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History > 20th century > WW2 > Germany, Europe > Antisemitism > Holocaust > Timeline in pictures

 

 

 

 

Холокост. Последние свидетели | Документальный фильм Би-би-си        Video        27.1.2020        BBC News - Русская служба

 

Эти женщины

— одни из последних свидетелей ужасов Холокоста.

 

Уцелеть в концлагерях и гетто

было невероятной удачей.

 

Истории выживших завораживают.

 

Но для них конец войны

стал лишь началом чего-то большего.

 

До сегодняшнего дня выжившие пытаются понять,

как забыть пережитый ужас

и одновременно сохранить память о Холокосте.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=IQxvgwMFG_c

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

how the Nazis used

the German language

to obscure

the mechanics

of mass murder

and make genocide

more palatable

to themselves

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/
books/holocaust-nazi-archive.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Path to Nazi Genocide        USHMM        13 January 2014

 

 

 

 

The Path to Nazi Genocide        Video        United States Holocaust Memorial Museum        13 January 2014

 

Using rare footage, the film examines the Nazis'

rise and consolidation of power in Germany

as well as their racist ideology, propaganda,

and persecution of Jews and other innocent civilians.

 

It also outlines the path by which the Nazis

led a state to war, and with their collaborators,

killed millions -- including systematically

murdering 6 million Jewish people.

 

This 38-minute resource is intended

to provoke reflection and discussion

about the role of ordinary people, institutions,

and nations between 1918 and 1945.

 

 YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRcNq4OYTyE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Schindler's List        Official Trailer        Liam Neeson, Steven Spielberg        1993
 

 

 

 

Schindler's List (1993)        Official Trailer        Video        Liam Neeson, Steven Spielberg Movie HD

 

In Poland during World War II,

Oskar Schindler

gradually becomes concerned for his Jewish workforce

after witnessing their persecution by the Nazis.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=gG22XNhtnoY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This page contains

extremely graphic scenes

of human suffering.

 

 

Please exercise caution

when viewing.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Nazis

and their collaborators

killed 6 million Jews

during the second world war.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
samuel-willenberg-survivor-of-nazi-death-camp-treblinka-dies-aged-93

 

 

 

 

500,000 Gypsies died

in Hitler's death camps

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/29/
secondworldwar.biography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Map of the Holocaust in Europe

during World War II, 1939-1945.

 

This map shows

all extermination camps (or death camps),

most major concentration camps,

labor camps, prison camps, ghettos,

major deportation routes

and major massacre sites.

 

Wikipedia

20 December 2007(2007-12-20)

Source Self-made by User: Dna-Dennis,

using information from USHMM & Wikipedia.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

Map of Eastern Europe,

indicating locations of major Nazi concentration and death camps.

 

Cartography by Jen Rosenberg.

 

Map copyright 1998, 1999, and 2000 Jen Rosenberg.

Base map courtesy the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.

http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blmap.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Concentration and Extermination Camps and Major "Euthanasia" Centers

 

Cartography by Mapping Solutions, Alaska.

Source:

"Concentration and Extermination Camps

and Major 'Euthanasia' Centers,"

in Jeremy Noakes, ed., Nazism, 1919-1945,

Vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War, and Racial Extermination.

Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1998, p. 645.

 

German History in Documents and Images (GHDI)

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/concentration_ext_camps%20eng%20large-BH_final.pdf

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=3432

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/index.cfm

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

German Concentration Camps Factual Survey

 

Holocaust documentary

deemed too horrific reaches cinemas – after 70 years        2015

 

 

 

 

Documentary | UK (72 mins)        Video

 

A time capsule as much as a direct historical document,

showing not only what the Allied Forces found

when they first arrived at the Nazi concentration camps

but also how the British government of the time thought

it was appropriate to communicate the Nazi atrocities."

-- Hollywood Reporter

 

In 1945, cameramen with the Allied troops

documented the horrors they found in Germany.

 

The footage was assembled

for a documentary by a brilliant team

that included Alfred Hitchcock

and Australian writer Colin Wills.

 

But the film was difficult,

progress slow and it missed its moment.

 

By the autumn, British priorities for Germany

had evolved from de-Nazification to reconstruction,

and so the film was shelved, unfinished.

 

Nearly seven decades on,

the documentary has been completed,

the pictures restored

and the narration recorded exactly

as it was written in 1945,

its factual inaccuracies and political biases intact.

 

German Concentration Camps Factual Survey

is an extraordinary cultural artifact

depicting the Holocaust through a 1945 lens.

 

YouTube > MIFF

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8ViLt5Xjgk

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1945,

Alfred Hitchcock

advised on a film

that would catalogue

the horrors uncovered

in concentration camps

by Allied troops.

 

Now

the Imperial War Museum

has completed the film

with previously unseen

footage

http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/20/holocaust-film-restored-imperial-war-museum

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/
movies/german-concentration-camps-factual-survey-review.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/
opinion/roger-cohen-buried-truths-about-nazi-mass-murder-
and-the-allied-victory.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/20/
holocaust-film-restored-imperial-war-museum

 

http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/09/
holocaust-film-too-shocking-to-show-night-will-fall-alfred-hitchcock
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A vanished world:

Roman Vishniac's

street photography

of Jewish life

from the 1920s to 1950s

– in pictures

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/sep/17/
roman-vishniac-street-photography-jewish-life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Netherlands

 

Heinrich Boere    1921-2013

 

 

Heinrich Boere (...)

murdered

Dutch civilians

as part of a

Nazi Waffen SS

hit squad

during World War II

 

(...)

 

During his trial,

Mr. Boere admitted

killing three civilians

as a member

of the Silbertanne,

or Silver Fir,

a unit of largely

Dutch SS volunteers

responsible

for assassinating

countrymen

considered anti-Nazi.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/world/europe/
heinrich-boere-nazi-death-squad-member-dies-at-92.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/world/europe/
heinrich-boere-nazi-death-squad-member-dies-at-92.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Adolf Eichmann    1906-1962

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Poland > Auschwitz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Buchenwald

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Bergen-Belsen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Dachau

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany >

Dora-Mittelbau / Dora-Nordhausen / Nordhausen > Holocaust of Gardelegen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Holocaust by bullets”

 

a third or more

of the almost

six million Jews

killed in the Holocaust

perished not

in the industrial-scale

murder of the camps,

but in executions

at what historians

call killing sites:

 

thousands of villages,

quarries, forests, wells,

streets and homes

that dot the map

of Eastern Europe.

 

The vast numbers killed

in what some

have termed

a “Holocaust by bullets”

have slowly garnered

greater attention

in recent years

as historians

sift through

often sketchy

and incomplete records

that became available

after the collapse

of the Soviet Union.

 

(...)

 

As the number

of Holocaust survivors

gradually declines,

these documents

or witness accounts

— from Belarus, Ukraine,

parts of Russia

and the Baltic States —

have illuminated

a new picture

of the Nazis’ methods.

 

Most of this slaughter

occurred

in Eastern Europe

after the Nazis invaded

the Soviet Union

in June 1941,

and it mixed

with the increasing

chaos of the war

once the Germans

failed to realize

their ambition

of subduing the Soviets

in just eight to 12 weeks

and faced the prospect

of defeat.

 

“The further east

the Wehrmacht went,

the greater the killing,”

Dieter Pohl,

a professor of history

at Klagenfurt University

in Austria,

said at a conference

on the subject

this month

in Krakow, Poland.

 

The executions

and unmarked mass graves

became “an element

of German rule

in Eastern Europe.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/
a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

My Nazi death camp childhood diary – in pictures

 

Helga Weiss,

a Czech Jewish girl,

was sent with her parents

to the concentration camp

at Terezin, a few days

after her 12th birthday

in 1941.

 

She kept a diary,

in words and pictures,

and when she

and her mother

were sent on

to Auschwitz in 1944,

her uncle hid the diary

in a brick wall

for safekeeping.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/gallery/2013/feb/22/
helga-weiss-childhood-diary-nazi-camps

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/16/
schoolgirl-who-fooled-the-nazis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Florence Waren (born Sadie Rigal)    1917-2012

 

Even in the depths of war

in occupied France,

Florence Waren

and Frederic Apcar

— or “Florence et Frederic,”

as they were billed —

dazzled Paris,

he in tails,

she in jeweled gowns

with flowers in her hair,

the two of them gliding

and swirling across the stage

as one of the most famous

ballroom-dance teams

in Europe.

 

In old black-and-white

photographs,

Ms. Waren,

then in her early 20s,

is often airborne,

seemingly weightless

in Mr. Apcar’s arms.

 

At times

they shared the stage

with Édith Piaf

and Maurice Chevalier.

 

And on many nights

Nazi officers

were in the audience.

 

But what the members

of the Wehrmacht

did not know

was that Ms. Waren was,

as she put it,

“hiding in the spotlight.”

 

Ms. Waren

was a Jew in disguise,

performing

in a Nazi-held city

where Jews lived

under constant threat.

 

She was a lawbreaker,

hiding other Jews

in her apartment,

risking her own deportation

to a concentration camp.

 

And she was a smuggler,

helping to supply guns

to the French Resistance.

https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/
world/europe/florence-waren-dancer-who-resisted-nazis-dies-at-95.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/
world/europe/florence-waren-dancer-who-resisted-nazis-dies-at-95.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 1945

 

Cap Arcona ship

 

(Cap Arcona)

was heavily laden

with prisoners from Nazi

concentration camps

when the Royal Air Force

sank her,

killing about

5,000 people;

 

with more than

2,000 further casualties

in the sinkings

of the accompanying vessels

of the prison fleet;

Deutschland and Thielbek.

 

This was one

of the biggest

single-incident

maritime losses of life

in the Second World War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
obituaries/henry-bawnik-survivor-of-death-camps-and-an-inferno-at-sea-dies-at-92.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
movies/the-sea-wolf-titanic.html

 

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/
why-the-raf-destroyed-a-ship-with-4500-concentration-camp-prisoners-on-board-
a7702666.html - 29 April 2017

 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3606747/
How-German-Titanic-transformed-Hitler-luxury-ocean-liner-Nazi-barracks-
floating-concentration-camp-mistakenly-blown-RAF-pilots.html - 25 May 2016

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/26/
historybooks.features

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Documentary "Les Alliés face à la Shoah"

 

Germany        Eisenhower à Ohrdruf        12 avril 1945

 

 

Le 12 avril 1945,

le général Eisenhower

pénètre dans le camp d'Ohrdruf,

annexe de Buchenwald.

 

Découvrant l'horreur

du génocide juif,

il ordonne

que tous les soldats

qui ne sont pas

indispensables sur le front

voient le camp

afin de comprendre

contre quoi ils se battent.

 

Parallèlement,

il câble

à Londres et Washington

pour que viennent

au plus vite

les délégations officielles

et les journalistes.

 

Les jours suivants,

les premières images de l'enfer

sont filmées et diffusées

dans le monde entier.

 

En choisissant

de revenir

sur le génocide

du point de vue

des quatre grands Alliés,

[ le documentaire

"Les Alliés face à la Shoah" ]

 propose une autre histoire

de la Seconde Guerre mondiale,

dévoilant les choix

et les motivations

qui guidèrent Roosevelt,

Churchill,

Staline et de Gaulle,

sur la base de documents

déclassifiés.

https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/memoire-et-culture/
les-allies-face-a-la-shoah-diffusion-sur-france-3-le-29-octobre-2012
 

 

 

https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/
memoire-et-culture/les-allies-face-a-la-shoah-diffusion-sur-france-3-le-29-octobre-2012 
 

http://www.franceinter.fr/
emission-les-dessous-de-l-ecran-ce-qu-ils-savaient-les-allies-face-a-la-shoah

 

http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/
virginie-linhart-le-monde-d-avant-guerre-est-un-monde-antisemite-26-10-2012-1521550_3.php

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006131

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SS doctor Aribert Ferdinand Heim / 'Dr Death'    1914-1992

 

 

member of Hitler’s

elite Waffen-SS

and a medical doctor

at the Buchenwald,

Sachsenhausen

and Mauthausen

concentration camps.

 

[ ... ]

 

Dr. Heim was accused

of performing operations

on prisoners

without anesthesia;

removing organs

from healthy inmates,

then leaving them to die

on the operating table;

injecting poison,

including gasoline,

into the hearts of others;

and taking the skull

of at least one victim

as a souvenir.

 

After living

below the radar

of Nazi hunters

for more than a decade

after World War II

— much of it in the German

spa town

of Baden-Baden

where he had

a wife, two sons

and a medical practice

as a gynecologist —

he escaped capture

just as investigators

closed in on him in 1962.

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html

 

 

http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2012/09/21/
la-justice-allemande-officialise-la-mort-du-criminel-nazi-aribert-heim_1763716_3214.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/02/04/world/africa/20090204-nazi-documents.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/02/04/world/20090204NAZI_index.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Carl Peter Værnet    1893-1965

 

 

A Danish Nazi,

SS Dr Carl Værnet,

conducted

medical experiments

on gay concentration

camp prisoners.

 

Unlike most other

Nazi doctors,

he was never put

on trial at Nuremburg.

 

Instead,

with Danish and British

collusion,

he was able

to escape to Argentina,

where he lived openly

and continued

his research into methods

for the eradication

of homosexuality.

 

Værnet

was a Copenhagen

doctor who,

realising

the opportunities

offered by

the homophobic

policies

of the Third Reich,

joined the Nazi party

and enlisted in the SS

to pursue his research

to “cure” gay men.

 

This research

was conducted

on the personal authority

of Heinrich Himmler.

 

The Gestapo chief

demanded

the “extermination

of abnormal existence …

the homosexual must be

entirely eliminated”.

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germany        Wöbbelin concentration camp

 

 

The Wöbbelin camp,

near the city

of Ludwigslust,

was a subcamp

of the Neuengamme

concentration camp.

 

The SS

had established

Wöbbelin

in early February 1945

to house concentration

camp prisoners

whom the SS

had evacuated

from other camps

to prevent

their liberation

by the Allies.

 

At its height,

Wöbbelin

held some

5,000 inmates,

many of whom

were suffering

from starvation

and disease.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006160

 

 


 

 

American soldiers

liberating prisoners from the Nazi concentration camp

at the end of WWII.

 

Location: Woebbelin, Germany

Date taken: 1945

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=b5d529776faeca21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/woebbelin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Middle East

after the second world war

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/
israel-palestine-second-world-war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WWII casualties

 

Civilian and Military Deaths

in the Second World War

 

National Death Tolls

for the Second World War

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2854730

 

http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/navy-casualties/

 

http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi persecution of homosexuals

 

Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps

 

 

"Triangles roses"

déportés pour homosexualité

par les nazis

 

 

After taking power

in 1933,

the Nazis persecuted

homosexuals

as part of their so-called

moral crusade

to racially and culturally

purify Germany.

 

This persecution ranged

from dissolution

of homosexual organizations

to internment

of thousands of individuals

in concentration camps.

 

Gay men, in particular,

were subject to harassment,

arrest, incarceration,

and even castration.

 

In Nazi eyes,

gay men were weak

and unfit to be soldiers,

as well as unlikely

to have children

and thereby contribute

to the racial struggle

for Aryan dominance.

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps

 

Six million Jews

were murdered

in the Nazi death camps

of World War II,

along with thousands

of Gypsies, homosexuals,

disabled people

and political dissidents.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4262892.stm

 

 

 

The first

to be singled out

for systematic murder

by the Nazis

were the mentally ill

and intellectually

disabled.

 

By the end

of World War II,

an estimated

300,000 of them

had been gassed

or starved,

their fates hidden

by phony death certificates

and then largely overlooked

among the many atrocities

that were to be perpetrated

in Nazi Germany

in the years to follow.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/
world/europe/monument-seeks-to-end-silence-on-killings-of-the-disabled-by-the-nazis.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bones of anti-Nazi German women still are in the crematoriums

in the German concentration camp at Weimar, Germany,

taken by the 3rd U.S. Army.

 

Prisoners of all nationalities were tortured and killed.

 

Pfc. W. Chichersky, April 14, 1945.

111-SC- 203461.

Pictures of World War II

US National Archives

http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-182.jpg

http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/?template=print#holocaust

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 15, 1944

 

Systematic deportations

of Jews from Hungary begin

 

 

German forces

occupy Hungary

on March 19, 1944.

 

In April 1944,

all Jews except

those in Budapest

are ordered

into ghettos.

 

Systematic deportations

from the ghettos in Hungary

to Auschwitz-Birkenau

begin the next month,

in May 1944.

 

In less

than three months,

nearly 440,000 Jews

are deported from Hungary

in more than 145 trains.

 

The overwhelming majority

are killed upon arrival

in Auschwitz.

http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations

https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp

https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/during_holocaust.asp

 

 

https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/patriotes-de-tous-les-pays/article/130520/
la-nuit-ou-j-ai-ete-deportee-auschwitz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 1944

 

Hungary

 

Budapest census

 

 

The May 1944

Budapest census

was to identify houses

to serve as holding

locations for Jews

before moving them

to a planned walled ghetto

in the city’s seventh district.

 

Two months earlier

Nazi Germany

had occupied Hungary

and deportations

in the countryside

to the gas chambers

of Auschwitz

began almost immediately.

 

Shortly

after the census,

around 200,000 Jews

were moved

into 2,000

selected buildings,

“Yellow Star Houses”

with the Star-of-David

Jewish symbol

painted on the doors.

 

(...)

 

In late 1944,

they were crammed

into the ghetto,

where some

died of starvation

or were shot

next to the river

 

(...)

 

The arrival

of the Russian army

in January 1945

saved the rest though,

and unlike the Jews

from outside the city,

most of Budapest’s

Jewish population survived.

 

An estimated total

of 600,000 Hungarian Jews

perished in the Holocaust,

most in Auschwitz.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/holocaust-documents-trove-unearthed-in-budapest-apartment

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/
holocaust-documents-trove-unearthed-in-budapest-apartment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Near Linz, Austria        Mauthausen-Gusen        Extermination camp

 

 

 

Some of the bodies

being removed by German civilians for decent burial

at Gusen Concentration Camp, Muhlhausen, near Linz, Austria.

 

Men were worked in nearby stone quarries

until too weak for more, then killed.

 

T4c. Sam Gilbert,

May 12, 1945.

 

111-SC- 204811.

Pictures of World War II

US National Archives

http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-180.jpg

http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/?template=print#holocaust

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Between 1933 and 1945,

Nazi Germany and its allies

established

more than 44,000 camps

and other incarceration sites

(including ghettos).

 

The perpetrators

used these locations

for a range of purposes,

including forced labor,

detention of people

deemed to be

"enemies of the state,"

and mass murder.

 

Millions of people

suffered and died

or were killed.

 

Among these sites

was the Mauthausen camp.

 

Nazi Germany

incorporated Austria

in the Anschluss

of March 11-13, 1938.

 

Shortly thereafter,

Reichsführer-SS (SS chief)

Heinrich Himmler,

SS General Oswald Pohl,

the chief of the SS Administration

and Business Offices,

and SS General Theodor Eicke,

the Inspector

of Concentration Camps,

inspected a site

they thought suitable

for the establishment

of a concentration camp

to incarcerate,

as Upper Austrian Nazi Party

district leader

August Eigruber put it,

“traitors to the people

from all over Austria.”

 

The site

was on the bank

of the Danube River,

near the “Wiener Graben”

stone quarry,

which was owned

by the city of Vienna.

 

It was located

about three miles

from the town of Mauthausen

in Upper Austria,

12.5 miles southeast of Linz.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mauthausen

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mauthausen

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/
opinion/holocaust-survivor.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/28/
secondworldwar.lukeharding

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Austria

 

Ebensee extermination camp

subcamp of the Mauthausen camp

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/feb/05/
war-crimes-nazi-holocaust

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/gallery/ebensee

 

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000305

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/forgive_03.shtml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Austria

 

Gunskirchen

one of the many subcamps

of the Mauthausen concentration camp

 

 

https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/
liberation-of-gunskirchen

 

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1035415

 

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa8880

 

https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/
collections-highlights/the-diary-of-lajos-ornstein/the-ornstein-family-experience-
during-the-holocaust-part-3

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/
opinion/holocaust-survivor.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

North-eastern Poland

 

Sobibor death camp / forced labour camp

 

Nazi camp guard

John Demjanjuk / Ivan Demjanjuk    1920-2012

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/
obituaries/selma-engel-dead.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/world/europe/
philip-bialowitz-who-escaped-a-nazi-death-camp-and-testified-in-court-dies-at-90.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/
travel/berlin-world-war-2.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/world/europe/
thomas-blatt-who-escaped-death-camp-during-revolt-dies-at-88.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/world/europe/
john-demjanjuk-nazi-guard-dies-at-91.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/17/
john-demjanjuk-nazi-camp-guard-dies

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/europe/
13nazi.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/12/
john-demjanjuk-guilty-nazi-killings

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/01/
holocaust-survivors-john-demjanjuk-trial

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/03/
john-demjanjuk-trial-sobibor-death-camp

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/12/
john-demnanjuk-extradited-germany

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/11/
demjanjuk-extradition-request

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/12/13/sobibor_2002_review.shtml

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2001/jul/27/artsfeatures

https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/
Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,866033,00.html  

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1673471.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Film documentaire

 

Hitler et ses rançonneurs

Allemagne, 2011, 52mn

 

Réalisateurs:

Caroline Schmidt,

Stefan Aust,

Thomas Ammann

 

 

"Juifs d'échange" :

c'est ainsi que les nazis

désignaient

les prisonniers juifs qui,

par leur valeur marchande,

leur étaient plus utiles

vivants que morts.

 

C'est un chapitre peu connu

de l'histoire de la Shoah.

 

Dès 1943,

Himmler (1900-1945)

orchestre un juteux trafic :

certains déportés,

qui par leur nationalité

ou leurs relations

avaient un lien avec l'étranger,

sont échangés

contre des Allemands,

des armes,

ou simplement rachetés.

 

Au coeur du système,

le camp de Bergen-Belsen,

où sont regroupés ces juifs

jugés "utiles".

 

Mais quand les nazis

voient la défaite approcher,

la vie de ces marchandises humaines

n'a plus guère d'importance...

http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,dayPeriod=evening.html#anchor_4093268 - outdated link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Northern Italy

 

Bolzano, Nazi concentration / transit  camp

 

 

In October

and November 1943,

German authorities

rounded up Jews

in Rome, Milan, Genoa,

Florence, Trieste,

and other major cities

in northern Italy.

 

They established

police transit camps

at Fossoli di Carpi,

approximately

12 miles north of Modena,

at Bolzano in northeastern Italy,

and at Borgo San Dalmazzo,

near the French border,

to concentrate the Jews

prior to deportation.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/
world/europe/09seifert.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland        Fürstengrube subcamp

 

 

The Fürstengrube subcamp

was organized

in the summer of 1943

at the Fürstengrube

hard coal mine

in the town of Wesoła

(Wessolla),

now part

of the city of Mysłowice

(Myslowitz),

approximately 30 kilometers

(18.6 miles)

from Auschwitz.

 

The mine,

which IG Farbenindustrie AG

acquired in February 1941,

was to supply hard coal

for the IG Farben factory

being built in Auschwitz.

 

Besides the old

Fürstengrube mine,

called the Altanlage,

a new mine

(Fürstengrube-Neuanlage)

had been designed

and construction

had begun;

 

it was to provide

for greater coal output

in the future.

 

Coal production

at the new mine

was anticipated

to start in late 1943,

so construction

was treated

as very urgent;

however,

that plan proved

to be unfeasible.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz-fuerstengrube

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
auschwitz-fuerstengrube

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
obituaries/henry-bawnik-survivor-of-death-camps-and-an-inferno-at-sea-dies-at-92.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Majdanek camp

 

 

During the entire period

of its existence,

the Majdanek camp

was under construction.

 

Construction

on the camp

began

in October 1941

with the arrival

of about 2,000

Soviet prisoners of war.

 

Most of the Soviet

prisoners of war

at Majdanek

were too weak to work;

virtually all were dead

by February 1942.

 

The SS also detailed

Jewish forced laborers

from the Lipowa Street camp,

located in the center of Lublin,

to help construct Majdanek.

 

On December 11-12, 1941,

the SS rounded up

more than 300 Jews

in the streets of Lublin

and selected 150 of them

as the first

Jewish prisoners

to be incarcerated

in Majdanek.

 

During January

and February 1942,

the SS and police

selected Polish Jews

from the Lublin ghetto

and brought them

to Majdanek

for forced labor.

 

In January

and February 1942,

the first non-Jewish

Polish prisoners

also arrived

in Majdanek.

https://ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005190

 

 

https://ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005190

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/
travel/berlin-world-war-2.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/world/
israel-gutman-who-survived-and-documented-holocaust-dies-at-90.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Les 29 et 30 septembre 1941,

les Einsatzgruppen de Hitler

massacrent

33 771 juifs ukrainiens

dans le ravin

de Babi Yar, à Kiev,

simplement

parce qu'ils étaient juifs.

 

Quelque 100 000

autres malheureux

étaient exécutés

les semaines suivantes.

 

(...)

 

Le chiffre de 6 millions

de victimes de la Shoah

est retenu par la plupart

des autorités compétentes

sur le sujet.

 

L'historien américain

Raul Hilberg

estime ce nombre

à 5,1 millions de victimes

avec la répartition suivante :

 

800 000

dans les ghettos,

 

1,3 million

exécutées

par les Einsatzgruppen

 

et 3 millions

dans les camps.

http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/documentaire/72335/shoah-les-allies-savaient.html

 

 

http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/documentaire/72335/
shoah-les-allies-savaient.html

 

http://www.franceinter.fr/
emission-les-dessous-de-l-ecran-ce-qu-ils-savaient-les-allies-face-a-la-shoah

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

in June 1941,

(...)

the Germans invaded

the eastern half of Poland,

which had been occupied

by the Soviet Union.

 

With their Ukrainian

collaborators,

the Germans began

mass roundups

and machine-gun

executions

of Jewish men.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/health/yehuda-nir-a-psychiatrist-and-holocaust-survivor-dies-at-84.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/
health/yehuda-nir-a-psychiatrist-and-holocaust-survivor-dies-at-84.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

France        Drancy camp        1941-1944

 

The Drancy camp,

named after

the northeastern

suburb of Paris

in which it was located,

was established

by the Germans

in August 1941

as an internment camp

for foreign Jews in France;

it later became

the major transit camp

for the deportations of Jews

from France.

 

Until July 1, 1943,

French police

staffed the camp

under the overall control

of the German Security Police.

 

In July 1943

the Germans

took direct control

of the Drancy camp

and SS officer Alois Brunner

became camp commandant.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005215

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/drancy

 

 

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/
xu1bfp_drancy-1941-1944-un-camp-aux-portes-de-paris-1_webcam

 

http://www.ajpn.org/internement-Camp-de-Drancy-67.html

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=GvXogxTVIrU - MDLS - 15 September 2016

 

http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/11/14/drancy-sous-la-cite-le-camp_860172

 

http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2012/09/21/
01016-20120921ARTFIG00382-drancy-ouvre-un-memorial-face-a-l-ancien-camp.php

 

http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/
drancy-c-etait-un-vrai-camp-de-concentration-21-09-2012-2174793.php

 

http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/
a-l-interieur-du-camp-de-drancy-par-annette-wieviorka-et-michel-laffitte_1105993.html

 

http://blog.lefigaro.fr/malbrunot/2011/07/alois-brunner-les-allemands-on.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lithuania

 

 

 

Lithuanian Jews

with compulsory “J” badges separating them

from the Aryan population,

1941.

 

Photograph: AP

 

Eighty years after Kristallnacht,

why my family has become German again

G

Sat 10 Nov 2018        15.00 GMT

Last modified on Sat 10 Nov 2018        15.45 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/10/
eighty-years-after-kristallnacht-family-german-robin-lustig

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Nazis

wasted little time

after pushing

into Lithuania

in June, 1941

 

The Jews of Zagare

were herded

into a ghetto.

 

Almost 1,000 Jews

from nearby towns,

including Siauliai,

were forced

to join them.

 

On Oct. 2, 1941,

they were ordered

into the main square

before being taken

into the woods

for execution

by Nazi SS killers

and their Lithuanian

accomplices.

 

SS Standartenführer

Karl Jäger

stated in a report

that day

that 2,236 Jews

were killed

in Zagare.

 

In 1944,

the Soviets,

having fought

their way back,

examined

a mass grave

and found

2,402 corpses

(530 men,

1,223 women,

625 children,

24 babies).

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/opinion/cohen-the-last-jew-in-zagare.html

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/10/
eighty-years-after-kristallnacht-family-german-robin-lustig

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/16/
657482569/excavation-of-lithuanias-great-synagogue-highlights-a-painful-page-from-history

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/
opinion/cohen-the-last-jew-in-zagare.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 1941 - March 1945

 

France

 

Camp de concentration de Natzweiler

 

 

Le camp central,

seul camp de concentration

sur le territoire français,

est situé en ce qui était

alors l'Alsace annexée.

 

Sa nébuleuse

de camps annexes,

répartie des 2 côtés du Rhin,

est composée d'un réseau

de près de 70 camps,

plus ou moins grands.

http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/introduction-a-lhistoire-du-camp/

 

 

 

 

Les déportés

du Kl-Natzweiler,

arrivés de toute l’Europe,

proviennent

de tous les horizons.

 

En grande majorité,

ce sont des déportés politiques,

dont les « Nacht und Nebel »,

mais aussi des Juifs, Tziganes,

homosexuels…

http://www.struthof.fr/

 

 

 

The Germans

established

the Natzweiler-Struthof

concentration camp

near the town

of Natzweiler,

about 31 miles

southwest

of Strasbourg,

the capital

of the province

of Alsace

(in eastern France).

 

It was one

of the smaller

concentration camps

built by the Germans.

 

Until construction

was completed

in May 1941,

prisoners slept

in the nearby former

Hotel Struthof,

hence the name

Natzweiler-Struthof.

 

The camp held

about 1,500 prisoners.

 

Prisoners worked

in nearby granite quarries,

in construction projects,

and in the maintenance

of the camp.

 

Beginning

in the summer of 1943,

the Germans detained

many "Night and Fog"

prisoners

in Natzweiler-Struthof.

 

The "Night and Fog"

(Nacht und Nebel) operation

represented

a German attempt

to subdue growing

anti-German resistance

in western Europe.

 

Suspected

resistance fighters

were arrested

and their families

were not notified;

the prisoners

simply disappeared

into the "Night and Fog."

 

Many prisoners

in the Natzweiler-Struthof camp

were members

of the French resistance.

 

In August 1943,

a gas chamber

was constructed

in Natzweiler-Struthof

in one of the buildings

that had formed part

of the hotel compound.

 

The bodies of more

than 80 Jewish prisoners

gassed at Natzweiler-Struthof

were sent

to the Strasbourg

University Institute of Anatomy.

 

There,

anatomist Dr. August Hirt

amassed a large collection

of Jewish skeletons

in order to establish

Jewish "racial inferiority"

by means

of anthropological study.

 

The gas chamber

was also used

in pseudoscientific

medical experiments

involving poison gas.

 

The victims

of these experiments

were primarily

Roma (Gypsies)

who had been transferred

from Auschwitz.

 

Prisoners

were also subjected

to experiments

involving treatment

for typhus

and yellow fever.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260

 

http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/les-deportes-du-kl-natzweiler/  

 

https://fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu03085/
le-camp-de-concentration-de-natzwiller-struthof 

 

 

http://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2010/09/25/
une-plaque-a-la-memoire-des-deportes-homosexuels-devoilee-au-camp-du-struthof
_3208_38_43471955.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 7, 1941

 

Poland

 

Chelmno Death Camp established

 

 

http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/chelmno.html

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chelmno

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005194&MediaId=130

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/holocaust_overview_01.shtml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia

 

Theresienstadt camp, outside Prague

 

 

The Theresienstadt

"camp-ghetto"

existed for three

and a half years,

between

November 24, 1941

and May 9, 1945.

 

During its existence,

Theresienstadt served

three purposes:
 

 

1) First,

Theresienstadt served

as a transit camp

for Czech Jews

whom the Germans deported

to killing centers,

concentration camps,

and forced-labor camps

in German-occupied Poland,

Belorussia,

and the Baltic States.

 

2) Second,

it was a ghetto-labor camp

to which the SS deported

and then incarcerated

certain categories of German,

Austrian, and Czech Jews,

based on their age, disability

as a result of past military service,

or domestic celebrity in the arts

and other cultural life.

 

To mislead about

or conceal

the physical annihilation

of the Jews deported

from the Greater German Reich,

the Nazi regime employed

the general fiction,

primarily inside Germany,

that the deported Jews

would be deployed

at productive labor in the East.

 

Since it seemed implausible

that elderly Jews

could be used

for forced labor,

the Nazis used

Theresienstadt

to hide the nature

of the deportations.
 

 

3) Third,

Theresienstadt

served as a holding pen

for Jews

in the above-mentioned

groups.

 

It was expected

that that poor conditions there

would hasten the deaths

of many deportees,

until the SS and police

could deport the survivors

to killing centers in the East.

 

Neither a "ghetto"

as such nor strictly

a concentration camp,

Theresienstadt

served as a “settlement,”

an assembly camp,

and a concentration camp,

and thus had

recognizable features

of both ghettos

and concentration camps.

 

In its function

as a tool of deception,

Theresienstadt

was a unique facility.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005424

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/theresienstadt

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/theresienstadt-red-cross-visit

 

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=GvXogxTVIrU
video - MDLS - 15 September 2016

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/
world/europe/alice-herz-sommer-pianist-who-survived-holocaust-dies-at-110.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/
alice-herz-sommer-holocaust-survivor-dies

 

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/24/
281965889/oldest-known-holocaust-survivor-dies-pianist-was-110

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/
movies/lanzmanns-the-last-of-the-unjust-hears-a-wily-survivor.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/
movies/the-last-of-the-unjust-about-a-jewish-camp-official.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/19/
world/europe/19gans.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2010/jun/13/
alice-herz-sommer-terezin-video

 

http://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/dec/13/
classicalmusicandopera.secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Belgium        Breendonck Internment Camp

 

 

 

Flemish Nazi SS guard

now himself a prisoner in Breendonk

after Allied forces overran

the notorious concentration camp.

 

Location: Antwerp, Belgium

Date taken: September 1944

 

Photographer: George Rodger

Life Images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/breendonck.html

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/breendonk
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transportation of Jews to concentration camps

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-jewish-transports-concentration-camps

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Concentration camps in France

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Skarzysko-Kamienna camp

 

 

Forced labor camp

for Jews,

located in

the Polish town

of Skarzysko-Kamienna.

 

The camp belonged

to the German Hasag

concern.

 

It was established

in August 1942

and was liquidated

on August 1, 1944.

 

Altogether,

25,000--30,000 Jews

were brought

to Skarzysko-Kamienna,

and between

18,000--23,000

perished there.

http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf

 

 

https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Plaszow concentration camp

 

Schindler’s List

 

Mieczyslaw Pemper (1920-2011)

 

Oskar Schindler (1908-1974)

 

 

The Plaszow camp,

established in 1942

under the authority

of the SS and police leaders

in Krakow (Cracow),

was initially

a forced-labor camp

for Jews.

 

The original site

of the camp included

two Jewish cemeteries.

 

From time to time

the SS enlarged the camp.

 

It reached

its maximum size in 1944,

the same year that it became

a concentration camp.

 

Until that time,

most of the camp guards

were Ukrainian police auxiliaries

chosen from among Soviet soldiers

in German prisoner-of-war camps

and trained

at the Trawniki training camp

in Lublin.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005301

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/plaszow

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/world/europe/19pemper.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

July 22, 1942

 

WARSAW JEWS

 

DEPORTED TO TREBLINKA KILLING CENTER

 

 

Between July 22

and mid-September 1942,

over 300,000 people

are deported

from the Warsaw ghetto:

 

more than

250,000 of them

are deported

to the Treblinka

killing center.

 

Deportees are forced

to the Umschlagplatz

(deportation point),

which is connected

to the Warsaw-Malkinia

rail line.

 

They are crowded

into freight cars

and most are deported,

via Malkinia, to Treblinka.

 

The overwhelming

majority

of the deportees

are killed upon arrival

in Treblinka.

 

In September,

at the end of the 1942

mass deportation,

only about 55,000 Jews

remain in the ghetto.

http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

JULY 15, 1942

 

SYSTEMATIC DEPORTATIONS FROM THE NETHERLANDS BEGIN

 

 

Jews

in the Netherlands

have been

systematically

concentrated

in the Westerbork

transit camp.

 

The majority of Jews

sent to Westerbork

remain there

only a short time

before

their deportation

to killing centers

in the east.

 

Beginning

on July 15, 1942,

the Germans deport

nearly 100,000 Jews

from Westerbork:

about 60,000

to Auschwitz,

over 34,000

to Sobibor,

almost 5,000

to the Theresienstadt

ghetto,

and nearly 4,000

to the Bergen-Belsen

concentration camp.

 

The overwhelming

majority

of those deported

are killed upon arrival

in the camps.

http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
anne-frank-full-story-bart-van-es

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

500,000 Gypsies died

in Hitler's death camps

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/nov/29/secondworldwar.biography

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/29/
secondworldwar.biography

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/jun/23/
secondworldwar.internationalnews 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/
artsandhumanities.germany 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After the Wannsee Conference

in January 1942,

the Nazis begin

the systematic

deportation of Jews

from all over Europe

to six extermination camps

established

in former Polish territory --

Chelmno,

Belzec,

Sobibor,

Treblinka,

Auschwitz-Birkenau,

and Majdanek

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/wannsee-conference-and-the-final-solution 

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1533  

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/opinion/the-suffering-olympics.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/23/historybooks.features1 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/hitler_audio.shtml

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

January 1942

 

Wannsee conference

 

 

Reinhard Heydrich,

chief of the Reich

Security Main Office

(RSHA),

convenes

the Wannsee Conference

in a villa outside Berlin.

 

At this conference,

he presents

plans to coordinate

a European-wide

“Final Solution

of the Jewish Question”

to key officials

from the German State

and the Nazi Party.

 

The "Final Solution"

was the code name

for the systematic,

deliberate,

physical annihilation

of the European Jews.

 

At some still

undetermined time

in 1941,

Hitler authorized

this European-wide scheme

for mass murder.

 

Heydrich convened

the Wannsee Conference

to inform and secure support

from government ministries

and other interested agencies

relevant to the implementation

of the “Final Solution,”

and to disclose

to the participants

that Hitler himself

had tasked Heydrich

and the RSHA

with coordinating

the operation.

 

The attendees

did not deliberate

whether such a plan

should be undertaken,

but instead discussed

the implementation

of a policy decision

that had already been made

at the highest level

of the Nazi regime.

https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/
1942-1945/wannsee-conference

 

 

https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/
1942-1945/wannsee-conference

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-wannsee-final-solution

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland        Trawniki camp

 

The SS camp at Trawniki

in the Lublin District

of the General Government

existed from July 1941

through July 1944.

 

It underwent four changes

of function and purpose

in the three years

of its existence.

 

From July

until September 1941,

Trawniki served

as a holding pen

for Soviet civilians

and soldiers.

 

From September 1941

until July 1944,

it was

a training facility

for police auxiliaries

deployed

in Operation Reinhard.

 

From June 1942

until September 1943,

it served

as a forced-labor

camp for Jews

within the framework

of Operation Reinhard.

 

Between

September 1943

and May 1944

it was a subcamp

of the Lublin/Majdanek

concentration camp.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/trawniki

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/trawniki

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/01/11/
684324935/last-wwii-nazi-living-in-us-deported-to-germany-last-year-is-dead-at-95

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/
nyregion/nazis-queens-holocaust-deportation.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/
it-finally-happened-the-long-fight-to-expel-americas-last-known-nazi

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/
world/europe/nazi-guard-deported.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Once the Germans

invaded the Soviet Union

in June 1941

the mass killing of Jews

began.

 

Mobile killing units

known as

Einsatzgruppen

conducted

mass shootings.

 

With the assistance

of the German army

and police battalions,

as well as Lithuanian,

Ukrainian,

Latvian

and Belorussian

auxiliaries,

the Einsatzgruppen

murdered approximately

1 to 1.5 million Jews.

 

 

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005463

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-analysis-deborah-lipstadt-germany

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/feb/22/
history-holocaust-books-jonathan-littell

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Treblinka killing center

 

 

Nazi death camp

where 875,000 people

were killed

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
samuel-willenberg-survivor-of-nazi-death-camp-treblinka-dies-aged-93

 

 

 

Quelque

870 000 juifs

ont été assassinés

dans ce camp

en treize mois.

http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2016/02/21/
mort-du-dernier-survivant-de-la-revolte-dans-le-camp-nazi-de-treblinka_4869172_3382.html

 

 

 

Operation Reinhard

(also known

as Aktion Reinhard)

authorities chose the site

for the Treblinka killing center

in a sparsely populated area

near the villages of Treblinka

and Malkinia.

 

Malkinia

was located

on the main

Warsaw-Bialystok

rail line,

about 50 miles

northeast of Warsaw,

in the Generalgouvernement

(that part of

German-occupied Poland

not directly annexed

to Germany,

attached

to German East Prussia,

or incorporated

into the German-occupied

Soviet Union).

 

In November 1941,

under the auspices

of the SS and Police Leader

for District Warsaw

in the Generalgouvernement,

SS and police authorities

established a forced-labor

camp for Jews,

known as Treblinka,

later as Treblinka I.

 

The camp also served

the SS

and police authorities

as a so-called

Labor Education Camp

for non-Jewish Poles

whom the Germans

perceived to have violated

labor discipline.

 

Both Polish

and Jewish inmates,

imprisoned

in separate compounds

of the labor camp,

were deployed

at forced labor.

 

The majority

of the forced laborers

worked

in a nearby gravel pit.

 

In July 1942,

the Operation Reinhard

authorities

completed

the construction

of a killing center,

known as Treblinka II,

approximately a mile

from the labor camp.

 

When Treblinka II

commenced operations,

two other

Operation Reinhard camps,

Belzec and Sobibor,

were already in operation.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/treblinka

 

 

http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2016/02/21/
mort-du-dernier-survivant-de-la-revolte-dans-le-camp-nazi-de-treblinka_4869172_3382.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
samuel-willenberg-survivor-of-nazi-death-camp-treblinka-dies-aged-93

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1941

 

Romania        Bucharest

 

 

Painter Hedwig Lindenberg / Hedda Sterne (1910-2011)

narrowly escaped

a roundup

and massacre of Jews

at her apartment building

and fled Bucharest

for New York

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/
arts/design/hedda-sterne-artist-of-many-styles-dies-at-100.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/
arts/design/hedda-sterne-artist-of-many-styles-dies-at-100.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Un espion au coeur de la chimie nazie :

Zyklon B - Les Américains savaient-ils ?

 

Documentaire

Allemagne, 2010, 52mn, WDR

 

Réalisateur:

Egmont R. Koch, Scott Christianson

 

 

Au-delà de l'histoire

du gaz Zyklon B

qui permit d'exterminer

des centaines

de milliers de juifs,

une enquête

sur les relations étranges

qu'entretenaient industriels

allemands et américains.

 

Le procédé pour fabriquer

le gaz Zyklon B

à base d'acide prussique

était détenu

par le trust allemand

IG Farben,

qui regroupait

les plus grandes entreprises

chimiques d'outre-Rhin.

 

De son côté,

la firme américaine

Dupont de Nemours,

qui avait passé dès 1927

des accords avec IG Farben

en matière de recherche

et de développement,

travaillait aussi

sur l'acide prussique

et avait déjà testé

son produit en 1924

sur un condamné à mort.

 

Le 3 septembre 1941,

les SS font une expérience

de gazage

sur des prisonniers

de guerre soviétiques

internés à Auschwitz.

 

Parallèlement,

Erwin Respondek,

un économiste

au service d'IG Farben

qui désapprouvait

la politique des nazis

mais qui désapprouvait

leur politique (sic),

commence à faire passer

des informations

sur les gaz asphyxiants allemands

via l'ambassade américaine située

tout près de son bureau berlinois.

 

Mais

le gouvernement américain

ne semble guère

s'en préoccuper...

 

De Berlin à Bâle,

de la Bavière

au lac des Quatre-Cantons,

une enquête fouillée

qui veut aussi

réhabiliter la mémoire

d'Erwin Respondek,

un Juste à sa manière

http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/244,broadcastingNum=1336642,day=4,week=45,year=2011.html - outdated link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Final Solution

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/16/
final-solution-the-fate-of-the-jews-1933-1949-david-cesarani-review

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/07/
final-solution-fate-jews-david-cesarani-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Initiating the Final Solution

 

The Fateful Months of September-October 1941

 

 

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib88717  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Modus Operandi - L'Holocauste Belge

 

Film documentaire

 

Réalisateur: Hugues Lanneau

Belgique, 2008, 98mn

 

 

Comment,

au nom de la politique

du "moindre mal",

les fonctionnaires

et responsables

politiques belges

ont collaboré

avec l'occupant nazi

pour déporter les juifs.

 

Ce documentaire

retrace la mise en place

d'un dispositif

de répression qui,

avec la complicité

des fonctionnaires belges,

a mené à la déportation

de près de 25 000 juifs,

dont à peine 5 %

ont survécu.

 

En mai 1940,

les nazis

envahissent

la Belgique.

 

Le gouvernement

fuit à Londres,

laissant l'administration

gérer le quotidien

de l'occupation.

 

À la manière

d'un piège

qui se referme,

les mesures

discriminatoires

contre les juifs

vont aller crescendo,

comme dans le reste

de l'Europe :

 

diabolisation

dans le discours,

exclusion

des lieux publics,

interdiction d'exercer

certaines professions,

port obligatoire

de l'étoile jaune, etc.

 

L'administration belge

va appliquer

les ordres de l'occupant

et parfois même les devancer,

facilitant

les premières rafles,

qui surviennent en 1942.

 

Les images d'archives,

les témoignages

d'une dizaine de rescapés

wallons et flamands

ainsi que les photos

des déportés

appuient

la réalité abstraite

des chiffres énoncés

tout au long du film

et donnent des visages

aux vingt-six convois

ayant quitté la Belgique

pour Auschwitz.

 

Le documentaire soulève

un point sensible

de l'histoire nationale :

 

les responsabilités

de l'administration belge

ont longtemps été niées

et les rares personnes jugées

ont bénéficié de non-lieux

ou de remises de peine.

 

Il faudra attendre

les années 2000

pour voir attribuer

des réparations matérielles

aux victimes de l'holocauste

en Belgique.

http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=24/8/2011.html - outdated link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vatican > Vigna Pia monastery

 

Baron Otto Gustav von Wächter

 

8 July 1901, Vienna, Austria-Hungary – 14 July 1949, Rome, Italy

 

 

Von Wächter,

though indicted in 1945

for mass murder,

is the man

who escapes justice,

the one who gets away.

 

(...)

 

a committed Nazi,

a party member since 1923

who rose through the ranks

as Hitler consolidated his power

to be appointed

governor of Kraków in 1939

and then of Galicia in 1942,

directly accountable

to Heinrich Himmler

until the fall

of the Nazi regime.

 

In 1945,

wanted by the allies,

Von Wächter

evades capture,

surviving as a fugitive

for three years

in the Austrian Alps

before coming

under the protection

of a Vatican bishop,

Alois Hudal.

 

Hiding in Rome,

an anonymous tenant

in the Vigna Pia monastery,

Von Wächter

waits for safe passage

via the secret channels

by which Nazi refugees

were trafficked to Argentina

along “the ratline”,

a shadowy pathway

out of Rome

in a city now abuzz

with Soviet

and American spies.

 

Three months in,

Von Wächter is taken ill

under mysterious

circumstances.

 

Two monks drop him off

at the nearby

Santo Spirito hospital,

under a false identity.

 

Four days later,

he’s dead.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
the-ratline-by-philippe-sands-review-on-the-trail-of-the-nazi-who-got-away

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
the-ratline-by-philippe-sands-review-on-the-trail-of-the-nazi-who-got-away

 

https://www.ft.com/content/7d6214f2-b2be-11e2-8540-00144feabdc0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vatican

 

Pope Pius XII / Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli    1876-1958

 

Pope from 1939 to 1958

 

 

 

 

L to R:

Orsenigo with Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop

12 January 1939

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26878,
Berlin,_Neujahrsempfang_in_der_neuen_Reichskanzlei.jpg

 

Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv

Original title: Neujahrsempfang Hitler's in Berlin.

- Vorn im Bild: Naziaußenminister Ribbentrop

im Gespräch mit dem Nuntius Orsenigo.

511-39

Archive title: Empfang der Reichsregierung

in der neuen Reichskanzlei

Dating: 12. Januar 1939

Signature: Bild 183-H26878

Inventory:

Bild 183 - Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst - Zentralbild

http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_
1253694805/?search%5Bform%5D%5BSIGNATUR%5D=Bild+183-H26878 - broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pius XII

never openly denounced

the Nazi slaughter of Jews

 

 

Cesare Vincenzo Orsenigo    1873-1946

Apostolic Nuncio to Germany

from 1930 to 1945

 

 

 

Shoah:

ce que savait l'Eglise

 

Les archives secrètes

du Vatican sur Pie XII

sont enfin ouvertes

[ depuis mars 2020 ].

 

Un historien allemand

a déjà trouvé la preuve

que le chef

de l'Eglise catholique

était informé sur la Shoah

dès septembre 1942.

https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
shoah-ce-que-savait-leglise

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/pius-xii

 

 

https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
shoah-ce-que-savait-leglise

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/09/hitlers-pope-pius-xii-holocaust

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jun/24/nazis-run-gerald-steinacher-review

 

http://www.lemonde.fr/opinions/article/2010/01/19/
camus-pie-xii-et-le-langage-clair-par-franck-nouchi_1293784_3232.html

http://www.independent.ie/topics/Pope+Pius+XII

http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/
was-pope-pius-a-moral-coward-or-a-silent-saint-1506041.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1078579/
Vatican-plan-honour-wartime-Pope-Pius-XII-severe-blow-Catholic-Jewish-relations.html

http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/3615188/part_2/
this-papal-visit-is-a-good-time-to-reprieve-pius-xii.thtml

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7624455.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2611847.stm

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/31/us/
new-look-at-pius-xii-s-views-of-nazis.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/21/
world/pius-xii-said-to-feel-nazi-crimes-were-overstated.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1940

 

German director Veit Harlan's

“Jew Süss”

 

 

perhaps the most notoriously

anti-Semitic movie ever made

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/movies/02suss.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/
movies/02suss.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/feb/25/
jud-suss-film-without-conscience

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Beginning in July 1940,

Bulgaria instituted

anti-Jewish legislation.

 

Jews were excluded

from public service,

discriminated against

in their choice

of places of residence,

and restricted

economically.

 

Marriage between

Jews and non-Jews

was prohibited.

 

During the war,

German-allied Bulgaria

did not deport

Bulgarian Jews.

 

Bulgaria did,

however, deport

non-Bulgarian Jews

from the territories

it had annexed

from Yugoslavia

and Greece.

 

In March 1943,

Bulgarian authorities

arrested all the Jews

in Macedonia

and Thrace.

 

In Macedonia,

formerly part

of Yugoslavia,

Bulgarian officials

interned 7,000 Jews

in a transit camp

in Skopje.

 

In Thrace,

formerly

a Bulgarian-occupied

province of Greece,

about 4,000 Jews

were deported

to Bulgarian

assembly points

at Gorna Dzhumaya

and Dupnitsa

and handed over

to the Germans.

 

In all,

Bulgaria deported

over 11,000 Jews

to German-held

territory.

 

By the end

of March 1943,

most of them

had been deported

to the Treblinka

extermination camp

in Nazi-occupied

Poland.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

German soldiers in Sofia, Bulgaria.

 

Location: Sofia, Bulgaria

Date taken: March 1941

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2730dbde89a2ce69

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bulgaria

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/apr/19/
holocaust-survivor-memorial-day-video

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Jewish women and children in Gostynin Poland

after the German invasion.

 

Location: Gostynin, Poland

Date taken: October 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6fb3e6286c8dc577

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czech Jews Enduring the Holocaust

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/
movies/27transport.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1939-1945

 

Le génocide des Tsiganes européens

 

 

Les Nazis

considéraient les Tsiganes

comme "racialement inférieurs",

et le destin de ceux-ci fut,

en de nombreux points,

parallèle à celui des Juifs.

 

Les Tsiganes

subirent l'internement,

le travail forcé

et beaucoup

furent assassinés.

 

Ils étaient aussi soumis

à la déportation

dans les camps

d'extermination.

 

Les Einsatzgruppen

(unités mobiles

d’extermination)

assassinèrent

des dizaines

de milliers de Tsiganes

dans les territoires de l'est

occupés par les Allemands.

 

En outre,

des milliers d’entre eux

furent tués

dans les camps

d'extermination

d'Auschwitz-Birkenau,

de Chelmno,

de Belzec,

de Sobibor

et de Treblinka.

 

Les nazis

incarcérèrent aussi

des milliers de Tsiganes

dans les camps

de concentration

de Bergen-Belsen,

de Sachsenhausen,

de Buchenwald,

de Dachau,

de Mauthausen

et de Ravensbrück.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/fr/article.php?ModuleId=75

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/fr/
article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Belzec killing center

 

 

The small town of Belzec

was located

in southeastern Poland

between the cities

of Zamosc

and Lvov (L’viv).

 

During the German occupation

of Poland in World War II,

this area was located

in the Lublin District

of the Generalgouvernement

(that part of

German-occupied Poland

not directly annexed

to Germany, attached

to German East Prussia

or incorporated

into the German-occupied

Soviet Union).

 

In 1940,

the Germans

established

a string of labor camps

along the Bug (Buh) River,

which,

until the German invasion

of the Soviet Union

in June 1941,

formed

the demarcation line

between German-

and Soviet-occupied Poland.

 

The headquarters

of this complex

was a labor camp

established

on the outskirts of Belzec.

 

SS officials forced

Jews deported

from Lublin District

and other parts

of the Generalgouvernement

to the Belzec labor camp

and its subsidiary camps

to build fortifications

and antitank ditches

along the Bug River.

 

The Belzec labor camp

and its subsidiaries

were dismantled

at the end of 1940.

 

In November 1941,

SS and police authorities

in Lublin District

began construction

of a killing center

on the site of the former

Belzec labor camp.

 

The choice of location

was dictated

by good rail connections

and proximity

to significant

Jewish populations

in the Lvov, Krakow,

and Lublin districts

of the Generalgouvernement.

 

The facility was finished

in the late winter of 1942

as part of what later

would be called

Operation Reinhard

(also called Aktion Reinhard),

the plan implemented

by the SS

and Police Leader

in Lublin

to murder the Jews

of the Generalgouvernement.

 

Belzec

began operations

on March 17, 1942;

the first Jewish communities

deported to Belzec

were those

of Lublin and Lvov.

 

Belzec was the second

German killing center,

and the first

of the Operation Reinhard

killing centers,

to begin operation.

 

Located along

the Lublin-Lvov

railway line,

the killing center

was only 1,620 feet

from the Belzec

railway station.

 

A small rail siding

connected the camp

and the station.

 

The SS staff

and auxiliary police guards

assigned to the camp

were housed

in a separate compound

near the railroad station.

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191

 

 

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191

 

 

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/05/
a-case-of-polish-jewish-relations/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1939-1945        Netherlands        Westerbork transit camp

 

 

 

A map of Westerbork

as drawn by Mirjam Bolle during her internment there.

 

The Lost Diaries of War

Volunteers are helping forgotten Dutch diarists of WWII to speak at last.

Their voices, filled with anxiety, isolation and uncertainty,

resonate powerfully today

NYT

April 15, 2020

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/15/
arts/dutch-war-diaries.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘It’s important to understand where this girl was coming from’ …

Anne Frank in 1941.

 

Photograph: Anne Frank Fonds/Alamy

 

Unseen Anne Frank letters illuminate life before confinement

 

Translated into English for the first time,

letters to grandmother and others

reveal context of birthdays, boys and braces

as well as the rising Nazi menace

G

Sat 25 May 2019        07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
unseen-anne-frank-letters-illuminate-life-before-confinement


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Westerbork camp

was situated

in the northeastern part

of the Netherlands

in the Dutch province

of Drenthe,

near the towns

of Westerbork

and Assen.

 

The Dutch government

established a camp

at Westerbork

in October 1939

to intern

Jewish refugees

who had entered

the Netherlands

illegally.

 

The camp

continued to function

after the German invasion

of the Netherlands

in May 1940.

 

In 1941

it had a population

of 1,100 Jewish refugees,

mostly from Germany.

 

From 1942 to 1944

Westerbork served

as a transit camp

for Dutch Jews

before

they were deported

to extermination camps

in German-occupied

Poland.

 

In early 1942,

the Germans

enlarged the camp.

 

In July 1942

the German

Security Police,

assisted

by an SS company

and Dutch

military police,

took control

of Westerbork.

 

Erich Deppner

was appointed

camp commandant

and Westerbork's role

as a transit camp

for deportations

to the east began,

with deportation trains

leaving every Tuesday.

 

From July 1942

until September 3, 1944,

the Germans deported

97,776 Jews

from Westerbork:

 

54,930

to Auschwitz

in 68 transports,

 

34,313

to Sobibor

in 19 transports,

 

4,771

to the Theresienstadt ghetto

in 7 transports,

 

and 3,762

to the Bergen-Belsen

concentration camp

in 9 transports.

 

Most of those deported

to Auschwitz and Sobibor

were killed upon arrival.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/westerbork

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
unseen-anne-frank-letters-illuminate-life-before-confinement

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
anne-frank-full-story-bart-van-es

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland, Hungary > World War II > Antisemitism > Ghettos

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Stutthof concentration / extermination camp

 

 

In September 1939,

the Germans established

the Stutthof camp

in a wooded area

west of Stutthof

(Sztutowo),

a town about 22 miles

east of Danzig

(Gdansk).

 

The area

was secluded:

to the north

was the Bay of Danzig,

to the east

the Vistula Bay,

and to the west

the Vistula River.

 

The land was very wet,

almost at sea level.

 

The camp was situated

along the Danzig-Elbing

highway

on the way

to the popular

Baltic Sea resort town

of Krynica Morska.

 

Originally,

Stutthof

was a civilian

internment camp

under the Danzig

police chief.

 

In November 1941,

it became

a "labor education" camp,

administered

by the German Security

Police.

 

Finally,

in January 1942,

Stutthof became

a regular

concentration camp.

 

The original camp

(known as the old camp)

was surrounded

by barbed-wire fences.

 

In 1943,

the camp

was enlarged

and a new camp

was constructed

alongside

the earlier one.

 

It was surrounded

by electrified

barbed-wire fences.

 

The camp staff

consisted of SS guards$

and, after 1943,

Ukrainian auxiliaries.

 

Tens of thousands of people,

perhaps as many as 100,000,

were deported

to the Stutthof camp.

 

The prisoners were

mainly non-Jewish Poles.

 

There were also

Polish Jews

from Warsaw

and Bialystok,

and Jews

from forced-labor camps

in the occupied Baltic states,

which the Germans

evacuated in 1944

as Soviet forces

approached.

 

Conditions

in the camp

were brutal.

 

Many prisoners died

in typhus epidemics

that swept the camp

in the winter of 1942

and again in 1944.

 

Those whom

the SS guards

judged too weak or sick

to work were gassed

in the camp's

small gas chamber.

 

Gassing with Zyklon B gas

began in June 1944.

 

Camp doctors

also killed sick

or injured prisoners

in the infirmary

with lethal injections.

 

More than 60,000 people

died in the camp.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005197

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/stutthof

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/
indifferent-horror-nazi-reistance-fighter-bruno-dey-stutthof

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/25/
former-nazi-camp-guard-admits-seeing-people-being-led-into-gas-chamber

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/11/06/
664673163/94-year-old-accused-in-concentration-camp-murders-goes-on-trial-in-germany

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/
arts/25pitt.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germany

 

Neuengamme concentration camp

 

 

The SS established

Neuengamme

in December 1938

as a subcamp

of Sachsenhausen

concentration camp.

 

It was located

on the grounds

of an abandoned

brickworks

on the banks

of the Dove-Elbe,

a tributary

of the Elbe River

in the Hamburg suburb

Neuengamme,

in northern Germany.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005539

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/neuengamme

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Northern Germany, 90 km north of Berlin        Ravensbrück        Women's concentration camp

 

 

 

 Sunday Book Review

‘Ravensbrück,’ by Sarah Helm

NYT

APRIL 7, 2015

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/books/review/ravensbruck-by-sarah-helm.html

 

Related

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/09/
the-bitter-taste-of-victory-in-the-ruins-of-the-reich-lara-feigel-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Construction

of the camp

began

in November 1938

by SS leader

Heinrich Himmler

[1900-1945]

and was unusual

in that it was

a camp primarily

for women.

 

The camp opened

in May 1939.

 

In the spring of 1941,

the SS authorities

established

a small men's camp

adjacent to

the main camp.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp

 

 

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005199

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/
books/review/ravensbruck-by-sarah-helm.html

 

https://www.telerama.fr/monde/
germaine-tillion-cent-ans-de-resistance,27949.php

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November 9-10, 1938

 

Germany

 

Kristallnacht / Crystal Night

 

Pogroms

 

Hitler’s gangs

attack Jewish property

 

 

Grynszpan

maintained

he had marched

into the German

embassy

on 7 November, 1938

and shot

Ernst vom Rath

five times

in revenge

for the thousands

of Jewish refugees,

including members

of his own family,

who had been expelled

from Germany

and were trapped

in horrible conditions

at the Polish border.

 

The Nazi

propaganda minister,

Joseph Goebbels,

seized on

Vom Rath’s murder

as a long-awaited

opportunity

to unleash

brutal violence

against Jewish shops,

businesses

and synagogues,

citing the Paris killing

as proof of

the deadly danger

Jews supposedly posed.

 

(...)


About 100 Jews died

during Kristallnacht,

and 30,000 were sent

to concentration camps.

 

The pogrom

is widely viewed

by historians

as the start

of the Holocaust

in which 6 million Jews

were slaughtered.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/18/
herschel-grynszpan-photo-mystery-jewish-assassin-kristallnacht-pogrom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/kristallnacht  

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/kristallnacht/

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/peopleevents/pandeAMEX99.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55365/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a7184351.shtml

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/11/14/
663059048/a-toy-monkey-that-escaped-nazi-germany-and-reunited-a-family

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/18/
herschel-grynszpan-photo-mystery-jewish-assassin-kristallnacht-pogrom

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/10/
kristallnacht-vienna-concert

 

http://www.npr.org/2013/11/09/
241903489/bearing-witness-to-nazis-life-shattering-kristallnacht

 

http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2013/nov/08/
kristallnacht-guardian-archive-1938

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/12/
lotte-passer-obituary?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/11/
night-broken-glass-kristallnacht-review

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-broken-glass-kristallnacht

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/
history.secondworldwar

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/22/
secondworldwar-germany

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/19/
historybooks.features1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Muhammad Amin al-Husayni    189?-1974

 

Mufti

(chief Muslim Islamic

legal religious authority)

of Jerusalem

under the political authority

of the British Mandate

in Palestine

from 1921 to 1937.

 

His primary

political causes were:

 

1) establishment

of a pan-Arab federation or state;

 

2) opposition to further immigration

of Jews to Palestine

and Jewish national aspirations

in Palestine;

 

3) promotion of himself

as a pan-Arab

and Muslim religious leader.

 

In exile

between 1937 and 1945,

al-Husayni,

claiming to speak

for the Arab nation

and the Muslim world,

sought an alliance

with the Axis powers

(Nazi Germany

and Fascist Italy)

based on their

publicly recognizing

 

1) the independence

of the Arab states;

 

2) the right of those states

to form a union

reflecting a dominant Muslim

and specifically Arab culture;

 

3) the right of those states

to reverse steps taken

towards the creation

of a Jewish homeland

in Palestine;

 

and 4) al-Husayni himself

as the spiritual and political

representative of this pan-Arab,

Muslim entity.

 

In exchange,

al-Husayni collaborated

with the German

and Italian governments

by broadcasting pro-Axis,

anti-British,

and anti-Jewish propaganda

via radio to the Arab world;

inciting violence against Jews

and the British authorities

in the Middle East;

and recruiting young men

of Islamic faith

for service in German military,

Waffen-SS, and auxiliary units.

 

In turn,

the Germans

and the Italians

used al-Husayni

as a tool to inspire

support and collaboration

among Muslim residents

of regions under Axis control

and to incite anti-Allied

violence and rebellion

among Muslims residing

beyond the reach

of German arms.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007665

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007665

 

 

 

 

 

Palestine

 

Documentaire

 

La croix gammée et le turban

Allemagne, 2009, 53mn

 

 

Défenseur

de la cause panarabe

dès les années 20,

Amin al-Hussein

lutte contre

l'émigration des juifs

organisée par

les Britanniques

dans son pays,

la Palestine.

 

Affichant

une sympathie évidente

pour les thèses nazies

dès 1937,

il s'installe à Berlin,

fréquente

les dignitaires du IIIe Reich

et s'intéresse

à la solution finale (sic).

 

Il est également

à l'origine de la création

d'un corps d'élite musulman

destiné à combattre les Alliés,

incorporé à la Waffen SS

et composé de 12 000 hommes

recrutés en Bosnie et en Croatie.

http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/la-croix-gammee-et-le-turban--7105850.html - outdated link

 

 

http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2009-12-08-Grand-mufti

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
hajj-amin-al-husayni-the-mufti-of-jerusalem
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poland

 

Gross-Rosen concentration camp

 

 

The Gross-Rosen

concentration camp

was originally

established in 1940

as a subcamp

of the Sachsenhausen

concentration camp.

 

The camp was named

for the nearby village

of Gross-Rosen.

 

Now called

Rogoznica,

the village

is approximately

40 miles southwest

of Wroclaw

in present-day

western Poland.

 

In 1941,

Gross-Rosen

was designated

an autonomous

concentration camp.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germany

 

Sachsenhausen camp

 

 

The SS established

the Sachsenhausen

concentration camp

as the principal

concentration camp

for the Berlin area.

 

Located

near Oranienburg,

north of Berlin,

the Sachsenhausen

camp

opened on

July 12, 1936,

when the SS

transferred

50 prisoners

from the Esterwegen

concentration camp

to begin construction

of the camp.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005538

 

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005538

 

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Submerged:

the Jewish woman

who hid from Nazis

in Berlin

 

 

Marie Jalowicz Simon

was one

of 1,700 'U-boats',

German Jews

who survived the war

submerged

below the surface

of daily life.

 

Now

she has told all

in a book

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/submerged-jewish-woman-hid-nazis-berlin

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
submerged-jewish-woman-hid-nazis-berlin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1933

 

The persecution

of Jews in Germany

begins

 

 

Berufsverbot

 

The 1933 law

(prohibits)

Jews

and political opponents

from seeking employment

in certain professions

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
submerged-jewish-woman-hid-nazis-berlin

 

 

 

In 1933,

Nazi students

at more than 30 German universities

pillaged libraries in search of books

they considered to be "un-German."

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/
article/friedrich-wilhelm-forster

 

 

 

 

 

 

Signature: "Bild 183-R99542"

Old signature: Bild 146-1971-006-01

Original title: ADN-ZB/Archiv

Deutschland unter dem faschistischen Terrorregime 1933-1945

Weltweit als Dokument der Schande

für die Nazi-Schergen wurde dieses Foto vom März 1933.

ein jüdischer Anwalt,

der noch auf die Polizei als Hüterin von Recht und Ordnung vertraut hatte,

wird von SA-Rowdys, die als Hilfspolizisten fungierten,

über den Stachus in München getrieben.

Der Mann, den das Bild zeigt,

der Münchner Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel,

einer der ersten Opfer des braunen Terror-Regimes,

war einer der wenigen, der es überlebte,

obwohl er bis in die Kriegszeit hinein in Deutschland ausharrte.

Er ist am 15. März 1983 im 97.

Lebensjahr in Lima (Peru) gestorben.

Foto: Heinrich Sanden

Archive title: München.- Kahlgeschorener,

barfüßiger jüdischer Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel unter SS-Bewachung

mit einem Schild (retuschierte Aufschrift:

"Ich werde mich nie mehr bei der Polizei beschweren")

auf der Prielmayerstraße laufend; vgl. Bild 146-1971-006-02

Dating: 10. März 1933

Photographer: Sanden, Heinrich

Origin: Bundesarchiv

http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_1260350398/?search[view]=detail&search[focus]=1

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99542,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Judenverfolgung,_Michael_Siegel.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Bundesarchiv/Gallery

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Window of shop owned by Jewish merchant

w. sign reading JUDEN GESCHAFT (Jewish owned business),

sign is now required to be displayed by Nazi laws.

 

Location: Linz Oberdonan, Germany

Date taken: 1938

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=281f53d3b32636e2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
submerged-jewish-woman-hid-nazis-berlin

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-analysis-deborah-lipstadt-germany 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heidegger's 'black notebooks'

reveal antisemitism

at core of his philosophy

- March 2014

 

 

New publication shows

highly influential philosopher

saw 'world Judaism' as driver

of dehumanising modernity

 

He is widely regarded

as one of Europe's

most influential

20th century philosophers

whose writings

inspired some

of the important thinkers

of the modern era.

 

But almost four decades

after Martin Heidegger's death,

scholars in Germany and France

are asking whether

the antisemitic tendencies

of the author

of Being and Time

ran deeper than

previously thought.

 

The philosopher's

sympathies

for the Nazi regime

have been well

documented

in the past:

 

Heidegger

joined the party in 1933

and remained a member

until the end

of the second world war.

 

But antisemitic ideas

were previously thought

to have tainted his character

rather than touched

the core of his philosophy

– not least by Jewish thinkers

such as Hannah Arendt

or Jacques Derrida,

who cited their debt

to Heidegger.

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/13/
martin-heidegger-black-notebooks-reveal-nazi-ideology-antisemitism

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/martin-heidegger  

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/13/
martin-heidegger-black-notebooks-reveal-nazi-ideology-antisemitism

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Virginie Linhart :

"Le monde d'avant-guerre

est un monde antisémite"

 

VIDÉO.

La réalisatrice du documentaire

"Ce qu'ils savaient.

Les Alliés face à la Shoah"

explique le silence

de Churchill, Staline,

Roosevelt et de Gaulle.

 

Le remarquable

documentaire

de Virginie Linhart

révèle l'indifférence

générale des Alliés

face à la Shoah.

Le Point.fr - Publié le 26/10/2012 à 18:40 - Modifié le 27/10/2012 à 10:12

 

 

 

 

"La préoccupation principale

est de gagner la guerre.

 

N'oublions pas

que le monde d'avant-guerre

est un monde antisémite.

 

On aurait démobilisé

les populations

si on avait clamé

qu'on faisait la guerre

pour stopper

le génocide juif.

 

Cela aurait donné d'ailleurs

du grain à moudre

à la propagande allemande

qui martelait que les Alliés

faisaient la guerre

pour sauver les Juifs.

 

Il faut aussi rappeler

que les Juifs d'Europe de l'Est

étaient considérés

comme des moins que rien.

 

De Gaulle

établit cette hiérarchie

entre les Juifs de l'Est

et les Juifs français,

dont il est persuadé

qu'il ne leur arrivera rien.

 

Morgenthau,

le secrétaire d'État

au Trésor de Roosevelt,

est un Juif qui se soucie

assez peu des Juifs de l'Est.

 

Quand la Suède

négocie le passage

en pays neutre

de quatre mille enfants juifs,

elle spécifie

"préférer éviter les enfants juifs

d'origine polonaise".

 

Il y a donc

une hiérarchie très forte.

http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/virginie-linhart-le-monde-d-avant-guerre-
est-un-monde-antisemite-26-10-2012-1521550_3.php

 

 

http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/
virginie-linhart-le-monde-d-avant-guerre-est-un-monde-antisemite-26-10-2012-1521550_3.php
- broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

German antisemitism before and after Hitler's rise to power

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Hitler at the Berghof, Obersalzburg.

 

Location: Germany

Date taken: 1938

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

Life Images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
jewish-persecution-holocaust-hitler

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-wannsee-final-solution

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
holocaust-broken-glass-kristallnacht

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
german-antisemitism-holocaust-second-world-war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antisemitism in the United States

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html

 

http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?
res=9E0CEFDC133FF930A15752C1A964958260

 

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
res=F20712FC3D5A1B7A93C2A8178DD85F458285F9

 

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
res=FA0912FB345910738DDDAE0994D9415B808EF1D3

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Europe        Austria-Hungary        Antisemitism        19th and Early 20th Centuries


 

 

http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF

 

 

 

 

 

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF

http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521773083

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century

 

WW2 > Germany, Europe

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust

 

 

WW2 > UK, British Empire

Kindertransport    1938-1940

 

 

 

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