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History > 20th century > WW2 > Axis powers > Germany and other countries > Nazi era > Timeline in pictures

 

 

 

Germany: Territorial Expansion (1935-1939)

Map

 

Cartography by Mapping Solutions, Alaska.

Source: Map 1, "Territorial Changes, 1935-1939,"

in Germany and the Second World War,

edited by the Research Institute for Military History,

Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.

 

Volume I, The Build-up of German Aggression,

by Wilhelm Deist, Manfred Messerschmidt,

Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette.

 

Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1990.

 

German History in Documents and Images (GHDI)

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/Map_1_english_for_pdf_Bh_final.pdf

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=2884

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/index.cfm
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Georg Wilhelm Pabst    1885-1967

 

Austrian film director

and screenwriter.

 

He started as an actor

and theater director,

before becoming

one of the most influential

German-language filmmakers

during the Weimar Republic.

 

(...)

 

After making

A Modern Hero (1934)

in the USA

and Street of Shadows (1937)

in France,

Pabst (who was planning

to emigrate to the United States)

was caught in France in 1939

whilst visiting his mother,

when war was declared,

and was forced to return

to Nazi Germany.

 

Under the auspices

of propaganda minister,

Josef Goebbels,

Pabst made two films

in Germany,

during this period;

The Comedians (1941)

and Paracelsus (1943).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Pabst - 29 October 2020

 

 

 

After 1933,

along with many others

in the German film industry,

Pabst refused

to work under the Nazis,

and sought work in Hollywood.

 

But he wasn't prepared

to dilute his talent.

 

On his one Hollywood film,

A Modern Hero,

Warner Brothers complained

that Pabst was giving

his leading actress

"too much freedom" and,

unaware that the German director

was one of the creators

of "invisible editing"

- where shots are edited

in the director's head -

the studio demanded

that Pabst shoot more footage

so they could re-edit his work

and make the final cut.

 

For Pabst the experience

was commercially

and aesthetically disastrous,

and perhaps affected his judgment

when he crossed over

from Switzerland

into Nazi-occupied Austria

in August 1939.

 

Later,

Pabst explained his actions

with a flurry of excuses:

 

he had tickets booked

on the liner Normandy

in his pocket;

 

he had to have

a hernia operation

in Vienna;

 

he had to dispose

of family property

and he had to take

his mother with him

to America.

 

Whatever his motives,

Germany's invasion of Poland

the following month

meant that Pabst literally

missed the boat.

 

After the war

all his excuses

were dismissed

by the grande dame

of German film,

Lotte Eisner,

who remembers

telling Pabst

"rather harshly"

that "the man

with the perfect alibi

is always the guilty one".

 

During the war

Pabst was ordered

by Joseph Goebbels

to make a couple

of anodyne movies;

 

but after the war

the director didn't help his cause

by never making

any statement of regret.

 

For his German followers,

who were waiting

for him in America

and who knew him

as "the red Pabst",

this refusal was tantamount

to an act of betrayal.

 

The accusations

must have cut deep.

 

Pabst never gained

his old momentum.

 

As Eisner said,

"The films he shot after tha

lacked the old strength.

It was not the old Pabst

- the strong man of the left wing."

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/jan/16/
artsfeatures

 

 

 

G. W. Pabst,

best known for his silent films

starring Louise Brooks,

was probably

the most respected director

to work for the Nazis.

 

No one knows exactly why

this master of realism

re-entered

the Nazi dream factory in 1939,

after spending most of the decade

in the United States and France.

 

In the early 30's

his signature had become films

that spoke eloquently

for pacifism and social justice.

 

"Paracelsus" (1943),

one of two films Pabst

made for the Nazis,

contains many standard

elements of Goebbels's

favored type of propaganda:

a historical story

of a rebel Fuhrer-figure

fighting intellectuals,

foreigners and pestilence.

 

"Paracelsus"

successfully combats the plague

in medieval Basel

after the disease has spread

as a result of the deviousness

and stupidity

of Latin-speaking physicians.

 

Like most of the other great men

captured in Nazi cinema,

Paracelsus was a stand-in for Hitler.

 

In 1948,

Pabst switched sides again

and made "Der Prozess" ("The Trial"),

one of the first postwar films

to deal critically with anti-Semitism.

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/
movies/film-how-the-nazis-created-a-dream-factory-in-hell.html

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Pabst

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/jan/16/
artsfeatures

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/
arts/film-the-enduring-art-of-a-poet-of-all-that-is-fleeting.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/
movies/film-how-the-nazis-created-a-dream-factory-in-hell.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/25/
movies/review-film-man-who-made-films-under-the-third-reich.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/01/
archives/pabsts-paracelsus-a-handsome-filmthe-cast.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/12/
archives/screen-last-ten-days-german-film-tells-of-hitlers-downfall.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Albert Maria Forster    1902-1952

 

Nazi German politician,

member of the SS and war criminal.

 

Under his administration

as the Gauleiter

of Danzig-West Prussia

(the other German-annexed section

of occupied Poland

aside from the Warthegau)

during the Second World War,

the local non-German population

of Poles and Jews

was classified as sub-human

and subjected

to extermination campaign

involving ethnic cleansing,

mass murder,

and in case of some Poles

with German ancestry,

forceful Germanisation.

 

Forster was directly responsible

for the extermination of non-Germans

and was a strong supporter

of Polish genocide,

which he had advocated for

before the war.

 

Forster was tried,

convicted and hanged

in Warsaw for his crimes,

after Germany was defeated.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Forster

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alfred Ernst Christian Alexander Hugenberg    1865-1951

 

German industrialist

and political leader

 

As the head

of a huge newspaper

and film empire

and a prominent member

of the conservative German

National Peoples’ Party,

he exercised

a profound influence

on German public opinion

during the Weimar Republic

period (1918–33)

and materially contributed

to Adolf Hitler’s

rise to power.

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274838/Alfred-Hugenberg

 

 

https://global.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hugenberg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emil Jannings (born Theodor Friedrich Emil Janenz)    1884-1950

 

After the Nazi Machtergreifung

in 1933,

Jannings continued his career

in the service of Nazi cinema.

 

During the Third Reich,

he starred in several films

which were intended

to promote Nazism,

particularly the Führerprinzip

by presenting

unyielding historical characters,

such as Der alte und der junge König

(The Old and the Young King 1934),

Der Herrscher

(The Ruler 1937)

directed by Veit Harlan,

Robert Koch (1939),

Ohm Krüger

(Uncle Kruger, 1941)

and Die Entlassung

(Bismarck's Dismissal, 1942).

 

He also performed

in his famed role

in The Broken Jug

directed

by Gustav Ucicky.

 

Minister of Propaganda

Joseph Goebbels

named Jannings

an "Artist of the State"

(Staatsschauspieler)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Jannings#Nazi_Germany - 27 October 2020

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Jannings#Nazi_Germany

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/
movies/film-how-the-nazis-created-a-dream-factory-in-hell.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1935/12/10/
archives/the-making-of-a-king-a-german-historical-drama-with-emil-jannings-a.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Baron Otto Gustav von Wächter

 

8 July 1901, Vienna, Austria-Hungary – 14 July 1949, Rome, Italy

 

 Von Wächter,

though indicted in 1945

for mass murder,

is the man

who escapes justice,

the one who gets away.

 

(...)

 

a committed Nazi,

a party member since 1923

who rose through the ranks

as Hitler consolidated his power

to be appointed

governor of Kraków in 1939

and then of Galicia in 1942,

directly accountable

to Heinrich Himmler

until the fall of the Nazi regime.

 

In 1945,

wanted by the allies,

Von Wächter evades capture,

surviving as a fugitive

for three years

in the Austrian Alps

before coming

under the protection

of a Vatican bishop,

Alois Hudal.

 

Hiding in Rome,

an anonymous tenant

in the Vigna Pia monastery,

Von Wächter

waits for safe passage

via the secret channels

by which Nazi refugees

were trafficked to Argentina

along “the ratline”,

a shadowy pathway

out of Rome

in a city now abuzz

with Soviet

and American spies.

 

Three months in,

Von Wächter is taken ill

under mysterious

circumstances.

 

Two monks drop him off

at the nearby

Santo Spirito hospital,

under a false identity.

 

Four days later,

he’s dead.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
the-ratline-by-philippe-sands-review-on-the-trail-of-the-nazi-who-got-away

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
the-ratline-by-philippe-sands-review-on-the-trail-of-the-nazi-who-got-away

 

https://www.ft.com/content/7d6214f2-b2be-11e2-8540-00144feabdc0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hans Frank    1900-1946

 

 

 

Hans Frank photographed

in Graz, Austria, in 1938.

 

Photograph: Imagno/Getty Images

 

East West Street by Philippe Sands review

– putting genocide into words

G

Sunday 22 May 2016        06.30 BST

Last modified on Sunday 22 May 2016        06.33 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
east-west-street-origin-genocide-crimes-against-humanity-philippe-sands-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

early supporter

of the Nazi party.

 

He studied law

and eventually  became

the personal legal advisor

to Adolf Hitler.

 

After the outbreak

of World War II,

Frank was appointed

Governor General

of occupied Poland.

 

In this capacity,

Frank was responsible

for the exploitation

and murder

of hundreds of thousands

of Polish civilians,

as well as

the deportation

and murder

of Polish Jews.

 

He was found guilty

on counts three and four

(war crimes and crimes

against humanity)

and sentenced to death.

 

Frank was executed

on October 16, 1946.

https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007108

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
hans-frank

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heinrich Müller    28 April 1900 - May 1945 ?

 

the chief of Hitler’s

dreaded Gestapo,

or secret police

— was one of

the most senior Nazis

to escape capture

or certified death

at the end

of World War II.

 

(...)

 

Müller was among

the Nazi commanders

who planned the Holocaust

at the infamous conference

at Wannsee lake in Berlin

in January 1942.

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/01/
world/europe/muller-an-architect-of-the-holocaust-is-said-to-be-buried-in-jewish-cemetery-in-berlin.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/01/
world/europe/muller-an-architect-of-the-holocaust-is-said-to-be-buried-in-jewish-cemetery-in-berlin.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ernst-Robert Grawitz    1899-1945

 

chief Nazi doctor

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berlin 1945

 

Excellent aerial view

showing devastation and bombed out buildings

over wide area of Communist, Russian controlled Berlin,

extending north beyond its border of the Brandenburg Gate,

following Allied capture of the city.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

Date taken: July 1945

 

Photographer: William Vandivert

Life Images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berlin 1945

 

Large crowd of German citizens

lined up on street waiting for bus

w. bombed out buildings as a backdrop

following Allied occupation of the city.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

Date taken: July 1945

 

Photographer: William Vandivert

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4a2bfcf72a3034f6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1945

 

Battle of Berlin

 

 

21 April 1945

 

Red Army

enters outskirts of Berlin

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid
_3560000/3560175.stm

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

February 13-15, 1945

 

Bombing of Dresden, led by Royal Air Force and followed by the U.S. Army Air Force

 

 

 

Dresden

 

Streetcars running through ruins of bldgs.

destroyed in 1945 allied fire bombing of city

in post-WWII Russian zone.

 

Location: Dresden, Germany

Date taken: 1946

 

Photographer: William Vandivert

Life Images

http://images.google.com/
hosted/life/da14a7f5324a75cd.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4257253.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/
newsid_3549000/3549905.stm
 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/23/germany.secondworldwar

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/13/secondworldwar.germany 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/31/germany.secondworldwar 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/feb/07/featuresreviews.guardianreview2 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/03/military.germany

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Erwin Rommel    1891-1944

 

Dubbed

the "Desert Fox"

for the skillful

military campaigns

he waged on behalf

of the German military

in North Africa,

Erwin Rommel earned

the grudging respect

of even his adversaries.

 

At the start

of World War II,

Rommel was

largely responsible

for Adolf Hitler's

personal safety

as he sought to expand

his Nazi empire.

 

Despite

the tactical brilliance

Rommel displayed

in North Africa,

German advances there

were halted in 1943.

 

In January 1944,

Rommel was made

commander in chief

of all German armies

from the Netherlands

to the Loire River.

 

In France,

Rommel sought

to fortify Nazi territory

and prevent

an Allied invasion.

 

He was not successful.

 

On June 6, 1944,

while Rommel was in Germany

celebrating his wife's birthday,

the Allies landed at Normandy.

 

Soon after,

Rommel

was seriously wounded

when Allied aircraft

strafed his motorcar.

 

As a result,

he was forced to return

to Germany to recover.

 

While he was hospitalized,

a failed attempt

on Hitler's life was made.

 

Rommel,

a recent critic

of Hitler's leadership,

was implicated

in the plot.

 

Shortly thereafter,

two German soldiers

visited Rommel's

sickbed.

 

They offered him

the unpleasant choice

of committing suicide

by ingesting poison pills

or standing trial

in what would most likely be

a rigged and losing effort.

 

Rommel chose the poison.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/dday-featured-film/

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
dday-featured-film/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

German Resistance to Hitler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1941

 

The Reich's

forgotten atrocity

 

 

The Nazi plan

to starve 30 million people

in the east

went unrealised.

 

But more

than 3 million Soviet POWs

were murdered

 

(...)

 

As German leaders

prepared

for the invasion

of the Soviet Union

in spring 1941,

they agreed

a quick summer victory

would be followed

by the starvation

of some 30 million people.

 

A Hunger Plan

foresaw

the "extinction of industry

as well as a great part

of the population".

 

Soviet cities

would be destroyed,

Soviet industry destroyed,

and eastern lands reduced

to depopulated prairie

ripe for German

agrarian colonisation.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/21/secondworldwar-russia

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/21/
secondworldwar-russia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In early March 1941,

Bulgaria

joined the Axis alliance

and, in April 1941,

participated

in the German-led attack

on Yugoslavia and Greece.

 

In return,

Bulgaria received

most of Thrace from Greece,

and Macedonia

as well as parts

of eastern Serbia

from Yugoslavia.

 

Though Bulgaria participated

in the Balkan Campaign,

it refused to enter the war

against the Soviet Union

in June 1941

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bulgaria

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Romania        The Straga Taree (Watch of the Country), a compulsory fascistic Rumanian Youth Organization


 

 

Romania

 

Uniform-clad pupils at the Chisinau School for Girls

giving the official salute of the Straga Taree (Watch of the Country),

a compulsory fascistic Rumanian Youth Organization.

 

Location: Chisinau, Bessarabia, Romania

Date taken: February 1940

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=d88f2b870db9a55b

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Romania and Hungary

joined

the Tri-partite Pact

- originally signed

by Germany,

Japan

and Italy -

in November 1940,

as Hitler prepared

his attack

against Bolshevism

on the Eastern Front.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/
factfiles/nonflash/a1138501.shtml
- broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler meets Francisco Franco        France        Hendaye        October 23, 1940

 

 

 

Smiling German ldr. Adolf Hitler (R)

shaking hands w. Spanish leader Generalissimo Francisco Franco (2L)

during Hitler's only official meeeting w. Franco.

 

Location: Hendaye, France

Date taken: October 23, 1940

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2bab5be9c6f1bc41

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.ina.fr/video/AFE85000178/
entrevue-historique-du-chancelier-hitler-avec-le-general-franco-video.html  - 13 November 1940

 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/
3533400/Franco-feared-Hitler-would-kidnap-him.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The economic impact

of the Treaty of Versailles

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/versailles-
second-world-war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

September 1, 1939

 

Germany invades Poland

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/
newsid_3506000/3506335.stm - 1 September 1939

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-poland-fall-1939

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-administration-of-poland

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/warsaw

https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/news--polish-question-16-points/zrt36v4 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/news--invasion-of-poland/zmd68xs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23-24 August 1939

 

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact /  Nazi-Soviet Pact

 

 

Treaty of Non-Aggression

between the Third German Reich

and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR)

 

 

 

 

L to R:

Stalin and Ribbentrop

at the signing of the Pact

23 August 1939

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337,_Moskau,_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin

Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv

http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_1252826541/?
search%5Bform%5D%5BSIGNATUR%5D=Bild+183-H27337

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8212451.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8214391.stm

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/05/
holocaust-secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22 May 1939

 

Italy and Germany

sign the Pact of Steel

to help each other

in the event of war

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/
roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml
- broken URL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Munich agreement / Annexation of Austria / Czechoslovakia partition        1938-1939

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Disabled

- the Nazis’ First Victims

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/
opinion/nazis-holocaust-disabled.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi Party / Nazis

 

The Nazi Party

was one of a number

of right-wing extremist

political groups

that emerged in Germany

following World War I.

 

Beginning with the onset

of the Great Depression

it rose rapidly from obscurity

to political prominence,

becoming the largest party

in the German parliament in 1932.

 

 

 

Key facts

 

1

 

The Nazi Party’s

meteoric rise to power began in 1930,

when it attained 107 seats

in Germany’s parliament, the Reichstag.

 

In July 1932,

the Nazi Party became

the largest political party

in the Reichstag

with 230 representatives

 

 

 

2

 

In the final years

of the Weimar Republic (1930 to 1933),

the government ruled by emergency decree

because it could not attain

a parliamentary majority.

 

Political and economic instability,

coupled with voter dissatisfaction

with the status quo,

benefitted the Nazi Party.

 

 

 

3

 

As a result

of the Nazis’ mass support,

German president

Paul von Hindenburg

appointed Hitler chancellor

on January 30, 1933.

 

His appointment

paved the way

to the Nazi dictatorship

after Hindenburg’s death

in August 1934.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
the-nazi-rise-to-power

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
the-nazi-rise-to-power

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/
opinion/i-loved-my-grandmother-but-she-was-a-nazi.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Führerbau        Munich

 


 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

The Fuhrerbau,

Hitler's official residence in Munich,

1938.

 

Location: Munich, Germany

Date taken: September 1938

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=bf548c3dc50e8a0e

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Interior of the Fuhrerbau.

 

Location: Munich, Germany

Date taken: 1940

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/bca87b03a90b2624.html
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbau

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi artifacts

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/
533675156/photos-trove-of-nazi-artifacts-uncovered-in-argentina

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November 1936

 

German-Japanese Treaty

 

 

Berlin and Tokio

announce their pact

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
Story/0,,127041,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1936

 

Germany begins rearming

and invades the Rhineland

up to the French border

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview
_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml
- broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foreboding detail …

a Berlin street in 1935,

with a Swastika flag in a doorway.

 

Photograph: Roman Vishniac/Mara Vishniac Kohn

courtesy International Center of Photography

 

Terror in focus:

the Jewish photographer who captured the rise of Nazism

G

Sun 28 Oct 2018        15.00 GMT

Last modified on Mon 29 Oct 2018        15.02 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/28/
roman-vishniac-rediscovered-photographer-nazism

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

September 1935

 

Hitler’s Nazi party convention

in Nuremberg

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/society/gallery/2017/mar/10/
countdown-to-the-second-world-war-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

June 18, 1935

 

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Saar referendum        1935

 

 

 

Shiela Grant Duff covered the Saar plebiscite for the Observer in Saarbrucken, 1935.

 

Photograph: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone/Getty Images

 

The pioneering women who took on Hitler … and Fleet Street

Foreign correspondent was deemed ‘no job for a female’ between the wars.

A new book celebrates the lives of the journalists who proved otherwise

G

Sun 25 Oct 2020    06.29 GMT

Last modified on Sun 25 Oct 2020    08.36 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/25/
the-pioneering-women-who-took-on-hitler-and-fleet-street

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A referendum on territorial status

was held

in the Territory of the Saar Basin

on 13 January 1935.

 

Over 90% of voters

opted for reunification with Germany,

with 9% voting for the status quo

as a League of Nations mandate territory

and less than 0.5%

opting for unification with France.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Saar_status_referendum

 

 

 

In January 1935,

on a freelance commission

for the Observer,

she (Shiela Grant Duff)

had travelled to Saarbrucken,

then a League of Nations protectorate,

to cover the Saar plebiscite.

 

The Saar region,

730 square miles

of coal-rich hills abutting Luxembourg,

had been confiscated from Germany

at the Versailles peace negotiations.

 

The plebiscite over the Saar’s

return to German control in January 1935

was marked by extreme German brutality,

forcing Jews, communists and anti-fascists

to flee to France.

 

The coverage in the British press

was characterised by relief

that the whole thing was over,

that Hitler, having got back the Saar,

would pipe down.

 

Grant Duff,

independent of the diplomatic press corps,

stayed on in Saarbrucken and watched.

 

She wrote in the Observer:

“The million swastikas

which hang on the walls in the Saar

give the impression

that a plague of spiders

has descended …

 

The Nazis can tell their enemies

by their eyes.

 

Panic can be seen

in all the gestures and bearing

of working class women

who tell how

they have been threatened,

how they have been mocked

and spat upon …

 

Others … tell how their doors

have been broken open

in the middle of the night.”

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/25/
the-pioneering-women-who-took-on-hitler-and-fleet-street

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Saar_status_referendum

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/oct/25/
the-pioneering-women-who-took-on-hitler-and-fleet-street

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

National socialist demonstration in Berlin, Germany

in front of the Brandenburger Gate.

 

‘Only a strong Germany

can provide employment to its people’,

1931

 

Photograph: Imagno/Getty Images

 


Photography

The 1930s revisited

Countdown to the second world war - in pictures

G

Friday 10 March 2017    23.55 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/society/gallery/2017/mar/10/
countdown-to-the-second-world-war-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler youth

 

 

 

Group of boys in Hitler Youth.

 

Location: Germany

Date taken: 1939

 

Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann

[ Hitler's official photographer ]

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/08e125f572ffc7f3.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler and Nazi youth leader Baldur von Schirach

inspect Hitler youth at the Nuremberg rally in 1934.

 

Photograph: Ullstein bild Dtl./Getty Images

 

WWII: eighty years on,

the world is still haunted by a catastrophe foretold

G

Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.00 BST

Last modified on Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.15 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/01/
world-war-two-eighty-years-on-world-still-haunted-by-catastrophe-foretold

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/indoctrinating-youth  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the 1930s,

while Adolf Hitler

was inciting

the German people

toward bellicosity

and Nazis

were establishing

horrific concentration camps

around Germany,

Nazi summer camps

for youngsters

— like the one

near Windham, N.Y.,

featured in the clip —

popped up

around this country.

 

The pro-Hitler retreats

were sponsored

by German loyalists,

such as

the German-American Bund

led by Fritz Kuhn.

 

The Bund,

"which came to include

more than 70 local chapters,"

according to a 2014

National Archives blog post,

"was founded in 1936

to promote Germany

and the Nazi part

in America.

 

The most well-known

of the organization's activities

was the 1939 pro-Nazi rally

held at Madison Square Garden

that drew a reported

20,000 attendees."

 

This was the same year

that Hitler staged

military strategy sessions

with top Nazi leaders.

 

And declared

war on Poland

— and decided to battle

Britain and France,

if necessary.

https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/04/28/
402679062/nazi-summer-camps-in-1930s-america

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/04/28/
402679062/nazi-summer-camps-in-1930s-america

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Culture in the Third Reich

 

the Nazis exploited films and theatre

to spread their poisonous ideology

 

 

Even before the Nazis

seized power in Germany in 1933,

they had placed their tanks

on the battlefield of the imagination.

 

“Event culture”

with darker undertones

was in full swing.

 

A heady mixture

of pagan-inspired rituals,

firework displays

launched on river boats

and rallies with folk music

was the nationalist answer

to the freewheeling modernism

of the Weimar Republic.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/13/
culture-in-the-third-reich-by-moritz-follmer-review-when-fascism-stole-the-show

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/13/
culture-in-the-third-reich-by-moritz-follmer-review-when-fascism-stole-the-show

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi architecture

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/jun/02/
nazi-architecture-then-and-now-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Karl Doenitz    1891-1980

 

 

 

Time Covers - The 40S

TIME cover 05-10-1943

ill. of German Admiral Karl Doenitz.

 

Date taken: May 10, 1943

 

Photographer: Boris Artzybasheff

 

Life Images

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007107

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From 1939,

Karl Doenitz

was Commander

of Germany's

U-Boat fleet.

 

In 1943,

Doenitz was appointed

Commander in Chief

of the German War Navy,

and in May 1945,

after Hitler

committed suicide,

Doenitz was appointed

Reich President.

 

[ At Nuremberg ]

Doenitz was found guilty

on counts two and three

(crimes against

peace and war crimes)

and was sentenced

to ten years imprisonment.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007107

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/karl-doenitz

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rudolf Hess    1894-1987

 

 

 

Inside minimum security prison at Fortress of Landsberg

are (L) Adolf Hitler

& (2R) visitor Rudolf Hess

w. other unident. prisoners.

 

Location: Germany

 

Date taken: 1924

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=8cc9265d437fb1bc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rudolf Hess

was a longstanding

personal aide to Hitler,

and deputy party leader

of the Nazi party

(until 1941).

 

In May 1941,

Hess flew to Scotland

hoping to make peace

between Germany

and Britain.

 

He was immediately

arrested and imprisoned.

 

Hess was found guilty

on counts one (conspiracy)

and two (crimes against peace)

and sentenced

to life imprisonment.

 

Hess was the only one

of the defendants

to serve the full life term;

he committed suicide

in prison at age 93.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007113

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/rudolf-hess

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/29/
nazi-war-criminals-spandau-prison-west-germany-national-archives

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/
uk-pressed-for-rudolf-h

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/01/
pursuit-nazi-mind-daniel-pick

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/21/
rudolf-hess-body-removed-nazi

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2010/jan/18/
moss-side-stories-rudolf-hess

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1987/aug/18/
warcrimes.germany

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/06/
rudolf-hess-spandau-hitler-deputy-archive-1970

 

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
Story/0,,127470,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Albert Speer    1905-198

 

Adolf Hitler's architect and armaments minister

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Top Nazi Party members

march in remembrance of 1923 Beer Hall Putsch

(front, L-R)

Friedrich Weber, Hermann Goering, Adolf Hitler,

unident. (Martin Bormann?), Julius Streicher;

(back, L-R)

Albert Speer,

Walter Schultze, Alfred Rosenberg & unidents.

 

Location: Munich, Germany

Date taken: November 09, 1938

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4fbe3f8750ed6862

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Albert Speer

was a trained architect.

 

After joining

the Nazi party in 1930,

Speer

became Hitler's

personal architect.

 

In 1942,

he was named

Minister of Armaments

and Munitions,

assuming

significant responsibility

for the German war

economy.

 

In this position,

Speer used millions

of forced laborers

to raise economic

production.

 

Speer

was found guilty

on counts three and four

(war crimes

and crimes

against humanity)

and sentenced

to 20 years in prison.

 

He was released

in 1966.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007128

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/albert-speer

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/
arts/design/albert-speer-jr-architect-and-son-of-hitler-confidant-dies-at-83.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/
books/gerald-gross-who-published-memoirs-of-a-hitler-associate-is-dead-at-94.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/13/
secondworldwar.kateconnolly

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/02/
obituaries/albert-speer-dies-at-76-close-associate-of-hitler.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wernher von Braun    1912-1977

 

German

rocket scientist

Wernher von Braun,

born in 1912

in Wirsitz, Germany,

took an early interest

in rockets

and the possibility

of space exploration.

 

As a young man,

he joined

the German Rocket Society

(Verein fur Raumschiffahrt).

 

In 1932,

von Braun joined

the German army

to work

on the development

of ballistic missiles.

 

By 1937,

he was the head

of the Peenemeunde

Rocket Center

and leader

of the Nazi rocket program

that eventually developed

the V-1 “buzz bomb”

and the deadly V-2,

the world’s

first ballistic missile.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/features/hunt-for-nazi-scientists/wernher-von-braun/101/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/von-braun/

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/
772742561/the-dark-side-of-the-moon

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/us/18haeussermann.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/15/
secondworldwar-international-criminal-justice

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jun/24/
nazis-run-gerald-steinacher-review

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/15/
secondworldwar-international-criminal-justice

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/03/germany.
kateconnolly

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
uk_news/magazine/4443934.stm - 21 November 2005

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Eichmann    1906-1962

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fritz Sauckel    1894-1946

 

was Plenipotentiary General

for the Deployment of Labor.

 

 

Sauckel

was responsible

for providing

forced laborers

to meet Germany's

increasing war

production needs.

 

Under his authority,

the Germans deported

millions of forced laborers

from the occupied territories

to Germany.

 

He was found guilty

on counts three and four

(war crimes

and crimes

against humanity)

and sentenced to death.

 

Sauckel was hanged

on October 16, 1946.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/es/article.php?ModuleId=10007124

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
fritz-sauckel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alfred Rosenberg    1893-1946

 

 

 

Alfred Rosenberg [ left ] with Adolf Hitler

during the Beer Hall Putsch

in Munich, November 1923.

 

Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images

 

The Devil’s Diary review

– the mind of Alfred Rosenberg,

Hitler’s ‘chief ideologue’

G

Thursday 5 May 2016        16.00 BST

Last modified on Saturday 7 May 2016        00.05 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/05/
devils-diary-alfred-rosenberg-nazi-germany-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi theorist

whose views on race

are thought

to have helped

incite Hitler’s

persecution of Jews

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/
books/tracking-an-elusive-diary-from-hitlers-inner-circle.html

 

 

 

official chief Nazi

philosopher,

head of

the Nazi party's

foreign affairs

department,

and Reich Minister

for the Occupied

Eastern Territories.

 

Rosenberg

established

an organization

whose mission

was to loot

and confiscate

cultural treasures

from all over Europe

and bring them

to Germany.

 

As Reich Minister

for the Occupied East,

he played a role

in the annihilation

of Soviet Jews

and the deportation

of other Soviet civilians

for forced labor.

 

Rosenberg

was found guilty

on all four counts

(conspiracy,

crimes against peace,

war crimes,

and crimes

against humanity)

and sentenced

to death.

 

He was hanged

on October 16, 1946.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007123

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
alfred-rosenberg-biography

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/05/
devils-diary-alfred-rosenberg-nazi-germany-review

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/
books/tracking-an-elusive-diary-from-hitlers-inner-circle.html

 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10111573/
Diary-of-top-Nazi-Rosenberg-recovered-in-US.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paul Joseph Goebbels    1897-1945

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heinrich Himmler    1900-1945

 

 

 

Time Covers - The 40S

TIME cover: 02-12-1945 ill. of Germany's

Nazi SS Gestapo leader Heinrich Himmler.

 

Date taken: February 12, 1945

 

Photographer: Ernest Hamlin Baker

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=e57be60f46edaccc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

By June 1941,

when Germany

invaded

the Soviet Union,

Himmler controlled

not only the police

but the political

administration

of the occupied

territories

and, through

his control of the SS,

the concentration camp

system.

 

In 1943,

Hitler appointed Himmler

minister for the interior.

 

In this post

he oversaw

the 'Final Solution'

- the attempt

to exterminate

all the Jewish people

in Europe -

and administered

the system

of forced labour.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/himmler_heinrich.shtml

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/himmler_heinrich.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/radicalisation_01.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/features/local-history/training-assassins-for-a-nazi-attack.shtml

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/
obituaries/gudrun-burwitz-ever-loyal-daughter-of-himmler-is-dead-at-88.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/18/
figurines-dachau-nazis-love-porcelain--porzellan-manufaktur-allach-himmler-hitler

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
nazi-doctor-gay-people-carl-vaernet-escaped-justice-danish

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/14/
nazi-scientists-mosquitoes-biological-weapon

http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/02/17/
275988584/a-heinrich-himmler-documentary-in-his-own-words

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/26/
himmler-hoard-letters-diaries-israel-nazi-leader

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Martin Bormann    1900-1945

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Reichs Veternans Day.

 

L to R:

Martin Bormann,

von Epp,

and Heinrich Himmler.

 

Location: Kassel, Germany

Date taken: June 04, 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=eddcfc03e70c95f7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Martin Bormann

became

the chief of staff

for Rudolf Hess,

Hitler's deputy,

in 1933.

 

Virtually unknown

to the German public,

Bormann

as a close

assistant to Hitler

was a powerful force

behind the scenes

in internal politics.

 

Following Hess'

flight to Great Britain,

Bormann became head

of the Party Chancellery

(1941)

and, officially in 1943,

Secretary to the Fuehrer.

 

His hand

could be seen

in an array

of domestic policies,

including

the murder of the Jews,

the "euthanasia" effort,

the plunder of artwork,

and the expansion

of forced-labor programs.

 

He also signed

a series of edicts

ordering deportations

of Jews to the east.

 

Bormann died

in an effort

to flee Berlin

in the last days

of World War II,

but was long

thought

to be at large.

 

He was tried

in absentia

at Nuremberg,

where he was

sentenced to death.

 

West German

authorities

officially declared

him dead in 1973

after his remains

were discovered

and positively identified.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007106

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/martin-bormann
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robert Ley    1890-1945

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Robert Ley (rt),

Amman, Mrs. Ley ? in back.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

Date taken: June 06, 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1933,

after all German

trade unions

were dissolved,

Robert Ley established

the Deutsche Arbeitsfront

(DAF;

German Labor Front).

 

As head of the DAF,

whose membership

totaled 25 million,

Ley was known as

the "undisputed

dictator of labor"

in Germany.

 

Nevertheless,

he was overshadowed

on labor issues

during the war

by rivals like Albert Speer

and Fritz Sauckel,

his codefendants

in 1945.

 

Ley was indicted

on counts one,

three, and four

(conspiracy,

war crimes,

and crimes

against humanity).

 

Obsessed

with the idea

of becoming a martyr,

Ley committed suicide

in his cell at Nuremberg

shortly before

the trial began.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007118

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/robert-ley

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich    1904-1942

 

SS General

Reinhard Heydrich,

the chief of the Reich

Security Main Office

(Reichssicherheitshauptamt-RSHA)

and one of Reichsführer-SS

(SS chief)

Heinrich Himmler's

top deputies

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005477

 

 

 

Heydrich

was Hitler's

right-hand man

and was tipped

to one day succeed

the leader himself.

 

He was ruler

of the occupied

Czech Republic

and by 1942

he had killed hundreds

and was ferociously

stamping out resistance.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/features/local-history/training-assassins-for-a-nazi-attack.shtml

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/features/local-history/
training-assassins-for-a-nazi-attack.shtml

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
wannsee-conference-and-the-final-solution

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
reinhard-heydrich-key-dates
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leni Riefenstahl    1902-2003        Hitler's favourite film propagandist

 

 

 

Hitler And Riefenstahl

 

German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl (C)

taking a walk w. German fuhrer Adolf Hitler (R)

and Reichsminister Joseph Goebbels

during their visit to her new home.

 

Location: Dahlem, Germany

Date taken: June 1937

 

Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6ddbc0f0b01086c5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/
berlin-museum-offers-glimpse-of-leni-riefenstahl-estate

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/
movies/homevideo/triumph-of-the-will-fascist-rants-and-the-hollywood-response.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/14/
shameful-legacy-olympics-1936-berlin 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/feb/16/
nazi-3d-films-discovered

 

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10698820 - June 4, 2007

 

 

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1429805 - 13 September 2003

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1429468 - 12 September 2003

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3093574.stm - 9 September 2003

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3093154.stm - 9 September 2003

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1424500 - September 9, 2003

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/sep/09/
world.news1 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/10/
film.germany 

https://www.theguardian.com/arts/pictures/
0,,1267862,00.html 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/18/
artsandhumanities.germany

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/986528.stm - 23 October 2000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1937

 

Munich

 

Entartete Kunst - Degenerate Art - exhibition

 

 

It is one of the most

shuddered-at chapters

in the story of art.

 

In July 1937,

Nazi officials turned up

in full uniform

alongside evening-suited

cultural eminences

of the Third Reich

at an art gallery in Munich

for the opening

of the Exhibition

of Degenerate Art.

 

They came

not to praise modern art,

but to laugh at it.

 

Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse,

Marc Chagall, Otto Dix,

Georg Grosz,

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

– the masters of modernism,

including giants of Germany's

own avant garde,

were shown

in this exhibition

as deviant,

decadent practitioners

of so-called Degenerate Art

– "Entartete Kunst".

 

Sections of the show

had titles such as

"Total Madness",

"The Prostitute Raised

to a Moral Ideal",

"The Negroisation of Art".

 

Modern art

was interpreted

in the catalogue

as a conspiracy

by Russian Bolsheviks

and Jewish dealers

to destroy

European culture.

 

The admiration

for African carvings

that had so fired

Picasso

and other artists

was taken as

proof of modern art's

racial degeneracy.

http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/04/munich-hoard-lost-art-nazis

 

 

 

 

In six weeks

it had a million visitors,

and a million more

caught it on tour.

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/04/munich-
hoard-lost-art-nazis

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/
arts/design/01abroad.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/16/
secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berlin Olympics        1936

 

 

 

Lamp, one of Germany's shooters.

 

Location: Germany

Date taken: 1936

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/7f57a13d02874619.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/14/
shameful-legacy-olympics-1936-berlin 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/
history/3054754.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Third Reich

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/
books/review/castle-gripsholm-kurt-tucholsky.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Austria        Chancellor Dollfuss        1892-1934

 


 

 

Time Covers - The 30S

TIME cover 09-25-1933

Engelbert Dollfuss, photo credit Knozer.

 

Date taken: September 25, 1933

 

Life images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f685e09a27554dec - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1033454.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1933

 

Ermächtigungsgesetz

 

act passed

in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat

on 23 March 1933

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933

 

 

 

Political opposition

is outlawed

by Hitler's notorious

enabling act of 1933

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/07/
freya-von-moltke-obituary 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi Germany    1933-1945

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Reichstag session, Kroll Opera House.

Hitler makes keynote address

answering Roosevelts appeal to avoid war.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

Date taken: April 28, 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

Life Images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Buckeberge, Thanksgiving Day, 1937.

"The Street of People."

 

Location: Buckeberge, Germany

Date taken: 1937

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/44a05f0d791af31a.html

Other photo

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/68529c66b28dfb01.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Exterior shot of the Chancellery.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

Date taken: 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f144bdd59e2f78e0.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Sepp Hilz, with model and painting "Peasant Venus,"

chosen by Hitler fro display at "Day of German Art".

 

Location: Munich, Germany

Date taken: 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/7b53e310d9f75ced.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler Youth Drummers, 1936

 

Their work, estimated to stand at 700,000 shots,

reflects several chapters of German history

– from the cultural awakening during the years of the Weimar republic,

through the Third Reich, and on to the second world war

 

Photograph: Dr Paul Wolff

 

High-flying Zeppelin and Hitler youth:

Germany between the wars – in pictures

Dr Paul Wolff and Alfred Tritschler

were two of Germany’s most renowned photographers during the 1930s.

Their work captures airships, athletes and the rise of fascism

Tue 18 Aug 2020    07.00 BST

G

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Graf Zeppelin, 1928

 

Alfred Tritschler’s photographic skill

can be seen in his dynamic sports shots and bold airship photographs

 

Photograph: Alfred Tritschler

 

High-flying Zeppelin and Hitler youth:

Germany between the wars – in pictures

Dr Paul Wolff and Alfred Tritschler

were two of Germany’s most renowned photographers during the 1930s.

Their work captures airships, athletes and the rise of fascism

G

Tue 18 Aug 2020    07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From the series: Flugplatz Frankfurt am Main

 

A new Zeppelin hall under construction.

During the end phase of the second world war

significant portions of the Wolff archive were destroyed

 

Photograph: Dr Paul Wolff

 

High-flying Zeppelin and Hitler youth:

Germany between the wars – in pictures

Dr Paul Wolff and Alfred Tritschler

were two of Germany’s most renowned photographers during the 1930s.

Their work captures airships, athletes and the rise of fascism

G

Tue 18 Aug 2020    07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hydro power generator stands, Siemens-Schuckert, Berlin, 1936

Not one to limit his subject matter,

Wolff made portraits, landscapes, and still lifes.

He took photographs and continued to publish books

on his use of the Leica camera until his death

 

Photograph: Dr Paul Wolff

 

High-flying Zeppelin and Hitler youth:

Germany between the wars – in pictures

Dr Paul Wolff and Alfred Tritschler

were two of Germany’s most renowned photographers during the 1930s.

Their work captures airships, athletes and the rise of fascism

G

Tue 18 Aug 2020    07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Opening of the Opel Baths in Wiesbaden, 1934

 

The Wolff and Tritschler photobook by Hans-Michael Koetzle

is nominated for the Kraszna-Krausz photo book awards this year

 

Photograph: Dr Paul Wolff

 

High-flying Zeppelin and Hitler youth:

Germany between the wars – in pictures

Dr Paul Wolff and Alfred Tritschler

were two of Germany’s most renowned photographers during the 1930s.

Their work captures airships, athletes and the rise of fascism

G

Tue 18 Aug 2020    07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/oct/04/
the-glamour-boys-gay-mps-who-gave-early-warning-of-nazi-threat

 

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi art experts

who helped loot European Jews

 

Bruno Lohse (1911-2007)

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/17/
books/jonathan-petropoulos-gorings-man-paris-nazi-art.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fritz Todt    1891-1942

 

Organisation Todt        Siegfried Line

 

 

 

Fritz Todt

March 1940

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-146-01,_Fritz_Todt.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Todt

 

Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv

Original title: Reichsminister Dr. Todt.

Der Führer ernannte

den Generalinspetor für das Deutsche Strassenwesen,

Dr. Todt, zum Reichsminister für Bewaffnung und Munition.

23.3.40. Röhr[n?]-Weltbild

Archive title:

Porträt Fritz Todt in Uniform (Obergruppenführer)

Dating: März 1940

Signature: Bild 146-1969-146-01

Inventory:

Bild 146 - Sammlung von Repro-Negativen

http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/
_1253394408/?search%5Bform%5D%5BSIGNATUR%5D=Bild+146-1969-146-01

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Todt 

 

 

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1003364

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1933

 

Nazi Germany

 

 

Adolf Hitler comes to power

on a programme to reverse

the Versailles Treaty.

 

He withdraws

from the disarmament conference

and leaves

the League of Nations.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/197.shtml?question=197

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/18/
high-flying-zeppelin-and-hitler-youth-germany-between-the-wars-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1925

 

Adolf Hitler establishes the SS

 

 

From modest beginnings

the SS

(Schutzstaffel;

Protection Squadrons),

became a virtual state

within a state

in Nazi Germany,

staffed by men

who perceived themselves

as the “racial elite”

of Nazi future.

 

In the Nazi state,

the SS assumed

leading responsibility

for security,

identification of ethnicity,

settlement and population

policy,

and intelligence collection

and analysis.

 

The SS controlled

the German police forces

and the concentration

camp system.

 

The SS conceived

and implemented plans

designed to restructure

the ethnic composition

of eastern Europe

and the occupied

Soviet Union.

 

From 1939,

the SS assumed responsibility

for “solving” the so-called

Jewish Question;

 

after 1941,

its leadership planned,

coordinated and directed

the so-called Final Solution

of the Jewish Question.

 

(...)

 

In 1925,

Adolf Hitler,

the Führer of the National

Socialist German Worker's Party

(Nationalsozialistische

Deutsche Arbeiterpartei-NSDAP),

or Nazi party,

established the SS.

 

Subordinated

to the chief of staff of the SA

(Sturmabteilungen;

Assault Detachments),

the SS had

the following duties:

 

protecting Hitler

and other Nazi

leaders and speakers,

providing security

for political meetings,

and soliciting subscribers

to the Nazi party newspaper,

Der Völkischer Beobachter

(The Race-Conscious Observer).

 

On January 20, 1929,

at a time when the SS

numbered 280 men,

Hitler appointed

Heinrich Himmler

Reichsführer-SS

(Reich Leader of the SS).

 

Himmler

saw an opportunity

to develop an elite corps

of the Nazi party

based on race-nationalist

(völkisch)

visions of “racial purity,”

and loyalty to Hitler

as the personification

of the future

of the German nation.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007400

 

 

 

In order to strengthen

the position of the SS

relative to

the established German elites

after a victorious war,

SS chief Heinrich Himmler

persuaded Hitler

in late 1939

to permit the establishment

of an armed SS force

known as the Waffen SS.

 

Although

initially restricted

to four divisions,

the Waffen SS

eventually fielded

more than 20 divisions,

putting half

a million men under arms

and establishing a command

and operations structure

to rival the German Army.

http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007405

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
waffen-ss

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss-and-the-holocaust

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss-and-police

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss-and-the-camp-system

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss-and-nazi-policy

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
ss-decline-disintegration-and-trials

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 9, 1923

 

Hitler is arrested

after trying to stage a coup,

the farcical “Beer Hall Putsch,”

in his first bid to take power

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28 June 1919

 

The economic impact

of the Treaty of Versailles

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/versailles_01.shtml

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/07/
opinion/keynes-economic-consequences-peace.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
versailles-second-world-war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 9, 1918

 

Kaiser Wilhelm II

abdicates the throne,

sending Germany

into its turbulent experiment

with democracy

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prussia

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17301646

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century

 

Allies and Axis leaders

 

 

World War II > Germany, Europe

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Photography / Photographers

 

Margaret Bourke-White    USA    1904-1971

 

 

 

 

 

Related

German History in Documents and Images    GHDI

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/index.cfm

 

 

 

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