kills
Lord Mountbatten
(1900-1979)
The Queen's cousin,
Lord Louis
Mountbatten,
is killed by a bomb blast
on
his boat in Ireland
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/
newsid_2511000/2511545.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/
newsid_2511000/2511545.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/world/europe/
patricia-knatchbull-countess-mountbatten-dead.html
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/19/
prince-charles-and-gerry-adams-share-historic-handshake
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/from-the-archive-blog/2015/may/19/
mountbatten-lord-prince-charles-ira-1979
July 1979
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
Michael
Kearney, 20,
from Belfast,
(...)
was found
dead
on the
Concession Road
in Clones,
County
Monaghan,
just south of
the border
in July 1979.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
30 March 1979
The hardline republican
terror
group INLA
kills the Conservative MP
Airey
Neave (1916-1979)
in a car bomb
in the House of
Commons
car park
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/30/
newsid_2783000/2783877.stm
https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104085
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/mar/31/2
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/30/
newsid_2783000/2783877.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/11/
northern-ireland-republican-group-disband
June 1978
alleged informers
shot dead
by the Provisional
IRA
between 1978
and
the 1994 ceasefire
people killed
by the IRA
for supposedly
“informing”
during Northern
Ireland’s
Troubles
Daniel
McErlean, 25,
from Rasharkin
in Co Antrim,
(...)
was found
dead
in June 1978
at the border
near the Co
Armagh
village of
Jonesborough.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/dec/30/
some-of-iras-victims-mistakenly-killed-as-informers-files-show
August 10 1977
The Queen visits Northern Ireland
as part of her jubilee year tour
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1977/aug/11/
northernireland.fromthearchive

Children play among debris from hijacked burning vehicles
after riots in west Belfast during the Troubles, August 1976.
Photograph:
Alain Le Garsmeur/Getty Images
Does Terrorism Work?
by Richard English – review
G
Sunday 24 July
2016 09.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/24/
does-terrorism-work-history-review-richard-english

The British army in the streets of Derry, Northern Ireland,
after the Apprentice Boys’ march during the Troubles.
Photograph:
Alain Le Garsmeur/Getty Images
Does Terrorism Work? by Richard English – review
G
Sunday 24 July
2016 09.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/24/
does-terrorism-work-history-review-richard-english
Related
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/420061.stm
5 January 1976
South Armagh
Kingsmills
massacre
10 Protestant
workmen
were shot dead
(...)
the killers
freed
the only
Catholic man
on the workers minibus
before gunning
down
his colleagues.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/05/
man-arrested-1976-kingsmill-murders-county-armagh-northern-ireland
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/05/
man-arrested-1976-kingsmill-murders-county-armagh-northern-ireland
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/17/
ira-kingsmills-massacre-full-inquest-1976-south-armagh
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/
report-tells-dark-tale-of-1976-kingsmills-massacre-2300846.html
- 22 June 2011
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/5/
newsid_2500000/2500393.stm
- 5 January 1976
1976
SAS hard men
join attack on Ulster
anarchy
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1970-1979/
Story/0,,106915,00.html - 8 January 1976
Marylebone,
London Balcombe Street Siege
13 December 1975

A member of the IRA surrenders to police
at a flat at 22b Balcombe Street in Marylebone, London,
at the end of the Balcombe Street Siege,
13 December 1975
The photography of John Downing
The photojournalist,
who visited Chernobyl with Kim Willsher,
captured award-winning images
during his time
as one of 64 Daily Express staff photographers
in the halcyon days of Fleet Street
G
Sat 15 Jun 2019 17.30 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2019/jun/15/
the-photography-of-john-downing
A death list
and the names
of potential bombing targets
that included
the British Museum,
the National Gallery,
the Tate Gallery
and part of Buckingham Palace
were found in a London flat
occupied by the IRA's
Balcombe Street gang,
according to a confidential
Downing Street file
released by
the National Archives
(...).
The prime minister,
Harold Wilson,
asked for a copy
of the death list found
in an IRA bomb factory
at Milton Grove,
Stoke Newington,
in December 1975
after the surrender
of the Balcombe Street gang
following a six-day siege.
The four-man IRA
active service unit,
made up of
Hugh Doherty, Joe O'Connell,
Eddie Butler and Henry Duggan,
carried out a 14-month
bombing campaign
across London
that involved 40 explosions
and left 35 people dead,
including
the Guinness Book
of Records co-founder
and rightwing
political activist
Ross McWhirter.
(...)
Gerry Adams,
Sinn Féin's president,
described the four men
as "our Nelson Mandelas"
when they were presented
to the 1998 Sinn Féin
Ard Fheis
(annual conference)
after their release from prison.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/28/
death-list-ira-balcombe-street
https://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2019/jun/15/
the-photography-of-john-downing
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/28/
death-list-ira-balcombe-street
27 November
1975
TV presenter Ross McWhirter
shot dead
Guinness
Book of Records
co-founder and editor
Ross McWhirter
is shot dead outside
his North
London home
by the provisional IRA,
after he had offered
a £50,000
reward
for information on terrorists
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/27/newsid_2528000/2528787.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/apr/21/guardianobituaries.obituaries
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/28/
death-list-ira-balcombe-street
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/apr/21/
guardianobituaries.obituaries
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/27/
newsid_2528000/2528787.stm
Birmingham pub bombings / The Birmingham six
21 November 1974

A police officer stands outside one of the Birmingham pubs
that were bombed in 1974.
Photograph: Alamy
Birmingham pub bombings coroner has 'significant' new
information
G
Thursday 12 May 2016 15.05 BST
Last modified on Thursday 12 May 2016 18.36 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/may/12/
birmingham-pub-bombings-ira-coroner-sent-significant-information
Bombs devastate
two central
Birmingham pubs,
killing 19 people
and injuring
over 180
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/
newsid_2549000/2549953.stm
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/images/cartoons/douglas98c.htm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/feb/17/
birmingham-ira-pub-bombs-families-threaten--boycott
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/01/
birmingham-pub-bombings-coroner-orders-new-inquests
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/may/12/
birmingham-pub-bombings-ira-coroner-sent-significant-information
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/feb/10/
birmingham-pub-bombings-informer-ira-unit-court-told
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/09/
northernireland.northernireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1974/nov/25/
northernireland.fromthearchive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/
newsid_2549000/2549953.stm
5
October 1974
Guildford pub bombing
/ The Guildford four
Four people are killed
and more
than 50 injured
It was one
of
the most notorious
miscarriages of justice
in British
legal history.
Three Belfast
men
and an English woman
spent 15 years in prison
after police
fabricated confessions
for the IRA
bombing
of the Horse and Groom pub
in Guildford in
1974.
But even
after
their convictions
were quashed in 1989,
Gerry Conlon,
Paul Hill,
Paddy Armstrong
and Carole Richardson,
had spoken
of
the clinging stigma
and the black
hole
of post-traumatic stress.
Some felt there
was
a whispering campaign
in the corridors of power
that they had
been freed
on a technicality
and a "cloud of
suspicion"
remained.
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/10/northernireland.northernireland
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/23/world/europe/
gerry-conlon-imprisoned-in-ira-attack-and-freed-after-15-years-dies-at-60.html
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/22/gerry-conlon-dies-freed-guildford-four
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/21/gerry-conlon-guildford-four-dies-belfast-ira
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/gallery/2014/jun/21/gerry-conlon-belfast-dies-guildford-four-ira-gallery
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/21/gerry-conlon-dies-ira-belfast-guildford-four
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/jul/02/legal-aid-cuts-widespread-miscarriages-justice
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/20/guildford-four-detectives-cleared
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/10/northernireland.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/feb/09/northernireland.devolution
http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1330869,00.html
http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/In_Name_Father.html
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/10/northernireland.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/feb/09/northernireland.devolution
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1330869,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/5/newsid_2492000/2492543.stm
10 September
1973
King's
Cross and Euston
stations bombings
Two bombs
at mainline stations
injured 13 people
and brought chaos
to central
London.
The first explosion
injured
five people
at King's Cross.
Fifty minutes later
a second blast
rocked a snack
bar
at Euston station,
injuring a further
eight people
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/10/newsid_2504000/2504619.stm
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1973/sep/11/
fromthearchive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/10/
newsid_2504000/2504619.stm
February 1973
(a Catholic
minibus driver),
Eugene “Paddy”
Heenan, 47,
was killed
(by
loyalist paramilitaries)
when a grenade was thrown
into the
vehicle carrying him
and 14 others
to a building
site
in east Belfast
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/apr/27/northern-ireland-general-sued-death-catholic-troubles-heenan-kitson
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/apr/27/
northern-ireland-general-sued-death-catholic-troubles-heenan-kitson
Marian Price
Price,
now
known as McGlinchey,
along with her
late
sister Dolours,
were imprisoned
in the 1970s
for their part
in the
explosions
outside the Old Bailey
which marked
the start
of the Provisional IRA's
bombing
campaign
in Britain.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/30/old-bailey-bomber-price-freed-jail
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/30/
old-bailey-bomber-price-freed-jail
Roy Mason (1924-2015)
Northern Ireland secretary in the 1970s
Dolours Price 1951-2013
Price was
involved
in a car bombing
at the Old
Bailey
(on March 8) 1973,
which injured
more than 200 people
and may have
led
to one person's death
of heart failure.
The ex-IRA
prisoner,
who went on
hunger strike
with her sister
Marion
in the 1970s
and was
subjected
to forcefeeding
in English prisons,
had struggled
with alcohol problems
later in life.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/24/old-bailey-bomber-dolours-price
Dolours Price
was born in Belfast
on June 21, 1951,
into a family
steeped
in Irish republican
politics.
Her father, Albert,
was an I.R.A.
founding member.
“My father
never saw
his firstborn child
because she was
born and died
while he was
interned,”
she wrote.
An aunt, Bridie
Price,
lost both hands
and her eyesight
when a bomb
she
was assembling
accidentally blew up.
Her sister
Marian,
who was among
the 10 I.R.A. members
involved
in the 1973
London bombings,
was released
from prison
in the early ’80s
but rearrested
several years ago
on charges
of
plotting an attack
on the government.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/world/europe/dolours-price-defiant-ira-bomber-dies-at-61.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/world/europe/
dolours-price-defiant-ira-bomber-dies-at-61.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/28/stephen-rea-dolours-price-funeral
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/24/old-bailey-bomber-dolours-price
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-21181174
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2267634/
Convicted-IRA-Old-Bailey-bomber-Dolours-Price-dead-home-Ireland.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9824209/Old-Bailey-bomber-Dolours-Price-dies.html
http://www.independent.ie/national-news/
dolours-price-former-ira-terrorist-and-exwife-of-actor-stephen-rea-dies-of-suspected-overdose-3363911.html
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-446557/
From-Old-Bailey-bomber-Northern-Ireland-minister.html - 4 April 2007
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/
old-bailey-bomber-held-over-murder-of-soldiers-1822274.html
- 17 November 2009
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/
newsid_4724000/4724181.stm
Stephen
Rea
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/jan/28/
stephen-rea-dolours-price-funeral
14 November
1973
IRA gang
convicted of London bombings
Six men and two
women
have been convicted
of exploding
two IRA car bombs
in London in March this year.
All eight
were
active members
of the Provisional IRA.
A ninth
defendant,
18-year-old
Roisin McNearney,
was acquitted.
One person died
and almost 200
were injured
in the two bombs.
One blew up
outside the Old Bailey
criminal court,
while the other
went off
outside Scotland Yard.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/newsid_4724000/4724181.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/14/
newsid_4724000/4724181.stm
9 March 1973
Northern Ireland votes
to remain part
of the United Kingdom
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1973/mar/10/
northernireland.fromthearchive

Rioters throwing stones at British troops
in
Londonderry in 1972.
Photograph: Gilles Peress/Magnum Photos
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html

Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1972
A woman wounded
in an IRA bomb explosion in the city centre
is
given first aid
Photojournalist Abbas - a career in pictures
The Iranian-born photographer Abbas,
who covered wars and revolutions across the world,
has died aged 74.
Abbas joined Magnum in 1981
and covered conflicts and unrest
in Bangladesh, Vietnam, the Middle East, Iran, Chile and Cuba
as well as documenting South Africa under apartheid.
‘He was a godfather
for an entire generation of young
photographers,’
Magnum’s president, Thomas Dworzak, said
Warning: contains images some readers may find disturbing
A Abbas / Magnum Photos
G
Thu 26 Apr 2018
13.26 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/apr/26/
photojournalist-abbas-a-career-in-pictures
Jean
McConville, née Murray 1934-1972
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/03/
jean-mcconville-timeline-murder-gerry-adams
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/01/jean-mcconville-daughter-names-ira-killing
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/01/jean-mcconville-gerry-adams-sinn-fein
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/30/gerry-adams-held-jean-mconville-killing
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/02/northern-ireland-jean-mcconville-editorial
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/01/gerry-adams-jean-mcconville-dolours-price
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/01/
brendan-hughes-ira-gerry-adams-sinn-fein-jean-mcconville
31 July 1972
Operation
Motorman
Operation
Motorman
was a large
operation
carried out by
the British
Army
(HQ Northern
Ireland)
in Northern
Ireland
during the
Troubles.
The operation
took place
in the early
hours
of 31 July 1972
with the aim of
retaking
the "no-go
areas"
(areas
controlled
by residents,
usually Irish
republican paramilitaries)
that had been
established
in Belfast
and
other urban centres.
In Derry
Operation Carcan
(or Car Can),
initially
proposed
as a separate
operation,
was executed
as part of
Motorman.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Motorman
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Motorman
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/15/
former-soldier-to-be-prosecuted-for-1972-killing-of-boy-in-derry
31 July 1972
Daniel Hegarty
murder
A former
British soldier
is to be
prosecuted
for the murder
of a teenage boy
who was shot
dead
in Northern
Ireland
in 1972.
The veteran,
identified as
“Soldier B”,
will face the
charge
of murdering
15-year-old Daniel Hegarty
in the Creggan area of Derry,
prosecutors have announced.
He will also be
charged
with wounding with intent
in the case
of the
teenager’s cousin,
Christopher
Hegarty,
then aged 17,
who was shot and injured
in the
incident.
The shootings occurred
on 31 July
1972,
during
Operation Motorman,
when thousands
of troops
were deployed
into Derry and
Belfast
to break into
so-called no-go
areas
– republican
districts
that the
security forces
could not
previously enter.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/15/
former-soldier-to-be-prosecuted-for-1972-killing-of-boy-in-derry
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/15/
former-soldier-to-be-prosecuted-for-1972-killing-of-boy-in-derry
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/08/
daniel-hegarty-shooting-soldier-prosecution-derry-death
March 1972
Direct
rule from London
Direct rule
was initiated
in
response
to increased violence
in the province
and the apparent
unwillingness
of the ruling Unionist
politicians
to accommodate
changes at that time.
It brought
half a century
of unionist control
to an end
and effectively conceded
that Northern Ireland
had become
ungovernable from Belfast
because of the inability
of the two communities
to work
together
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/events/direct_rule.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/northern_ireland/understanding/events/direct_rule.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/25/from-the-archives
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/1972/mar/25/past.ianaitken
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/apr/11/northernireland
Bloody Sunday 30 January 1972

Catholic youth taunting British
soldiers
in the Bogside,
Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
1971.
Photograph:
Don McCullin/Contact Press Images
Don McCullin at War
NYT
Nov. 6, 2015
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/06/don-mccullin-at-war/

Street fighting in
Londonderry in
1971.
Photograph:
Bruno Barbey/Magnum Photos
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html

Benn Keaveney, third from left
running away, in Derry, 1971.
Photograph:
Don McCullin/Contact
Press Images
‘Teargas is awful – it gets you in
the back of your throat’:
escaping a gas attack
Benn Keaveney escapes a CS gas
attack
in Derry, 1971
Fri 12 Jan 2018
14.00 GMT
Last modified on Wed 18 Dec 2019
15.19 GMT
G
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jan/12/
teargas-awful-cs-gas-attack-derry-don-mccullin
4 December 1971
McGurk's
massacre
Fifteen people
are killed
when the Ulster
Volunteer Force
explode a bomb
at McGurk's bar
(at the Catholic-owned bar)
in the city on
4 December 1971.
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/12/
arrested-mcgurks-pub-bomb-belfast-1971
August 1971
The “hooded men”
maltreatment of 14
men
interned
without trial
at the start of
the Troubles
in Northern
Ireland.
(..)
The “hooded
men”
were mainly
republican
suspects
seized in
predawn raids
across North
Ireland
in August 1971.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/sep/11/
echr-judges-reject-final-appeal-in-troubles-hooded-men-case-british-army-detainees-torture
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/sep/11/
echr-judges-reject-final-appeal-in-troubles-hooded-men-case-british-army-detainees-torture
9-11 August
1971
Ballymurphy massacre
/ shootings
10 people
are killed
in West Belfast
by the army
All 10 were
killed
in one small neighbourhood
of west Belfast
over little
more
than 36 hours
in August 1971
during the
disturbances
that were triggered
by the
introduction
of internment without trial.
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/26/
-sp-ballymurphy-shootings-36-hours-west-belfast-northern-ireland-10-dead
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/11/
decades-of-deceit-ballymurphy-killings-inquest-opens-in-belfast
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/26/
-sp-ballymurphy-shootings-36-hours-west-belfast-northern-ireland-10-dead
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/ng-interactive/2014/jun/26/
ballymurphy-shootings-who-was-killed-and-where-interactive-guide
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jun/20/
call-for-ballymurphy-massacre-inquiry
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8483497.stm

British soldiers charging Catholic
youths
in
Londonderry, Northern Ireland,
in 1971.
Photograph:
Don McCullin/Contact Press Images
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html

Irish youths confronting British soldiers
in
Londonderry in
1971.
Photograph: Gilles Peress/Magnum Photos
50 Years Later,
Troubles Still Cast ‘Huge Shadow’
Over Northern Ireland
NYT
Oct. 4, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/
world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html
1971-75
Internment
Nearly 2,000 people
are arrested and held
without trial
on suspicion
of involvement
in terrorism.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
26 June 1970
Violence flares as Devlin is arrested
Riots broke out
in
Londonderry
after it was
revealed
Bernadette Devlin
had been arrested.
The
Mid-Ulster MP
was to address
a meeting in Bogside
before handing
herself in to police
after she lost
an appeal
against her December
conviction.
Miss Devlin,
23,
was sentenced
to six-months in jail
for her part
in
the Bogside riots
in 1969.
She appealed
against the decision
but the
Northern Ireland
Court of Appeal
rejected her
application
earlier today.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/newsid_2519000/2519711.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/
newsid_2519000/2519711.stm
Battle of the
Bogside,
Derry
August 1969

Derry youths throw petrol bombs at the RUC
during the Battle of the Bogside in August 1969.
Photograph: Peter Ferraz/Getty Images
Northern Ireland’s lost moment:
how the peaceful protests of ’68 escalated
into years of bloody conflict
Fifty years ago civil rights activists
took to the streets of Derry, Belfast and Armagh.
Their bid to effect peaceful change
is arguably one of the great ‘what if?’ moments
in Irish
history,
now remembered in a new exhibtion
G
Sun 22 Apr 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/22/
lost-moment-exhibition-northern-ireland-civil-rights-1968-troubles-what-if
A loyalist parade
passing
through
the nationalist
Bogside area of Derry
on 12 August
sparks
two days of
rioting.
As sporadic violence
spreads
across the province,
troops are called in.
At first
they are welcomed
by
the Catholic community,
but sectarian violence
continues.
The
Provisional IRA
becomes
more active,
and the army
increasingly
concentrates
on fighting it.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/08/northern-ireland-timeline
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/22/
lost-moment-exhibition-northern-ireland-civil-rights-1968-troubles-what-if
http://news.bbc.co.uk/panorama/
hi/front_page/newsid_7968000/7968707.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
15 August 1969
The burning of
Bombay street
On 15 August
1969
in an
increasingly
tense Belfast,
Bombay Street
was burned to
the ground
by a Loyalist mob.
A typical west
Belfast
working class street,
Bombay Street
was situated
in the shadow
of the well known
Clonard Monastery.
It also neighboured
Cupar Street,
an unmarked dividing line
between
the Nationalist Clonard Area
and the
Loyalist Shankill Area.
On the night
of
14 August 1969
sectarian
tensions
exploded
in west Belfast.
Republicans
exchanged shots
with the RUC
and Loyalist gunmen
amid riots
along
the interface areas.
When the RUC
pressed into
the Nationalist district
it was followed
by a Loyalist mob.
By the end
of
the following day,
the mob had
burned
Bombay Street
to the ground.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/02_february/28/bombay_street.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/02_february/28/
bombay_street.shtml
1969
Provisionals emerge
Northern Ireland
slid into violence
in the late 1960s
as the
unionist-
dominated state
resisted demands
from Catholics
for civil rights
and equality.
Apart from some
sporadic campaigns,
the IRA
had
long been dormant
and as the violence
worsened,
some of its
traditional
supporters
accused it of failing
to
defend
the Catholic community:
Graffiti
reading
"IRA - I Ran Away"
appeared in many areas.
Such was the
near anarchy,
the Irish
government
even suggested
that it would
be forced
to intervene.
Amid the
violence and rows
over how to react,
what remained
of the IRA
was already heading
for a split
over the place
of constitutional politics
in its movement.
The more
Marxist
"Official" IRA
wanted at least
a token recognition
of parliamentary politics
and the Dublin
government.
Hardliners not
only
demanded action
on the streets
but regarded
political abstention
as an article of faith.
They said
that
recognition of the Dail,
Dublin's parliament,
would entrench
partition.
They split to
form
the "Provisional" IRA.
It was
the
Provisional IRA,
later to be just the IRA,
which became
the main republican
paramilitary organisation
resisting
British rule
in Northern Ireland.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/northern_ireland/2001/provisional_ira/1969.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/
northern_ireland/2001/provisional_ira/1969.stm
1968
The civil rights movement
Catholics complain
of unfair
treatment
at the hands
of a largely
Protestant political
establishment,
saying among other things
that
electoral boundaries
are gerrymandered
to ensure
Protestant majorities.
On 5 October,
a civil rights
march
is stopped by the RUC.
Rioting follows
and the
province's
government agrees
to undertake reforms.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/08/northern-ireland-timeline
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/08/northern-ireland-timeline
1922
Partition
Six counties
in the north of the island
opt to stay
in the United Kingdom
when the rest of Ireland
becomes independent
and later a republic.
Many of the inhabitants
are descended
from Protestant settlers
brought in by James I
in the 17th century,
although there is still
a large Catholic minority,
just as there continues
to be
a significant
Protestant minority
in the Republic.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
1921
hanging of IRA volunteers
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/02/
vivid-faces-the-revolutionary-generation-in-ireland-review
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/02/
vivid-faces-the-revolutionary-generation-in-ireland-review#img-1
1919
Lloyd George,
the prime minister,
outlines
the government's
proposals
for home rule
in Ireland
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/08/
northern-ireland-timeline
Easter Rising /
Ireland’s rebellion 1916

British soldiers stand guard
in an area of Dublin destroyed
in
the 1916 Easter Rising.
Photograph: Popperfoto/Getty Images
My family’s link to the 1916 Easter Rising
G
Sunday 27 March
2016 09.00 BST
Last
modified on Sunday 27 March 2016 10.47 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/27/
easter-rising-1916-ireland-republicanism-family-link-ed-vulliamy
week-long
rebellion in Dublin
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2016/mar/26/
easter-rising-ireland-rebellion-video-explainer
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2016/mar/28/
made-in-belfast-the-legacy-of-the-troubles-100-years-after-the-easter-rising-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/mar/27/
irelands-100th-anniversary-of-the-easter-rising-in-pictures
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/27/
easter-rising-centenary-to-be-marked-in-dublin-gpo-amid-heavy-security
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/27/
easter-rising-1916-ireland-republicanism-family-link-ed-vulliamy
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/26/
easter-rising-100-years-on-a-terrible-beauty-is-born
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/25/
the-guardian-view-on-the-easter-rising-centenary-irelands-history-lesson-for-britain
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2016/mar/26/
easter-rising-ireland-rebellion-video-explainer
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/
opinion/inventing-the-irish-easter-rising.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/25/
100-years-after-easter-rising-irish-women-still-fighting-gender-equality
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/
opinion/the-sisterhood-of-the-easter-rising.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/16/
opinion/eight-women-of-irelands-1916-easter-rising.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/01/
easter-rising-century-ireland-1916
19th century
Fenian Movement
The Fenian
Movement
consisted
of revolutionary groups
determined to
overthrow
British rule of Ireland
and establish
an independent
Irish state.
The movement
was started
in Ireland in 1850
when James
Stephens
and Thomas Clarke Luby
created the
Irish
Republican Brotherhood;
the nickname, "Fenians,"
came from the
ancient
Irish warriors
called the Fianna.
John O'Mahoney,
Michael Doheny,
and Stephens
started
the
Fenian Movement
in the United States
in a ceremony
in front of Tammany Hall
in New York
City
in October of 1858.
Their objective
in starting
an organization
in the United States
was to rally
Irish-Americans politically
behind a
revolution
in Ireland against Britain.
In Ireland,
the movement
was quickly stamped out
by the British,
who launched
a
vigorous crackdown.
The Fenians
had
better luck
in the United States,
however,
for the
American
government
made no efforts
to suppress the
group.
http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/immigration/fenians.html
https://library.harvard.edu/collections/immigration-united-states-1789-1930
Related > Anglonautes > History
> 20th century > Northern Ireland
20th century
> Northern Ireland
Margaret
Thatcher 1925-2013
UK > Definition, maps and flags
Northern Ireland > Maps
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
terrorism /
politics > Northern Ireland
terrorism
/ politics
> Northern Ireland > Catholics
terrorism / politics > Northern Ireland > Protestants
miscarriage of justice > UK / USA
Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Photographers > UK
Don McCullin
Reuters > Factbox: Fraught
Anglo-Irish conflict goes back centuries
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/17/us-ireland-
queen-britain-relations-idUSTRE74G2UI20110517
Reuters > Timeline: Long road to
Northern Irish settlement
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/17/us-ireland-
queen-north-idUSTRE74G2UJ20110517
Reuters > Timeline: Worst bomb attacks on mainland Britain
1974-2001
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/16/us-britain-
security-bombings-idUSTRE74F30T20110516
BBC > Timeline: Northern Ireland's
road to peace 1987-2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4072261.stm
BBC > Ireland timeline
1914-2011
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1038669.stm
The Guardian > Northern Ireland
timeline 1919-2009
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/08/northern-ireland-timeline
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