|
|
|
History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
Ghettos
Czechoslavakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland
"Les ghettos en Pologne" Carte / map Mémorial de la Shoah
http://www.enseigner-histoire-shoah.org/ added 18 July 2013
Women Resistance Fighters in Hitler’s Ghettos
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/06/
Poland
Izbica
ghetto serving as a transfer point for the deportation of Jews to the Belzec and Sobibor death camps in Nazi-occupied Poland.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/14/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbica_Ghetto
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/14/
German-occupied Hungary
Matasolka ghetto
WW2 laborers
Matasolka ghetto, one of dozens established by the Nazis to confine Jews
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-19-
Beregsas (Berehovo) ghetto
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/
Munkács Ghetto
The first ghettos to be established in the occupied areas of Hungary were in Subcarpathian Rus'.
The initial deportation orders came from the German authorities, and the Hungarian government activated its police forces to carry them out.
According to the original plan, the ghettoization of Subcarpathian Rus' was to be completed by 6 April 1944, but the date was postponed because the Hungarian army claimed that too fast a process would complicate its operations in the region. http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/ghetto.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/
1941
Lithuania
Slobodka, near Kovno
Between 1920 and 1939, Kovno (Kaunas), located in central Lithuania, was the country's capital and largest city.
It had a Jewish population of 35,000-40,000, about one-fourth of the city's total population.
Jews were concentrated in the city's commercial, artisan, and professional sectors.
(...)
The Nazis established a civilian administration under SA Major General Hans Kramer.
Between July and August 15, 1941, the Germans concentrated the remaining Jews, some 29,000 people, in a ghetto established in Slobodka.
It was an area of small primitive houses and no running water.
The ghetto had two parts, called the "small" and "large" ghetto, separated by Paneriu Street.
Each ghetto was enclosed by barbed wire and closely guarded.
Both were overcrowded, with each person allocated less than ten square feet of living space.
The Germans continually reduced the ghetto's size, forcing Jews to relocate several times.
The Germans destroyed the small ghetto on October 4, 1941, and killed almost all of its inhabitants at the Ninth Fort.
Later that same month, on October 29, 1941, the Germans staged what became known as the "Great Action."
In a single day, they shot 9,200 Jews at the Ninth Fort. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kovno
Though it had no gas chambers or crematories, (...), nearly everybody there died.
(...)
“Several bulldozers would dig a ditch; people would be asked to move to the edge of the ditch.
In most cases they were naked.
Automatic weapons would kill them.
They would fall into the ditch, some wounded and not dead, and if you were lying on the ledge, an individual would throw you into the ditch.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kovno
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/
1941
Vilnius, Lithuania
It has not had the impact of Anne Frank’s classic journal, but another teenager’s diary from World War II has long provided a vivid picture of the miseries of life in a Jewish ghetto and the striking ways its doomed inhabitants endured.
Now, beginning on July 17, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in Manhattan will focus attention on the diary of the teenager, Yitskhok Rudashevski, by making it the second installment in what the institute calls its “online museum” of Jewish history.
In June 1941, at age 13, Yitskhok, began chronicling daily life in Vilnius, Lithuania (Vilna in Yiddish).
He recorded the German army’s takeover of the city from its Soviet occupiers, depicting the confinement of Vilnius’s 55,000 Jews into two ghettos and documenting the first reports of systematic massacres at the forested suburb of Ponar, where ultimately 70,000 Jews, 8,000 Soviet prisoners of war and 2,000 Polish intelligentsia were shot or machine gunned to death by Nazi “einsatzgruppen” killing squads and Lithuanian volunteers.
Yitskhok was murdered at Ponary in October 1943.
His cousin located the diary, written in Yiddish, in an attic hideaway and gave it to the poet Abraham Sutzkever, who had rescued scores of precious books, manuscripts and letters from YIVO’s original library in Vilna.
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/02/
Latvia
Riga ghetto
From 1918 to 1940, Riga was the capital of independent Latvia.
Before World War II, about 40,000 Jews lived in Riga, representing slightly more than 10 percent of the city's population.
The community had a well-developed network of Hebrew and Yiddish schools, as well as a lively Jewish cultural life.
Jews were integrated into most aspects of life in Riga and even sat on the city council.
In August 1940, the Soviet Union annexed Latvia, and Riga became the capital of the Latvian SSR.
German forces occupied Riga in early July 1941.
Thereafter, Riga became the capital of the Reich Commissariat Ostland, a German civilian administration.
German Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), together with Latvian auxiliaries, shot several thousand Jews shortly after German forces entered the city.
In mid-August, the Germans ordered the establishment of a ghetto in the southeastern area of the city; this ghetto was sealed in October 1941, imprisoning some 30,000 Jews.
In late November and early December of 1941, the Germans announced that they intended to settle the majority of ghetto inhabitants "further east."
On November 30 and December 8-9, at least 26,000 Riga Jews were shot by German killing squads and their Latvian auxiliaries in the Rumbula Forest, five miles southeast of Riga along the Riga-Dvinsk railway and the Riga-Salaspils road. https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005463
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005463
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/
Poland Bedzin ghetto
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/weekinreview/10word.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/05/israel.secondworldwar
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/05/israel.secondworldwar
Southwestern Poland
Sosnowiec ghetto
Sosnowiec ('s) Jewish population was confined to a ghetto before 35,000 of them were deported to Auschwitz.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/
Poland
The Brześć Ghetto (...) was a World War II Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in December 1941, six months after the German troops had overrun the Soviet-occupied zone of the Second Polish Republic under the codename Operation Barbarossa.
Less than a year after the creation of the Ghetto, around October 15–18, 1942, most of approximately 20,000 Jewish inhabitants of Brześć were murdered;
over 5,000 were executed locally at the Brest Fortress on the orders of Karl Eberhard Schöngarth;
the rest in the secluded forest of the Bronna Góra extermination site, sent there aboard Holocaust trains under the guise of 'resettlement'.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/
Poland Krakow ghetto
Roman Polanski On Escaping The Jewish Ghetto In World War II Video The Dick Cavett Show Date aired - December 22, 1971
Roman Polanski details his near death experiences and traumatic childhood during the war.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1pPzZyxHwk
March 21, 1941
German authorities establish a ghetto in which they require the remaining Jews living in the city to reside.
Located in the Podgorze section of Krakow, the ghetto houses between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews.
June 1941
The SS and Police Leader for Krakow establishes a forced-labor camp for Jews in Krakow-Plaszow.
During the next year, the SS and police establish eight other forced-labor camps for Jews in Plaszow, with the central camp on Jerozolimska Street.
Among these camps is the forced-labor camp for Jews deployed in the German Enamel Products firm owned by Oskar Schindler.
(...)
March 13-16, 1943
SS and police authorities liquidate the Krakow ghetto.
During the operation the SS kill approximately 2,000 Jews in the ghetto and transfer another 2,000 Jews, the members and families of the Jewish council, and the Krakow ghetto police force to Plaszow.
The SS and Police transport approximately 3,000 more Krakow Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where the camp authorities select 499 men and 50 women for forced labor.
The rest, approximately 2,450 people, are murdered in the gas chambers.
September-December 1943
The camp authorities and guards at the Plaszow forced-labor camp for Jews murder virtually all of the Jewish prisoners in a series of mass shootings. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007458
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow
https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL16143413
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-16-krakow_N.htm
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/nov/03/londonfilmfestival2002.artsfeatures
Poland Przemyśl ghetto
Ariana Spiegel as a child, with Renia sitting behind her.
Photograph: Bellak Family Archives
'Terrible times are coming': the Holocaust diary that lay unread for 70 years
Jewish teenager Renia Spiegel was executed in Poland days after her 18th birthday. Decades after her diary resurfaced in America, it is finally set to read by the world G Fri 9 Nov 2018 00.05 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/09/
On 15 July 1942 a Nazi ghetto was established for all Jewish inhabitants of Przemyśl and its vicinity – some 22,000 people altogether.
Local Jews were given 24 hours to enter the Ghetto.
Jewish communal buildings, including the Tempel Synagogue and the Old Synagogue were destroyed;
the New Synagogue, Zasanie Synagogue, and all commercial and residential real estate belonging to Jews were expropriated.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2019/09/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/nov/09/
Poland Litzmannstadt or Lodz ghetto
1940 A man walking in winter in the ruins of the synagogue
on Wolborska street (destroyed by Germans in 1939). COLLECTION OF THE ART GALLERY OF ONTARIO
1940-1944 Inside the Lodz Ghetto A record of atrocity and resistance, buried in a wooden box by Alex Q. Arbuckle Retronaut
https://mashable.com/2017/04/02/
most of the Jews who lived or were shipped to Lodz went to death camps before the close of the war.
By the time the Russians entered, a prewar Jewish population of about 250,000 had been reduced to fewer than 1,000.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lodz http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/grossman.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Ross
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
https://mashable.com/2017/04/02/
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/
https://forward.com/schmooze/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2015/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/22/
Poland
Litzmannstadt or Lodz ghetto
Roman Kent 1929-2021 (born Kniker)
Roman Kniker was born on April 18, 1929, in the manufacturing center of Lodz, Poland’s second largest city, with 600,000 people, one third of them Jews.
His father, Emanuel, was a textile manufacturer, and his mother, Sonia (Lipszytz) Kniker, tended to the home and the four children, including Roman’s two older sisters, Dasza and Renia, and his younger brother, Leon.
The family lived comfortably, spending summers horseback riding and bicycling at a villa they owned 30 miles outside Lodz.
Roman attended a private school for Jews with a Hebrew curriculum.
When he walked past a public school he was often the target of slurs and sometimes stones.
He and his brother spent much of their free time kicking a soccer ball in a courtyard in his father’s factory.
The German army invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, and the occupiers confiscated the factory and the apartments across the street.
Roman’s family squeezed into a small side building on the factory grounds.
By the end of the year, they and the city’s other Jews were forced into a squalid ghetto that had no electricity, running water or medication, though in the early days gentile workers at his father’s factory slipped food to the family, Mr. Kent recalled in a video interview.
Thousands succumbed to malnutrition, disease and cold temperatures.
Among them was Roman’s father, who died in 1943.
The ghetto was emptied in the fall of 1944, its inhabitants crammed into cattle cars and deported to concentration camps, mainly the sprawling Auschwitz-Birkenau complex.
When they arrived, Roman was separated from his mother and two sisters.
He would never see his mother again.
Roman and Leon were assigned to a work detail and transferred to other labor camps to feed the ravenous industrial and military needs of the German army as it lost battle after battle.
The brothers were interned in Gross-Rosen and Flossenburg, and from there forced at gunpoint on a death march to Dachau in Germany.
They were liberated along the way by the United States Army in April 1945.
They searched for their relatives and learned that their mother had died at Auschwitz but that their sisters were alive in Sweden.
The four siblings were briefly reunited, but Dasza, still sick from her wartime ordeal, died a few months later.
Renia remained in Sweden and married there.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
About 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland at the outbreak of World War II
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/
Around 90% of the 3.3 million Jews in Poland at the start of the second world war were killed.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/
Czechoslavakia, near Prague
Theresienstadt / Terezín "camp-ghetto"
The Theresienstadt / Terezín "camp-ghetto" existed for three and a half years, between November 24, 1941 and May 9, 1945. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005424
Terezin was not an extermination camp, though space was tight and food was scarce.
More than 33,000 people died at Terezin during the Holocaust.
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/02/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/24/alice-herz-sommer
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-idees/111113/
https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/2013/11/12/
https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2013/11/12/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/16/schoolgirl-who-fooled-the-nazis
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/13/terezin-ghetto-jews-holocaust-vulliamy
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/jun/13/alice-herz-sommer-terezin-video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/13/terezin-ghetto-jews-holocaust-vulliamy
Poland Kutno ghetto 1940
Hitler/Jaeger File Kutno Poland ghetto where Jews from the area were placed by Germans after the German conquest.
Location: Kutno, Poland
Date taken: October 1939
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger [ Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. ] http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/99943ee2b96bcd7b.html
Prior to World War II, approximately 6700 Jews lived in Kutno (Lodz district), constituting more than 25% of the total city population.
The Germans entered Kutno on September 15, 1939 and during the first months of the occupation the synagogue was destroyed, and many Jews were taken for forced labor.
A Judenrat was apparently appointed as early as November 1939, but the ghetto was only established officially in June 1940.
Before that, the Jewish population increased considerably due to the constant influx of Jewish refugees from peripheral areas. http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/our_collections/kutno/index.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/our_collections/
Quand les nazis filmaient le ghetto
Documentaire, Allemagne, 2009, 86mn
Réalisateur: Yael Hersonski
À partir du film inachevé Das Ghetto, tourné par les nazis à Varsovie, Yael Hersonski s'interroge sur l'apport des images au travail de mémoire.
En mai 1942, quelques semaines avant les premières déportations massives vers Treblinka, des nazis tournent durant un mois des scènes de la vie du ghetto de Varsovie.
Soixante-deux minutes muettes sur plusieurs bobines retrouvées en 1954 en RDA, avant d'être transférées au musée de l'Holocauste, à Jérusalem.
Longtemps, chercheurs et historiens ont pensé que ces films restituaient assez fidèlement la vie dans le ghetto.
Jusqu'à ce qu'en 1998 une nouvelle bobine soit découverte qui présente le glaçant making of de ce "documentaire".
Armés de leurs caméras, les nazis donnent des instructions de tournage aux habitants et refont des prises pour obtenir le résultat escompté.
S'ingéniant notamment à montrer des juifs richissimes qui vont au bal ou font leurs emplettes, alors que des enfants et des vieillards mendient dans la rue.
La réalisatrice israélienne Yael Hersonski croise ces archives brutes avec les témoignages récents de cinq survivants, des extraits des journaux intimes des victimes et un entretien avec Willy Wist, l'un des cameramen "metteurs en scène" d'alors. http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/244,broadcastingNum=1174191,day=5,week=49,year=2010.html
http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW2 (1939-1945)
Europe > Antisemitism > Ghettos
1939-1945 > World War 2 > USA, world
Nazis invade Poland 1 September 1939
|
|
|
