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History > 20th century > WW2 > USA, Europe > Holocaust > Germany > Nuremberg trials 1945-1946
Time Covers - The 40S TIME cover 12-10-1945 ill. of Nurnberg (aka Nuremburg) Trial participants including Nazi top brass Hermann Goering (bottom L) & Rudolf Hess (top R). Date taken: December 10, 1945
Photographer: Boris Artzybasheff Life Images
Thirteen trials were held in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949, with multiple defendants in the cases.
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K98JQuSmEAk
75 лет Нюрнбергу: вспоминая уникальный судебный процесс BBC 20-11-2020
https://www.youtube.com/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
Nuremberg Proceedings
Case #9
The Einsatzgruppen Case 1947-1948
On September 10, 1947, the US Military Government for Germany created Military Tribunal II-A (later renamed Tribunal II) to try the Einsatzgruppen Case.
The 24 defendants were all leaders of the mobile security and killing units of the SS, the Einsatzgruppen. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007080
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Hans Frank 1900-1946
early supporter of the Nazi party.
He studied law and eventually became the personal legal advisor to Adolf Hitler.
After the outbreak of World War II, Frank was appointed Governor General of occupied Poland.
In this capacity, Frank was responsible for the exploitation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians, as well as the deportation and murder of Polish Jews.
He was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death.
Frank was executed on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007108
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
75 лет Нюрнбергу: вспоминая уникальный судебный процесс BBC 20-11-2020
https://www.youtube.com/
Wilhelm Frick 1877-1946
Reich Minister of the Interior from 1933 to 1943 and Reich Protector for Bohemia and Moravia from 1943 to 1945.
In the decisive first years of the Nazi dictatorship, Frick directed legislation that removed Jews from public life, abolished political parties, and sent political dissidents to concentration camps.
Frick was found guilty on counts two, three, and four (crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death.
He was executed on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007109
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Benjamin Kaplan 1911-2010
as an Army officer Benjamin Kaplan helped craft the indictment of the Nazi war criminals who were tried at Nuremberg
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/us/25kaplan.html
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/count1.asp
The defendants 1945-1949
The Nuremberg tribunal opened in 1945.
Two years earlier, the USSR, Britain, and the US had issued their Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe, which stated that when the Nazis were defeated, the allies would "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth … in order that justice may be done".
Twenty-four defendants were charged under four counts: crime against peace, planning and waging wars of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
They did not include Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, and Joseph Goebbels, head of propaganda, who had all killed themselves.
Martin Bormann, the Nazi party secretary, was tried in absentia – his remains were found many years later in Berlin.
Robert Ley, head of the "Strengt through Joy" movement, hanged himself before the trial started.
Hermann Göring, Hitler's successor, killed himself with a phial of cyanide the night before he was to be executed.
Rudolf Hess, Hitler's former deputy, who flew to Britain in 1941 with what he called a peace plan, was given a life sentence.
He killed himself in Spandau prison, Berlin, in 1987.
Albert Speer, Hitler's architect who was responsible for the mass exploitation of forced foreign labour, was jailed for 20 years.
The man who supplied the slave labour, Fritz Sauckel, was sentenced to death, as were 12 others.
The Nuremberg tribunal gave its name to the "I was only obeying orders" defence.
It also led to a series of international conventions on the laws of war, genocide, and human rights, and the setting up of the permanent international criminal court in The Hague. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/26/britain-execution-nuremberg-nazi-leaders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/26/
Nuremberg trials 1945-1949
Twenty-four major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany, indicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, were brought to trial before the International Military Tribunal.
More than 100 additional defendants, representing many sectors of German society, were tried before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals in a series of 12 trials known as “Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings.” http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html
https://www.npr.org/2020/05/22/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/nyregion/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2012/oct/26/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/26/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/world/europe/29harris.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/13/nyregion/13sonnenfeldt.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trial-germany http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trials-hermann-goring http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trials-letters-extracts http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/nazis-nuremberg-executed-hermann-goring http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/nuremberg-trials-second-world-war-nazis http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1&text=overview http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/24/us/dr-leo-alexander-79-nuremberg-trial-aide.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4356000/4356166.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/war_crimes_trials_01.shtml
Whitney Robson Harris 1912-2010
prosecutor who brought high-ranking Nazi war criminals to justice at the Nuremberg trials
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/
Documentaries Nazi Concentration Camps 1945 Warning: graphic
OFFICIAL 1945 U.S. GOVERNMENT WWII NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP DOCU FILM GEORGE STEPHENS PART 1 Video PeriscopeFilm II
This historic film "Nazi Concentration Camps" was created immediately after WWII by the United States Government (August 1945) in an attempt to document the atrocities committed by the German state.
The documentary report created by famed director George Stephens was used as evidence in official war crimes trials.
It remains one of the most important works, showing irrefutable evidence of the despicable, brutal and inhumane acts committed by the German government in the name of racial purity.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfRKtdGfvWg
Related http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0247568/ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2074187239501225850#
Compilation footage of Nazi concentration camps in the immediate aftermath of World War II.
Shot by film director Georges Stevens (1904-1975)
The footage was gathered by the US Department of Defense as part of the effort to conduct war crimes trials.
The courtroom crowded with lawyers and defendents during the Nuremberg Trial.
Date taken: March 1945
Photographer: Ed Clark Life Images
(L to R) Rudolph Hess, Joachim Von Ribbentrop and Hermann Goering sitting in the defendents box.
Location: Germany Date taken: March 1945
Photographer: Ralph Morse Life Images
Nuremberg Trials. Defendants in their dock; Goering, Hess, von Ribbentrop, and Keitel in front row, circa 1945-1946., ca. 1945 - ca. 1946 ARC Identifier 540128 / Local Identifier 238-NT-612 http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=540128
Wikipedia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Nuremberg-1-.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg-1-.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring Primary source > NARA
Hermann Göring and Rudolf Hess, front row far left, and Hans Frank, in the sunglasses front row fourth from right, are among the Nazis in the dock in Nuremberg, September 1946.
Photograph: Eddie Worth/AP
East West Street by Philippe Sands review – putting genocide into words G Sunday 22 May 2016 06.30 BST Last modified on Sunday 22 May 2016 09.09 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
Nazi leaders in the dock at the Nuremberg trials, Germany, that ran from November 1945 to October 1946.
Photograph: adoc-photos
It was always lost on Brexiteers – but the EU is fundamentally about peace G Wed 18 Nov 2020 07.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/18/1945-
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century
Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust
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