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History > 20th century > WW2 > Germany, Europe > Antisemitism > Holocaust > Timeline in pictures
Холокост. Последние свидетели | Документальный фильм Би-би-си Video 27.1.2020 BBC News - Русская служба
Эти женщины — одни из последних свидетелей ужасов Холокоста.
Уцелеть в концлагерях и гетто было невероятной удачей.
Истории выживших завораживают.
Но для них конец войны стал лишь началом чего-то большего.
До сегодняшнего дня выжившие пытаются понять, как забыть пережитый ужас и одновременно сохранить память о Холокосте. YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
how the Nazis used the German language to obscure the mechanics of mass murder and make genocide more palatable to themselves
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/
The Path to Nazi Genocide USHMM 13 January 2014
The Path to Nazi Genocide Video United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 13 January 2014
Using rare footage, the film examines the Nazis' rise and consolidation of power in Germany as well as their racist ideology, propaganda, and persecution of Jews and other innocent civilians.
It also outlines the path by which the Nazis led a state to war, and with their collaborators, killed millions -- including systematically murdering 6 million Jewish people.
This 38-minute resource is intended to provoke reflection and discussion about the role of ordinary people, institutions, and nations between 1918 and 1945.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRcNq4OYTyE
Schindler's List
Official Trailer Liam Neeson, Steven
Spielberg 1993
Schindler's List (1993) Official Trailer Video Liam Neeson, Steven Spielberg Movie HD
In Poland during World War II, Oskar Schindler gradually becomes concerned for his Jewish workforce after witnessing their persecution by the Nazis. YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
This page contains extremely graphic scenes of human suffering.
Please exercise caution when viewing.
The Nazis and their collaborators killed 6 million Jews during the second world war.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
500,000 Gypsies died in Hitler's death camps
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/29/
Map of the Holocaust in Europe during World War II, 1939-1945.
This map shows all extermination camps (or death camps), most major concentration camps, labor camps, prison camps, ghettos, major deportation routes and major massacre sites.
Wikipedia 20 December 2007(2007-12-20) Source Self-made by User: Dna-Dennis, using information from USHMM & Wikipedia. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png
Map of Eastern Europe, indicating locations of major Nazi concentration and death camps.
Cartography by Jen Rosenberg.
Map copyright 1998, 1999, and 2000 Jen Rosenberg. Base map courtesy the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/blmap.htm
Concentration and Extermination Camps and Major "Euthanasia" Centers
Cartography by Mapping Solutions, Alaska. Source: "Concentration and Extermination Camps and Major 'Euthanasia' Centers," in Jeremy Noakes, ed., Nazism, 1919-1945, Vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War, and Racial Extermination. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1998, p. 645.
German History in Documents and Images (GHDI) http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/concentration_ext_camps%20eng%20large-BH_final.pdf http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=3432 http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/index.cfm http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13
German Concentration Camps Factual Survey
Holocaust documentary deemed too horrific reaches cinemas – after 70 years 2015
Documentary | UK (72 mins) Video
A time capsule as much as a direct historical document, showing not only what the Allied Forces found when they first arrived at the Nazi concentration camps but also how the British government of the time thought it was appropriate to communicate the Nazi atrocities." -- Hollywood Reporter
In 1945, cameramen with the Allied troops documented the horrors they found in Germany.
The footage was assembled for a documentary by a brilliant team that included Alfred Hitchcock and Australian writer Colin Wills.
But the film was difficult, progress slow and it missed its moment.
By the autumn, British priorities for Germany had evolved from de-Nazification to reconstruction, and so the film was shelved, unfinished.
Nearly seven decades on, the documentary has been completed, the pictures restored and the narration recorded exactly as it was written in 1945, its factual inaccuracies and political biases intact.
German Concentration Camps Factual Survey is an extraordinary cultural artifact depicting the Holocaust through a 1945 lens.
YouTube > MIFF https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8ViLt5Xjgk
In 1945, Alfred Hitchcock advised on a film that would catalogue the horrors uncovered in concentration camps by Allied troops.
Now the Imperial War Museum has completed the film with previously unseen footage http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/20/holocaust-film-restored-imperial-war-museum
http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/22/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/20/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jan/09/
A vanished world: Roman Vishniac's street photography of Jewish life from the 1920s to 1950s – in pictures
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/sep/17/
Netherlands
Heinrich Boere 1921-2013
Heinrich Boere (...) murdered Dutch civilians as part of a Nazi Waffen SS hit squad during World War II
(...)
During his trial, Mr. Boere admitted killing three civilians as a member of the Silbertanne, or Silver Fir, a unit of largely Dutch SS volunteers responsible for assassinating countrymen considered anti-Nazi.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/world/europe/
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Adolf Eichmann 1906-1962
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Poland > Auschwitz
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Buchenwald
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Bergen-Belsen
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Dachau
Antisemitism > Holocaust > Germany > Dora-Mittelbau / Dora-Nordhausen / Nordhausen > Holocaust of Gardelegen
“Holocaust by bullets”
a third or more of the almost six million Jews killed in the Holocaust perished not in the industrial-scale murder of the camps, but in executions at what historians call killing sites:
thousands of villages, quarries, forests, wells, streets and homes that dot the map of Eastern Europe.
The vast numbers killed in what some have termed a “Holocaust by bullets” have slowly garnered greater attention in recent years as historians sift through often sketchy and incomplete records that became available after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
(...)
As the number of Holocaust survivors gradually declines, these documents or witness accounts — from Belarus, Ukraine, parts of Russia and the Baltic States — have illuminated a new picture of the Nazis’ methods.
Most of this slaughter occurred in Eastern Europe after the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, and it mixed with the increasing chaos of the war once the Germans failed to realize their ambition of subduing the Soviets in just eight to 12 weeks and faced the prospect of defeat.
“The further east the Wehrmacht went, the greater the killing,” Dieter Pohl, a professor of history at Klagenfurt University in Austria, said at a conference on the subject this month in Krakow, Poland.
The executions and unmarked mass graves became “an element of German rule in Eastern Europe.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/
My Nazi death camp childhood diary – in pictures
a Czech Jewish girl, was sent with her parents to the concentration camp at Terezin, a few days after her 12th birthday in 1941.
She kept a diary, in words and pictures, and when she and her mother were sent on to Auschwitz in 1944, her uncle hid the diary in a brick wall for safekeeping. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/gallery/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/16/
Florence Waren (born Sadie Rigal) 1917-2012
Even in the depths of war in occupied France, Florence Waren and Frederic Apcar — or “Florence et Frederic,” as they were billed — dazzled Paris, he in tails, she in jeweled gowns with flowers in her hair, the two of them gliding and swirling across the stage as one of the most famous ballroom-dance teams in Europe.
In old black-and-white photographs, Ms. Waren, then in her early 20s, is often airborne, seemingly weightless in Mr. Apcar’s arms.
At times they shared the stage with Édith Piaf and Maurice Chevalier.
And on many nights Nazi officers were in the audience.
But what the members of the Wehrmacht did not know was that Ms. Waren was, as she put it, “hiding in the spotlight.”
Ms. Waren was a Jew in disguise, performing in a Nazi-held city where Jews lived under constant threat.
She was a lawbreaker, hiding other Jews in her apartment, risking her own deportation to a concentration camp.
And she was a smuggler, helping to supply guns to the French Resistance.
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/
May 1945
Cap Arcona ship
(Cap Arcona) was heavily laden with prisoners from Nazi concentration camps when the Royal Air Force sank her, killing about 5,000 people;
with more than 2,000 further casualties in the sinkings of the accompanying vessels of the prison fleet; Deutschland and Thielbek.
This was one of the biggest single-incident maritime losses of life in the Second World War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3606747/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/26/
Documentary "Les Alliés face à la Shoah"
Germany Eisenhower à Ohrdruf 12 avril 1945
Le 12 avril 1945, le général Eisenhower pénètre dans le camp d'Ohrdruf, annexe de Buchenwald.
Découvrant l'horreur du génocide juif, il ordonne que tous les soldats qui ne sont pas indispensables sur le front voient le camp afin de comprendre contre quoi ils se battent.
Parallèlement, il câble à Londres et Washington pour que viennent au plus vite les délégations officielles et les journalistes.
Les jours suivants, les premières images de l'enfer sont filmées et diffusées dans le monde entier.
En choisissant de revenir sur le génocide du point de vue des quatre grands Alliés, [ le documentaire "Les Alliés face à la Shoah" ] propose une autre histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dévoilant les choix et les motivations qui guidèrent Roosevelt, Churchill, Staline et de Gaulle, sur la base de documents déclassifiés.
https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/memoire-et-culture/
https://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/
http://www.franceinter.fr/
http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006131
SS doctor Aribert Ferdinand Heim / 'Dr Death' 1914-1992
member of Hitler’s elite Waffen-SS and a medical doctor at the Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps.
[ ... ]
Dr. Heim was accused of performing operations on prisoners without anesthesia; removing organs from healthy inmates, then leaving them to die on the operating table; injecting poison, including gasoline, into the hearts of others; and taking the skull of at least one victim as a souvenir.
After living below the radar of Nazi hunters for more than a decade after World War II — much of it in the German spa town of Baden-Baden where he had a wife, two sons and a medical practice as a gynecologist — he escaped capture just as investigators closed in on him in 1962. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html
http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2012/09/21/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/02/04/world/africa/20090204-nazi-documents.html
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/02/04/world/20090204NAZI_index.html
Carl Peter Værnet 1893-1965
A Danish Nazi, SS Dr Carl Værnet, conducted medical experiments on gay concentration camp prisoners.
Unlike most other Nazi doctors, he was never put on trial at Nuremburg.
Instead, with Danish and British collusion, he was able to escape to Argentina, where he lived openly and continued his research into methods for the eradication of homosexuality.
Værnet was a Copenhagen doctor who, realising the opportunities offered by the homophobic policies of the Third Reich, joined the Nazi party and enlisted in the SS to pursue his research to “cure” gay men.
This research was conducted on the personal authority of Heinrich Himmler.
The Gestapo chief demanded the “extermination of abnormal existence … the homosexual must be entirely eliminated”.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
Germany Wöbbelin concentration camp
The Wöbbelin camp, near the city of Ludwigslust, was a subcamp of the Neuengamme
The SS had established Wöbbelin in early February 1945 to house concentration camp prisoners whom the SS had evacuated from other camps to prevent their liberation by the Allies.
At its height, Wöbbelin held some 5,000 inmates, many of whom were suffering from starvation and disease. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006160
American soldiers liberating prisoners from the Nazi concentration camp at the end of WWII.
Location: Woebbelin, Germany Date taken: 1945
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=b5d529776faeca21
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/woebbelin
The Middle East after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/
WWII casualties
Civilian and Military Deaths in the Second World War
National Death Tolls for the Second World War
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2854730
http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/navy-casualties/
http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/
Nazi persecution of homosexuals
Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps
"Triangles roses" déportés pour homosexualité par les nazis
After taking power in 1933, the Nazis persecuted homosexuals as part of their so-called moral crusade to racially and culturally purify Germany.
This persecution ranged from dissolution of homosexual organizations to internment of thousands of individuals in concentration camps.
Gay men, in particular, were subject to harassment, arrest, incarceration, and even castration.
In Nazi eyes, gay men were weak and unfit to be soldiers, as well as unlikely to have children and thereby contribute to the racial struggle for Aryan dominance. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/
Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps
Six million Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps of World War II, along with thousands of Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people and political dissidents. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4262892.stm
The first to be singled out for systematic murder by the Nazis were the mentally ill and intellectually disabled.
By the end of World War II, an estimated 300,000 of them had been gassed or starved, their fates hidden by phony death certificates and then largely overlooked among the many atrocities that were to be perpetrated in Nazi Germany in the years to follow.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/
Bones of anti-Nazi German women still are in the crematoriums in the German concentration camp at Weimar, Germany, taken by the 3rd U.S. Army.
Prisoners of all nationalities were tortured and killed.
Pfc. W. Chichersky, April 14, 1945. 111-SC- 203461. Pictures of World War II US National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-182.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/?template=print#holocaust
May 15, 1944
Systematic deportations of Jews from Hungary begin
German forces occupy Hungary on March 19, 1944.
In April 1944, all Jews except those in Budapest are ordered into ghettos.
Systematic deportations from the ghettos in Hungary to Auschwitz-Birkenau begin the next month, in May 1944.
In less than three months, nearly 440,000 Jews are deported from Hungary in more than 145 trains.
The overwhelming majority are killed upon arrival in Auschwitz. http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/during_holocaust.asp
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/patriotes-de-tous-les-pays/article/130520/
May 1944
Hungary
Budapest census
The May 1944 Budapest census was to identify houses to serve as holding locations for Jews before moving them to a planned walled ghetto in the city’s seventh district.
Two months earlier Nazi Germany had occupied Hungary and deportations in the countryside to the gas chambers of Auschwitz began almost immediately.
Shortly after the census, around 200,000 Jews were moved into 2,000 selected buildings, “Yellow Star Houses” with the Star-of-David Jewish symbol painted on the doors.
(...)
In late 1944, they were crammed into the ghetto, where some died of starvation or were shot next to the river
(...)
The arrival of the Russian army in January 1945 saved the rest though, and unlike the Jews from outside the city, most of Budapest’s Jewish population survived.
An estimated total of 600,000 Hungarian Jews perished in the Holocaust, most in Auschwitz.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/
Near Linz, Austria Mauthausen-Gusen Extermination camp
Some of the bodies being removed by German civilians for decent burial at Gusen Concentration Camp, Muhlhausen, near Linz, Austria.
Men were worked in nearby stone quarries until too weak for more, then killed.
T4c. Sam Gilbert, May 12, 1945.
111-SC- 204811. Pictures of World War II US National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-180.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/?template=print#holocaust
Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44,000 camps and other incarceration sites (including ghettos).
The perpetrators used these locations for a range of purposes, including forced labor, detention of people deemed to be "enemies of the state," and mass murder.
Millions of people suffered and died or were killed.
Among these sites was the Mauthausen camp.
Nazi Germany incorporated Austria in the Anschluss of March 11-13, 1938.
Shortly thereafter, Reichsführer-SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler, SS General Oswald Pohl, the chief of the SS Administration and Business Offices, and SS General Theodor Eicke, the Inspector of Concentration Camps, inspected a site they thought suitable for the establishment of a concentration camp to incarcerate, as Upper Austrian Nazi Party district leader August Eigruber put it, “traitors to the people from all over Austria.”
The site was on the bank of the Danube River, near the “Wiener Graben” stone quarry, which was owned by the city of Vienna.
It was located about three miles from the town of Mauthausen in Upper Austria, 12.5 miles southeast of Linz. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mauthausen
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mauthausen
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/28/
Austria
Ebensee extermination camp subcamp of the Mauthausen camp
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/feb/05/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/gallery/ebensee
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000305
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/forgive_03.shtml
Austria
Gunskirchen one of the many subcamps of the Mauthausen concentration camp
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1035415
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa8880
https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/
North-eastern Poland
Sobibor death camp / forced labour camp
Nazi camp guard John Demjanjuk / Ivan Demjanjuk 1920-2012
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/world/europe/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/17/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/europe/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/12/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/01/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/03/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/12/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/11/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/12/13/sobibor_2002_review.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2001/jul/27/artsfeatures
https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1673471.stm
Film documentaire
Hitler et ses rançonneurs Allemagne, 2011, 52mn
Réalisateurs: Caroline Schmidt, Stefan Aust, Thomas Ammann
"Juifs d'échange" : c'est ainsi que les nazis désignaient les prisonniers juifs qui, par leur valeur marchande, leur étaient plus utiles vivants que morts.
C'est un chapitre peu connu de l'histoire de la Shoah.
Dès 1943, Himmler (1900-1945) orchestre un juteux trafic : certains déportés, qui par leur nationalité ou leurs relations avaient un lien avec l'étranger, sont échangés contre des Allemands, des armes, ou simplement rachetés.
Au coeur du système, le camp de Bergen-Belsen, où sont regroupés ces juifs jugés "utiles".
Mais quand les nazis voient la défaite approcher, la vie de ces marchandises humaines n'a plus guère d'importance... http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,dayPeriod=evening.html#anchor_4093268 - outdated link
Northern Italy
Bolzano, Nazi concentration / transit camp
In October and November 1943, German authorities rounded up Jews in Rome, Milan, Genoa, Florence, Trieste, and other major cities in northern Italy.
They established police transit camps at Fossoli di Carpi, approximately 12 miles north of Modena, at Bolzano in northeastern Italy, and at Borgo San Dalmazzo, near the French border, to concentrate the Jews prior to deportation. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/
Poland Fürstengrube subcamp
The Fürstengrube subcamp was organized in the summer of 1943 at the Fürstengrube hard coal mine in the town of Wesoła (Wessolla), now part of the city of Mysłowice (Myslowitz), approximately 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) from Auschwitz.
The mine, which IG Farbenindustrie AG acquired in February 1941, was to supply hard coal for the IG Farben factory being built in Auschwitz.
Besides the old Fürstengrube mine, called the Altanlage, a new mine (Fürstengrube-Neuanlage) had been designed and construction had begun;
it was to provide for greater coal output in the future.
Coal production at the new mine was anticipated to start in late 1943, so construction was treated as very urgent; however, that plan proved to be unfeasible. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz-fuerstengrube
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
Poland
Majdanek camp
During the entire period of its existence, the Majdanek camp was under construction.
Construction on the camp began in October 1941 with the arrival of about 2,000 Soviet prisoners of war.
Most of the Soviet prisoners of war at Majdanek were too weak to work; virtually all were dead by February 1942.
The SS also detailed Jewish forced laborers from the Lipowa Street camp, located in the center of Lublin, to help construct Majdanek.
On December 11-12, 1941, the SS rounded up more than 300 Jews in the streets of Lublin and selected 150 of them as the first Jewish prisoners to be incarcerated in Majdanek.
During January and February 1942, the SS and police selected Polish Jews from the Lublin ghetto and brought them to Majdanek for forced labor.
In January and February 1942, the first non-Jewish Polish prisoners also arrived in Majdanek. https://ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005190
https://ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005190
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/world/
Les 29 et 30 septembre 1941, les Einsatzgruppen de Hitler massacrent 33 771 juifs ukrainiens dans le ravin de Babi Yar, à Kiev, simplement parce qu'ils étaient juifs.
Quelque 100 000 autres malheureux étaient exécutés les semaines suivantes.
(...)
Le chiffre de 6 millions de victimes de la Shoah est retenu par la plupart des autorités compétentes sur le sujet.
L'historien américain Raul Hilberg estime ce nombre à 5,1 millions de victimes avec la répartition suivante :
800 000 dans les ghettos,
1,3 million exécutées par les Einsatzgruppen
et 3 millions dans les camps. http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/documentaire/72335/shoah-les-allies-savaient.html
http://tvmag.lefigaro.fr/programme-tv/article/documentaire/72335/
http://www.franceinter.fr/
in June 1941, (...) the Germans invaded the eastern half of Poland, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union.
With their Ukrainian collaborators, the Germans began mass roundups and machine-gun executions of Jewish men.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/
France Drancy camp 1941-1944
The Drancy camp, named after the northeastern suburb of Paris in which it was located, was established by the Germans in August 1941 as an internment camp for foreign Jews in France; it later became the major transit camp for the deportations of Jews from France.
Until July 1, 1943, French police staffed the camp under the overall control of the German Security Police.
In July 1943 the Germans took direct control of the Drancy camp and SS officer Alois Brunner became camp commandant. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005215
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/drancy
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/
http://www.ajpn.org/internement-Camp-de-Drancy-67.html
https://www.youtube.com/
http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2012/11/14/drancy-sous-la-cite-le-camp_860172
http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2012/09/21/
http://www.leparisien.fr/societe/
http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/
http://blog.lefigaro.fr/malbrunot/2011/07/alois-brunner-les-allemands-on.html
Lithuania
Lithuanian Jews with compulsory “J” badges separating them from the Aryan population, 1941.
Photograph: AP
Eighty years after Kristallnacht, why my family has become German again G Sat 10 Nov 2018 15.00 GMT Last modified on Sat 10 Nov 2018 15.45 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/10/
The Nazis wasted little time after pushing into Lithuania in June, 1941
The Jews of Zagare were herded into a ghetto.
Almost 1,000 Jews from nearby towns, including Siauliai, were forced to join them.
On Oct. 2, 1941, they were ordered into the main square before being taken into the woods for execution by Nazi SS killers and their Lithuanian accomplices.
SS Standartenführer Karl Jäger stated in a report that day that 2,236 Jews were killed in Zagare.
In 1944, the Soviets, having fought their way back, examined a mass grave and found 2,402 corpses (530 men, 1,223 women, 625 children, 24 babies). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/opinion/cohen-the-last-jew-in-zagare.html
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/nov/10/
https://www.npr.org/2018/10/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/
May 1941 - March 1945
France
Camp de concentration de Natzweiler
Le camp central, seul camp de concentration sur le territoire français, est situé en ce qui était alors l'Alsace annexée.
Sa nébuleuse de camps annexes, répartie des 2 côtés du Rhin, est composée d'un réseau de près de 70 camps, plus ou moins grands. http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/introduction-a-lhistoire-du-camp/
Les déportés du Kl-Natzweiler, arrivés de toute l’Europe, proviennent de tous les horizons.
En grande majorité, ce sont des déportés politiques, dont les « Nacht und Nebel », mais aussi des Juifs, Tziganes, homosexuels…
The Germans established the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp near the town of Natzweiler, about 31 miles southwest of Strasbourg, the capital of the province of Alsace (in eastern France).
It was one of the smaller concentration camps built by the Germans.
Until construction was completed in May 1941, prisoners slept in the nearby former Hotel Struthof, hence the name Natzweiler-Struthof.
The camp held about 1,500 prisoners.
Prisoners worked in nearby granite quarries, in construction projects, and in the maintenance of the camp.
Beginning in the summer of 1943, the Germans detained many "Night and Fog" prisoners in Natzweiler-Struthof.
The "Night and Fog" (Nacht und Nebel) operation represented a German attempt to subdue growing anti-German resistance in western Europe.
Suspected resistance fighters were arrested and their families were not notified; the prisoners simply disappeared into the "Night and Fog."
Many prisoners in the Natzweiler-Struthof camp were members of the French resistance.
In August 1943, a gas chamber was constructed in Natzweiler-Struthof in one of the buildings that had formed part of the hotel compound.
The bodies of more than 80 Jewish prisoners gassed at Natzweiler-Struthof were sent to the Strasbourg University Institute of Anatomy.
There, anatomist Dr. August Hirt amassed a large collection of Jewish skeletons in order to establish Jewish "racial inferiority" by means of anthropological study.
The gas chamber was also used in pseudoscientific medical experiments involving poison gas.
The victims of these experiments were primarily Roma (Gypsies) who had been transferred from Auschwitz.
Prisoners were also subjected to experiments involving treatment for typhus and yellow fever. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260
http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/les-deportes-du-kl-natzweiler/
https://fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu03085/
http://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2010/09/25/
December 7, 1941
Poland
Chelmno Death Camp established
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/chelmno.html
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chelmno
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005194&MediaId=130
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/holocaust_overview_01.shtml
Czechoslovakia
Theresienstadt camp, outside Prague
The Theresienstadt "camp-ghetto" existed for three and a half years, between November 24, 1941 and May 9, 1945.
During its existence, Theresienstadt served
three purposes:
1) First, Theresienstadt served as a transit camp for Czech Jews whom the Germans deported to killing centers, concentration camps, and forced-labor camps in German-occupied Poland, Belorussia, and the Baltic States.
2) Second, it was a ghetto-labor camp to which the SS deported and then incarcerated certain categories of German, Austrian, and Czech Jews, based on their age, disability as a result of past military service, or domestic celebrity in the arts and other cultural life.
To mislead about or conceal the physical annihilation of the Jews deported from the Greater German Reich, the Nazi regime employed the general fiction, primarily inside Germany, that the deported Jews would be deployed at productive labor in the East.
Since it seemed implausible that elderly Jews could be used for forced labor, the Nazis used Theresienstadt to hide the nature
of the deportations.
3) Third, Theresienstadt served as a holding pen for Jews in the above-mentioned groups.
It was expected that that poor conditions there would hasten the deaths of many deportees, until the SS and police could deport the survivors to killing centers in the East.
Neither a "ghetto" as such nor strictly a concentration camp, Theresienstadt served as a “settlement,” an assembly camp, and a concentration camp, and thus had recognizable features of both ghettos and concentration camps.
In its function as a tool of deception, Theresienstadt was a unique facility. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005424
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/theresienstadt https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/theresienstadt-red-cross-visit
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/02/24/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/19/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2010/jun/13/
http://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/dec/13/
Belgium Breendonck Internment Camp
Flemish Nazi SS guard now himself a prisoner in Breendonk after Allied forces overran the notorious concentration camp.
Location: Antwerp, Belgium Date taken: September 1944
Photographer: George Rodger Life Images
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/breendonck.html
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/breendonk
Transportation of Jews to concentration camps
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
Concentration camps in France
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France
Poland
Skarzysko-Kamienna camp
Forced labor camp for Jews, located in the Polish town of Skarzysko-Kamienna.
The camp belonged to the German Hasag concern.
It was established in August 1942 and was liquidated on August 1, 1944.
Altogether, 25,000--30,000 Jews were brought to Skarzysko-Kamienna, and between 18,000--23,000 perished there. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf
https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf
Poland
Plaszow concentration camp
Schindler’s List
The Plaszow camp, established in 1942 under the authority of the SS and police leaders in Krakow (Cracow), was initially a forced-labor camp for Jews.
The original site of the camp included two Jewish cemeteries.
From time to time the SS enlarged the camp.
It reached its maximum size in 1944, the same year that it became a concentration camp.
Until that time, most of the camp guards were Ukrainian police auxiliaries chosen from among Soviet soldiers in German prisoner-of-war camps and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Lublin. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005301
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/plaszow
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/world/europe/19pemper.html
July 22, 1942
WARSAW JEWS
DEPORTED TO TREBLINKA KILLING CENTER
Between July 22 and mid-September 1942, over 300,000 people are deported from the Warsaw ghetto:
more than 250,000 of them are deported to the Treblinka killing center.
Deportees are forced to the Umschlagplatz (deportation point), which is connected to the Warsaw-Malkinia rail line.
They are crowded into freight cars and most are deported, via Malkinia, to Treblinka.
The overwhelming majority of the deportees are killed upon arrival in Treblinka.
In September, at the end of the 1942 mass deportation, only about 55,000 Jews remain in the ghetto. http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations
JULY 15, 1942
SYSTEMATIC DEPORTATIONS FROM THE NETHERLANDS BEGIN
Jews in the Netherlands have been systematically concentrated in the Westerbork transit camp.
The majority of Jews sent to Westerbork remain there only a short time before their deportation to killing centers in the east.
Beginning on July 15, 1942, the Germans deport nearly 100,000 Jews from Westerbork: about 60,000 to Auschwitz, over 34,000 to Sobibor, almost 5,000 to the Theresienstadt ghetto, and nearly 4,000 to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
The overwhelming majority of those deported are killed upon arrival in the camps. http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
500,000 Gypsies died in Hitler's death camps http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/nov/29/secondworldwar.biography
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/jun/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/
After the Wannsee Conference the Nazis begin the systematic deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six extermination camps established in former Polish territory -- Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Majdanek
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/wannsee-conference-and-the-final-solution http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1533 https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/opinion/the-suffering-olympics.html
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/23/historybooks.features1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/hitler_audio.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution
Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), convenes the Wannsee Conference in a villa outside Berlin.
At this conference, he presents plans to coordinate a European-wide “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” to key officials from the German State and the Nazi Party.
The "Final Solution" was the code name for the systematic, deliberate, physical annihilation of the European Jews.
At some still undetermined time in 1941, Hitler authorized this European-wide scheme for mass murder.
Heydrich convened the Wannsee Conference to inform and secure support from government ministries and other interested agencies relevant to the implementation of the “Final Solution,” and to disclose to the participants that Hitler himself had tasked Heydrich and the RSHA with coordinating the operation.
The attendees did not deliberate whether such a plan should be undertaken, but instead discussed the implementation of a policy decision that had already been made at the highest level of the Nazi regime.
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
Poland Trawniki camp
The SS camp at Trawniki in the Lublin District of the General Government existed from July 1941 through July 1944.
It underwent four changes of function and purpose in the three years of its existence.
From July until September 1941, Trawniki served as a holding pen for Soviet civilians and soldiers.
From September 1941 until July 1944, it was a training facility for police auxiliaries deployed in Operation Reinhard.
From June 1942 until September 1943, it served as a forced-labor camp for Jews within the framework of Operation Reinhard.
Between September 1943 and May 1944 it was a subcamp of the Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/trawniki
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/trawniki
https://www.npr.org/2019/01/11/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/
Once the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 the mass killing of Jews began.
Mobile killing units known as conducted mass shootings.
With the assistance of the German army and police battalions, as well as Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Latvian and Belorussian auxiliaries, the Einsatzgruppen murdered approximately 1 to 1.5 million Jews.
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005463
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/feb/22/
Poland
Treblinka killing center
Nazi death camp where 875,000 people were killed
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
Quelque 870 000 juifs ont été assassinés dans ce camp en treize mois.
http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2016/02/21/
Operation Reinhard (also known as Aktion Reinhard) authorities chose the site for the Treblinka killing center in a sparsely populated area near the villages of Treblinka and Malkinia.
Malkinia was located on the main Warsaw-Bialystok rail line, about 50 miles northeast of Warsaw, in the Generalgouvernement (that part of German-occupied Poland not directly annexed to Germany, attached to German East Prussia, or incorporated into the German-occupied Soviet Union).
In November 1941, under the auspices of the SS and Police Leader for District Warsaw in the Generalgouvernement, SS and police authorities established a forced-labor camp for Jews, known as Treblinka, later as Treblinka I.
The camp also served the SS and police authorities as a so-called Labor Education Camp for non-Jewish Poles whom the Germans perceived to have violated labor discipline.
Both Polish and Jewish inmates, imprisoned in separate compounds of the labor camp, were deployed at forced labor.
The majority of the forced laborers worked in a nearby gravel pit.
In July 1942, the Operation Reinhard authorities completed the construction of a killing center, known as Treblinka II, approximately a mile from the labor camp.
When Treblinka II commenced operations, two other Operation Reinhard camps, Belzec and Sobibor, were already in operation. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/treblinka
http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2016/02/21/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/20/
1941
Romania Bucharest
Painter Hedwig Lindenberg / Hedda Sterne (1910-2011) narrowly escaped a roundup and massacre of Jews at her apartment building and fled Bucharest for New York
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/
Un espion au coeur de la chimie nazie : Zyklon B - Les Américains savaient-ils ?
Documentaire Allemagne, 2010, 52mn, WDR
Réalisateur: Egmont R. Koch, Scott Christianson
Au-delà de l'histoire du gaz Zyklon B qui permit d'exterminer des centaines de milliers de juifs, une enquête sur les relations étranges qu'entretenaient industriels allemands et américains.
Le procédé pour fabriquer le gaz Zyklon B à base d'acide prussique était détenu par le trust allemand IG Farben, qui regroupait les plus grandes entreprises chimiques d'outre-Rhin.
De son côté, la firme américaine Dupont de Nemours, qui avait passé dès 1927 des accords avec IG Farben en matière de recherche et de développement, travaillait aussi sur l'acide prussique et avait déjà testé son produit en 1924 sur un condamné à mort.
Le 3 septembre 1941, les SS font une expérience de gazage sur des prisonniers de guerre soviétiques internés à Auschwitz.
Parallèlement, Erwin Respondek, un économiste au service d'IG Farben qui désapprouvait la politique des nazis mais qui désapprouvait leur politique (sic), commence à faire passer des informations sur les gaz asphyxiants allemands via l'ambassade américaine située tout près de son bureau berlinois.
Mais le gouvernement américain ne semble guère s'en préoccuper...
De Berlin à Bâle, de la Bavière au lac des Quatre-Cantons, une enquête fouillée qui veut aussi réhabiliter la mémoire d'Erwin Respondek, un Juste à sa manière http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/244,broadcastingNum=1336642,day=4,week=45,year=2011.html - outdated link
Final Solution
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/07/
Initiating the Final Solution
The Fateful Months of September-October 1941
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib88717
Modus Operandi - L'Holocauste Belge
Film documentaire
Réalisateur: Hugues Lanneau Belgique, 2008, 98mn
Comment, au nom de la politique du "moindre mal", les fonctionnaires et responsables politiques belges ont collaboré avec l'occupant nazi pour déporter les juifs.
Ce documentaire retrace la mise en place d'un dispositif de répression qui, avec la complicité des fonctionnaires belges, a mené à la déportation de près de 25 000 juifs, dont à peine 5 % ont survécu.
En mai 1940, les nazis envahissent la Belgique.
Le gouvernement fuit à Londres, laissant l'administration gérer le quotidien de l'occupation.
À la manière d'un piège qui se referme, les mesures discriminatoires contre les juifs vont aller crescendo, comme dans le reste de l'Europe :
diabolisation dans le discours, exclusion des lieux publics, interdiction d'exercer certaines professions, port obligatoire de l'étoile jaune, etc.
L'administration belge va appliquer les ordres de l'occupant et parfois même les devancer, facilitant les premières rafles, qui surviennent en 1942.
Les images d'archives, les témoignages d'une dizaine de rescapés wallons et flamands ainsi que les photos des déportés appuient la réalité abstraite des chiffres énoncés tout au long du film et donnent des visages aux vingt-six convois ayant quitté la Belgique pour Auschwitz.
Le documentaire soulève un point sensible de l'histoire nationale :
les responsabilités de l'administration belge ont longtemps été niées et les rares personnes jugées ont bénéficié de non-lieux ou de remises de peine.
Il faudra attendre les années 2000 pour voir attribuer des réparations matérielles aux victimes de l'holocauste en Belgique. http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=24/8/2011.html - outdated link
Vatican > Vigna Pia monastery
Baron Otto Gustav von Wächter
8 July 1901, Vienna, Austria-Hungary – 14 July 1949, Rome, Italy
Von Wächter, though indicted in 1945 for mass murder, is the man who escapes justice, the one who gets away.
(...)
a committed Nazi, a party member since 1923 who rose through the ranks as Hitler consolidated his power to be appointed governor of Kraków in 1939 and then of Galicia in 1942, directly accountable to Heinrich Himmler until the fall of the Nazi regime.
In 1945, wanted by the allies, Von Wächter evades capture, surviving as a fugitive for three years in the Austrian Alps before coming under the protection of a Vatican bishop,
Hiding in Rome, an anonymous tenant in the Vigna Pia monastery, Von Wächter waits for safe passage via the secret channels by which Nazi refugees were trafficked to Argentina along “the ratline”, a shadowy pathway out of Rome in a city now abuzz with Soviet and American spies.
Three months in, Von Wächter is taken ill under mysterious circumstances.
Two monks drop him off at the nearby Santo Spirito hospital, under a false identity.
Four days later, he’s dead.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
https://www.ft.com/content/7d6214f2-b2be-11e2-8540-00144feabdc0
Vatican
Pope Pius XII / Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 1876-1958
Pope from 1939 to 1958
L to R: Orsenigo with Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop 12 January 1939
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26878,
Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv Original title: Neujahrsempfang Hitler's in Berlin. - Vorn im Bild: Naziaußenminister Ribbentrop im Gespräch mit dem Nuntius Orsenigo. 511-39 Archive title: Empfang der Reichsregierung in der neuen Reichskanzlei Dating: 12. Januar 1939 Signature: Bild 183-H26878 Inventory: Bild 183 - Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst - Zentralbild
http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_
Pius XII never openly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews
Cesare Vincenzo Orsenigo 1873-1946 Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1930 to 1945
Shoah: ce que savait l'Eglise
Les archives secrètes du Vatican sur Pie XII sont enfin ouvertes [ depuis mars 2020 ].
Un historien allemand a déjà trouvé la preuve que le chef de l'Eglise catholique était informé sur la Shoah dès septembre 1942.
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/pius-xii
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/09/hitlers-pope-pius-xii-holocaust
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jun/24/nazis-run-gerald-steinacher-review
http://www.lemonde.fr/opinions/article/2010/01/19/ http://www.independent.ie/topics/Pope+Pius+XII
http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1078579/
http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/3615188/part_2/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7624455.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2611847.stm
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/31/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/21/
1940
German director Veit Harlan's “Jew Süss”
perhaps the most notoriously anti-Semitic movie ever made http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/movies/02suss.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/feb/25/
Beginning in July 1940, Bulgaria instituted anti-Jewish legislation.
Jews were excluded from public service, discriminated against in their choice of places of residence, and restricted economically.
Marriage between Jews and non-Jews was prohibited.
During the war, German-allied Bulgaria did not deport Bulgarian Jews.
Bulgaria did, however, deport non-Bulgarian Jews from the territories it had annexed from Yugoslavia and Greece.
In March 1943, Bulgarian authorities arrested all the Jews in Macedonia and Thrace.
In Macedonia, formerly part of Yugoslavia, Bulgarian officials interned 7,000 Jews in a transit camp in Skopje.
In Thrace, formerly a Bulgarian-occupied province of Greece, about 4,000 Jews were deported to Bulgarian assembly points at Gorna Dzhumaya and Dupnitsa and handed over to the Germans.
In all, Bulgaria deported over 11,000 Jews to German-held territory.
By the end of March 1943, most of them had been deported to the Treblinka extermination camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Hitler/Jaeger File German soldiers in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Location: Sofia, Bulgaria Date taken: March 1941
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2730dbde89a2ce69
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bulgaria
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/apr/19/
Poland
Hitler/Jaeger File Jewish women and children in Gostynin Poland after the German invasion.
Location: Gostynin, Poland Date taken: October 1939
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022 Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6fb3e6286c8dc577
Czech Jews Enduring the Holocaust
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/
1939-1945
Le génocide des Tsiganes européens
Les Nazis considéraient les Tsiganes comme "racialement inférieurs", et le destin de ceux-ci fut, en de nombreux points, parallèle à celui des Juifs.
Les Tsiganes subirent l'internement, le travail forcé et beaucoup furent assassinés.
Ils étaient aussi soumis à la déportation dans les camps d'extermination.
Les Einsatzgruppen (unités mobiles d’extermination) assassinèrent des dizaines de milliers de Tsiganes dans les territoires de l'est occupés par les Allemands.
En outre, des milliers d’entre eux furent tués dans les camps d'extermination d'Auschwitz-Birkenau, de Chelmno, de Belzec, de Sobibor et de Treblinka.
Les nazis incarcérèrent aussi des milliers de Tsiganes dans les camps de concentration de Bergen-Belsen, de Sachsenhausen, de Buchenwald, de Dachau, de Mauthausen et de Ravensbrück. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/fr/article.php?ModuleId=75
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/fr/
Poland
Belzec killing center
The small town of Belzec was located in southeastern Poland between the cities of Zamosc and Lvov (L’viv).
During the German occupation of Poland in World War II, this area was located in the Lublin District of the Generalgouvernement (that part of German-occupied Poland not directly annexed to Germany, attached to German East Prussia or incorporated into the German-occupied Soviet Union).
In 1940, the Germans established a string of labor camps along the Bug (Buh) River, which, until the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, formed the demarcation line between German- and Soviet-occupied Poland.
The headquarters of this complex was a labor camp established on the outskirts of Belzec.
SS officials forced Jews deported from Lublin District and other parts of the Generalgouvernement to the Belzec labor camp and its subsidiary camps to build fortifications and antitank ditches along the Bug River.
The Belzec labor camp and its subsidiaries were dismantled at the end of 1940.
In November 1941, SS and police authorities in Lublin District began construction of a killing center on the site of the former Belzec labor camp.
The choice of location was dictated by good rail connections and proximity to significant Jewish populations in the Lvov, Krakow, and Lublin districts of the Generalgouvernement.
The facility was finished in the late winter of 1942 as part of what later would be called Operation Reinhard (also called Aktion Reinhard), the plan implemented by the SS and Police Leader in Lublin to murder the Jews of the Generalgouvernement.
Belzec began operations on March 17, 1942; the first Jewish communities deported to Belzec were those of Lublin and Lvov.
Belzec was the second German killing center, and the first of the Operation Reinhard killing centers, to begin operation.
Located along the Lublin-Lvov railway line, the killing center was only 1,620 feet from the Belzec railway station.
A small rail siding connected the camp and the station.
The SS staff and auxiliary police guards assigned to the camp were housed in a separate compound near the railroad station. https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005191
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/05/
1939-1945 Netherlands Westerbork transit camp
A map of Westerbork as drawn by Mirjam Bolle during her internment there.
The Lost Diaries of War Volunteers are helping forgotten Dutch diarists of WWII to speak at last. Their voices, filled with anxiety, isolation and uncertainty, resonate powerfully today NYT April 15, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/15/
‘It’s important to understand where this girl was coming from’ … Anne Frank in 1941.
Photograph: Anne Frank Fonds/Alamy
Unseen Anne Frank letters illuminate life before confinement
Translated into English for the first time, letters to grandmother and others reveal context of birthdays, boys and braces as well as the rising Nazi menace G Sat 25 May 2019 07.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
The Westerbork camp was situated in the northeastern part of the Netherlands in the Dutch province of Drenthe, near the towns of Westerbork and Assen.
The Dutch government established a camp at Westerbork in October 1939 to intern Jewish refugees who had entered the Netherlands illegally.
The camp continued to function after the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940.
In 1941 it had a population of 1,100 Jewish refugees, mostly from Germany.
From 1942 to 1944 Westerbork served as a transit camp for Dutch Jews before they were deported to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland.
In early 1942, the Germans enlarged the camp.
In July 1942 the German Security Police, assisted by an SS company and Dutch military police, took control of Westerbork.
Erich Deppner was appointed camp commandant and Westerbork's role as a transit camp for deportations to the east began, with deportation trains leaving every Tuesday.
From July 1942 until September 3, 1944, the Germans deported 97,776 Jews from Westerbork:
54,930 to Auschwitz in 68 transports,
34,313 to Sobibor in 19 transports,
4,771 to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 7 transports,
and 3,762 to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 9 transports.
Most of those deported to Auschwitz and Sobibor were killed upon arrival. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/westerbork
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
Poland, Hungary > World War II > Antisemitism > Ghettos
Poland
Stutthof concentration / extermination camp
In September 1939, the Germans established the Stutthof camp in a wooded area west of Stutthof (Sztutowo), a town about 22 miles east of Danzig (Gdansk).
The area was secluded: to the north was the Bay of Danzig, to the east the Vistula Bay, and to the west the Vistula River.
The land was very wet, almost at sea level.
The camp was situated along the Danzig-Elbing highway on the way to the popular Baltic Sea resort town of Krynica Morska.
Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief.
In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp, administered by the German Security Police.
Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp.
The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by barbed-wire fences.
In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one.
It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences.
The camp staff consisted of SS guards$ and, after 1943, Ukrainian auxiliaries.
Tens of thousands of people, perhaps as many as 100,000, were deported to the Stutthof camp.
The prisoners were mainly non-Jewish Poles.
There were also Polish Jews from Warsaw and Bialystok, and Jews from forced-labor camps in the occupied Baltic states, which the Germans evacuated in 1944 as Soviet forces approached.
Conditions in the camp were brutal.
Many prisoners died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944.
Those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber.
Gassing with Zyklon B gas began in June 1944.
Camp doctors also killed sick or injured prisoners in the infirmary with lethal injections.
More than 60,000 people died in the camp. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005197
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/stutthof
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/25/
https://www.npr.org/2018/11/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/
Germany
Neuengamme concentration camp
The SS established Neuengamme in December 1938 as a subcamp
It was located on the grounds of an abandoned brickworks on the banks of the Dove-Elbe, a tributary of the Elbe River in the Hamburg suburb Neuengamme, in northern Germany. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005539
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/neuengamme
Northern Germany, 90 km north of Berlin Ravensbrück Women's concentration camp
Sunday Book Review ‘Ravensbrück,’ by Sarah Helm NYT APRIL 7, 2015 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/books/review/ravensbruck-by-sarah-helm.html
Related
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/09/
Construction of the camp began in November 1938 by SS leader Heinrich Himmler [1900-1945] and was unusual in that it was a camp primarily for women.
The camp opened in May 1939.
In the spring of 1941, the SS authorities established a small men's camp adjacent to the main camp. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005199
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/
https://www.telerama.fr/monde/
November 9-10, 1938
Germany
Kristallnacht / Crystal Night
Pogroms
Hitler’s gangs attack Jewish property
Grynszpan maintained he had marched into the German embassy on 7 November, 1938 and shot Ernst vom Rath five times in revenge for the thousands of Jewish refugees, including members of his own family, who had been expelled from Germany and were trapped in horrible conditions at the Polish border.
The Nazi propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, seized on Vom Rath’s murder as a long-awaited opportunity to unleash brutal violence against Jewish shops, businesses and synagogues, citing the Paris killing as proof of the deadly danger Jews supposedly posed.
(...)
during Kristallnacht, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.
The pogrom is widely viewed by historians as the start of the Holocaust in which 6 million Jews were slaughtered.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/kristallnacht http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/kristallnacht/ http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/peopleevents/pandeAMEX99.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55365/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a7184351.shtml
https://www.npr.org/2018/11/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/18/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/10/
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/09/
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2013/nov/08/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/12/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/11/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/world/europe/10germany.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/19/
Muhammad Amin al-Husayni 189?-1974
Mufti (chief Muslim Islamic legal religious authority) of Jerusalem under the political authority of the British Mandate in Palestine from 1921 to 1937.
His primary political causes were:
1) establishment of a pan-Arab federation or state;
2) opposition to further immigration of Jews to Palestine and Jewish national aspirations in Palestine;
3) promotion of himself as a pan-Arab and Muslim religious leader.
In exile between 1937 and 1945, al-Husayni, claiming to speak for the Arab nation and the Muslim world, sought an alliance with the Axis powers (Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy) based on their publicly recognizing
1) the independence of the Arab states;
2) the right of those states to form a union reflecting a dominant Muslim and specifically Arab culture;
3) the right of those states to reverse steps taken towards the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine;
and 4) al-Husayni himself as the spiritual and political representative of this pan-Arab, Muslim entity.
In exchange, al-Husayni collaborated with the German and Italian governments by broadcasting pro-Axis, anti-British, and anti-Jewish propaganda via radio to the Arab world; inciting violence against Jews and the British authorities in the Middle East; and recruiting young men of Islamic faith for service in German military, Waffen-SS, and auxiliary units.
In turn, the Germans and the Italians used al-Husayni as a tool to inspire support and collaboration among Muslim residents of regions under Axis control and to incite anti-Allied violence and rebellion among Muslims residing beyond the reach of German arms. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007665
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007665
Palestine
Documentaire
La croix gammée et le turban Allemagne, 2009, 53mn
Défenseur de la cause panarabe dès les années 20, Amin al-Hussein lutte contre l'émigration des juifs organisée par les Britanniques dans son pays, la Palestine.
Affichant une sympathie évidente pour les thèses nazies dès 1937, il s'installe à Berlin, fréquente les dignitaires du IIIe Reich et s'intéresse à la solution finale (sic).
Il est également à l'origine de la création d'un corps d'élite musulman destiné à combattre les Alliés, incorporé à la Waffen SS et composé de 12 000 hommes recrutés en Bosnie et en Croatie. http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/la-croix-gammee-et-le-turban--7105850.html - outdated link
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2009-12-08-Grand-mufti
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Poland
Gross-Rosen concentration camp
The Gross-Rosen concentration camp was originally established in 1940 as a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
The camp was named for the nearby village of Gross-Rosen.
Now called Rogoznica, the village is approximately 40 miles southwest of Wroclaw in present-day western Poland.
In 1941, Gross-Rosen was designated an autonomous concentration camp. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454
Germany
The SS established the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as the principal concentration camp for the Berlin area.
Located near Oranienburg, north of Berlin, the Sachsenhausen camp opened on July 12, 1936, when the SS transferred 50 prisoners from the Esterwegen concentration camp to begin construction of the camp. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005538
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005538
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005454
the Jewish woman who hid from Nazis in Berlin
Marie Jalowicz Simon was one of 1,700 'U-boats', German Jews who survived the war submerged below the surface of daily life.
Now she has told all in a book http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/submerged-jewish-woman-hid-nazis-berlin
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
1933
The persecution of Jews in Germany begins
Berufsverbot
The 1933 law (prohibits) Jews and political opponents from seeking employment in certain professions
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
In 1933, Nazi students at more than 30 German universities pillaged libraries in search of books they considered to be "un-German."
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/
Signature: "Bild 183-R99542" Old signature: Bild 146-1971-006-01 Original title: ADN-ZB/Archiv Deutschland unter dem faschistischen Terrorregime 1933-1945 Weltweit als Dokument der Schande für die Nazi-Schergen wurde dieses Foto vom März 1933. ein jüdischer Anwalt, der noch auf die Polizei als Hüterin von Recht und Ordnung vertraut hatte, wird von SA-Rowdys, die als Hilfspolizisten fungierten, über den Stachus in München getrieben. Der Mann, den das Bild zeigt, der Münchner Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel, einer der ersten Opfer des braunen Terror-Regimes, war einer der wenigen, der es überlebte, obwohl er bis in die Kriegszeit hinein in Deutschland ausharrte. Er ist am 15. März 1983 im 97. Lebensjahr in Lima (Peru) gestorben. Foto: Heinrich Sanden Archive title: München.- Kahlgeschorener, barfüßiger jüdischer Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel unter SS-Bewachung mit einem Schild (retuschierte Aufschrift: "Ich werde mich nie mehr bei der Polizei beschweren") auf der Prielmayerstraße laufend; vgl. Bild 146-1971-006-02 Dating: 10. März 1933 Photographer: Sanden, Heinrich Origin: Bundesarchiv http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Bundesarchiv/Gallery
Window of shop owned by Jewish merchant w. sign reading JUDEN GESCHAFT (Jewish owned business), sign is now required to be displayed by Nazi laws.
Location: Linz Oberdonan, Germany Date taken: 1938
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=281f53d3b32636e2
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
Heidegger's 'black notebooks' reveal antisemitism at core of his philosophy - March 2014
New publication shows highly influential philosopher saw 'world Judaism' as driver of dehumanising modernity
He is widely regarded as one of Europe's most influential 20th century philosophers whose writings inspired some of the important thinkers of the modern era.
But almost four decades after Martin Heidegger's death, scholars in Germany and France are asking whether the antisemitic tendencies of the author of Being and Time ran deeper than previously thought.
The philosopher's sympathies for the Nazi regime have been well documented in the past:
Heidegger joined the party in 1933 and remained a member until the end of the second world war.
But antisemitic ideas were previously thought to have tainted his character rather than touched the core of his philosophy – not least by Jewish thinkers such as Hannah Arendt or Jacques Derrida, who cited their debt to Heidegger.
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/martin-heidegger
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/13/
Virginie Linhart : "Le monde d'avant-guerre est un monde antisémite"
VIDÉO. La réalisatrice du documentaire "Ce qu'ils savaient. Les Alliés face à la Shoah" explique le silence de Churchill, Staline, Roosevelt et de Gaulle.
Le remarquable documentaire de Virginie Linhart révèle l'indifférence générale des Alliés face à la Shoah. Le Point.fr - Publié le 26/10/2012 à 18:40 - Modifié le 27/10/2012 à 10:12
"La préoccupation principale est de gagner la guerre.
N'oublions pas que le monde d'avant-guerre est un monde antisémite.
On aurait démobilisé les populations si on avait clamé qu'on faisait la guerre pour stopper le génocide juif.
Cela aurait donné d'ailleurs du grain à moudre à la propagande allemande qui martelait que les Alliés faisaient la guerre pour sauver les Juifs.
Il faut aussi rappeler que les Juifs d'Europe de l'Est étaient considérés comme des moins que rien.
De Gaulle établit cette hiérarchie entre les Juifs de l'Est et les Juifs français, dont il est persuadé qu'il ne leur arrivera rien.
le secrétaire d'État au Trésor de Roosevelt, est un Juif qui se soucie assez peu des Juifs de l'Est.
Quand la Suède négocie le passage en pays neutre de quatre mille enfants juifs, elle spécifie "préférer éviter les enfants juifs d'origine polonaise".
Il y a donc une hiérarchie très forte.
http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/virginie-linhart-le-monde-d-avant-guerre-
http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/
German antisemitism before and after Hitler's rise to power
Hitler/Jaeger File Hitler at the Berghof, Obersalzburg.
Location: Germany Date taken: 1938
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022 Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/
Antisemitism in the United States
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html
http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
Europe Austria-Hungary Antisemitism 19th and Early 20th Centuries
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html? http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521773083
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century
Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust
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