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History
> Early 21st century, 20th century >
UK, British empire,
England
United Kingdom,
British Empire
Timeline in pictures

Steve Bell
cartoon
G
27 July 2004
https://www.theguardian.com/cartoons/stevebell/
0,7371,1267868,00.html
Margaret Thatcher

Steve Bell
cartoon
G
2000
https://www.theguardian.com/
Thatcher/graphic/0,5543,401742,00.html
Tony Blair / Margaret Thatcher
2000s - 2010s
British troops in
Afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/04/
uk-soldiers-more-likely-die-us-troops-war-terror
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/sep/19/
more-afghan-interpreters-eligible-to-move-to-uk-under-new-rules
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/31/
wars-without-end-why-is-there-no-peaceful-solution-to-so-much-global-conflict
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/nov/18/
uk-army-war-crimes-iraq-afghanistan-bbc-panorama
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/nov/17/
british-government-army-accused-covering-up-war-crimes-afghanistan-iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/13/
british-troops-afghanistan-appease-trump-war
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/26/
afghan-interpreters-uk-army-failed-british-government-commons-report
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/09/
how-the-heroin-trade-explains-the-us-uk-failure-in-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/22/
uk-military-investigating-hundreds-of-alleged-abuses-in-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/aug/17/
heroes-of-helmand-british-army-afghanistan-review
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/09/
uk-afghanistan-troops-increase-david-cameron
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/23/
afghan-taliban-seize-key-district-sangin-helmand-province
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/22/
much-of-sangin-in-taliban-hands-amid-reports-uk-and-us-have-deployed-special-forces
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/28/
rightwing-ideology-lost-britiain-war-afghanistan-and-is-destroying-state-and-country
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/28/
camp-bastion-helmand-uk-troops-hand-over-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/27/
guardian-view-britain-armed-forces-after-withdrawal-helmand-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/oct/26/
british-troops-leave-helmand-as-afghans-take-over-camp-bastion
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/13/
taliban-advance-sangin-helmand-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/
06/military-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/10/
uk-forces-helmand-afghanistan
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/30/
afghanistan-war-cost-britain-37bn-book
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/26/
10-troops-injured-afghanistan-bomb
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/mar/29/
afghanistan-british-army-crimes
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/dec/02/
wikileaks-cables-afghan-british-military
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/
british-troops-afghan-civilian-shootings
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/
british-shootings-afghan-civilians-lis
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/apr/01/
british-troops-afghan-culture
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/sep/17/
afghanistan-casualties-dead-wounded-british-data
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/16/
afghanistan-british-troop-deaths
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/28/
afghanistan
2010s
British military withdrawal from Iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/18/
british-militarys-8-years-in-iraq-ends
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/dec/18/
uk-troop-withdrawal-iraq-brown
https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2008/dec/17/
iraq-military
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/dec/17/
gordon-brown-iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/dec/10/
uk-iraq-withdrawal-troops
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/19/
usa.military
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/03/
iraq.iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/oct/24/
uk.iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/sep/25/
uk.iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/19/
iraq.iraq
Tony Charles Lynton Blair
Prime Minister 1997-2007
Iraq War
flawed information
about Saddam Hussein’s
alleged weapons
of mass destruction
(WMDs)
2005 general
election campaign
IRA orders end
to armed
campaign
Marjorie "Mo" Mowlam 1949-2005
Robert "Robin" Finlayson Cook 1946-2005
David Christopher Kelly
1944-2003
Terror laws
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/tonyblair
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/iraq-war-inquiry
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/david-kelly
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/sep/23/
the-british-spy-who-tried-to-stop-iraq-war
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/sep/22/
katharine-gun-whistleblower-iraq-official-secrets-film-keira-knightley
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/sep/22/
keira-knightley-interview-official-secrets-film
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/jun/18/
the-rehabilitation-of-tony-blair
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/may/28/
an-inconvenient-death-establishment-david-kelly-affair-miles-goslett-review
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2016/jul/10/
tony-blair-and-his-beliefs
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/09/
iraq-war-after-blair-and-bush-met-the-tempo-changed
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/06/
484964871/7-years-in-the-making-report-finds-british-rushed-into-iraq-war
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/
spy-agencies-flawed-information-saddam-wmds-iraq-chilcot
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/
tony-blair-deliberately-exaggerated-threat-from-iraq-chilcot-report-war-inquiry
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/18/
tony-blair-warpath-from-early-2002-colin-powell-memo-chilcot-inquiry-invasion-iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/jan/21/
chilcot-inquiry-iraq-the-guardian-briefing
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2013/sep/24/
photography-tony-blair-alastair-campbell
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/12/iraq-dossier-case-for-war
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/22/
david-kelly-suicide
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/blog/2010/mar/18/tony-blair-george-bush-iraq-letters
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jan/29/
tony-blair-chilcot-iraq-inquiry
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/oct/08/humanrights.iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/nov/10/uksecurity.terrorism1
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/nov/10/uk.topstories3
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/sep/25/uk.iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/28/uk.iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/19/labour.uk
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/19/obituaries.northernireland
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/06/terrorism.july7
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/jul/07/energy.nuclearindustry
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/08/guardianobituaries.labour
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/07/uk.labour
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/aug/07/uk.labour1
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/28/northernireland.devolution3
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/jul/28/northernireland.devolution1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/26/northernireland.northernireland3
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/july7
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/07/election2005.policy
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/07/uk.election2005
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/06/politics.ukgeneralelection2005
http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3933079
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/06/politics.ukgeneralelection2005
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/06/uk.election200511
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/03/election2005.comment
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/election2005
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/02/iraq.australia
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/02/iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/may/02/uk.iraq2
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/28/uk.world1
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/29/antiwar.uk
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/29/uk.iraq3
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/28/election2005.uk3
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/05/labour.election2005
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/19/iraq.military3
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/gall/0,9352,1315592,00.html
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/jul/22/labour.politicalcolumnists
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/mar/05/iraq.iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/jan/20/
uk.davidkelly
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/sep/27/
iraq.iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/29
/wrap.andrewbrown
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/18/
foreignpolicy.iraq1
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/sep/24/
foreignpolicy.houseofcommons
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/24/
iraq.speeches
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/
vo030318/debtext/30318-06.htm#30318-06_spmin2
Robert Finlayson Cook 1946-2005
London terrorist attacks
- 7
July 2005
Iraq war
17 March 2003
Iraq war
Robin Cook's
resignation speech
to the House of Commons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_London
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/08/
guardianobituaries.labour
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/07/
iraq.politics
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/08/
july7.development
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/17/
labour.uk
Queen Elizabeth, the Queen
Mother 1900-2002
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon,
later
Queen Elizabeth,
was the Queen Consort
of
King George VI
of the
United Kingdom
and the British Dominions
from 1936 until his death
in 1952

Excellent portrait of young Elizabeth
Bowes-Lyon,
the future Duchess of York & Queen Mother of
England.
Location: London, United Kingdom
Date taken: 1914
Photographer: E. O. Hoppe
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=e4ab089544340392 - broken link
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/obituaries/queen_mother/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/30/queenmother.monarchy12
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/apr/09/queenmother.monarchy8
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/apr/09/poetry.queenmother
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/30/queenmother.monarchy10
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/622457.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/obituaries/queen_mother/default.stm
1999
House of Lords Act
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/houseoflords/
house-of-lords-reform/from-the-collections/from-the-parliamentary-collections-lords-reform/
lords-reform-1963-1999/houseoflordsact1999/
15 August 1998
Omagh,
County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
Omagh bomb attack
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/omagh
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,,1019591,00.html
Diana: 1961-1997
Diana's body flown back to Britain
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1997/sep/01/
monarchy.matthewengel
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1997/sep/01/
guardianobituaries.monarchy
1997
Hong Kong
handover
Hong Kong is returned to Chinese rule
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1997/jul/01/
china.andrewhiggins1
http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/hk/
Prime Ministers in history
John Major PM 1990-1997
'Back to basics'

Steve Bell
cartoon
The Guardian
1.10.2002
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/oct/01/
uk.past
https://www.theguardian.com/cartoons/stevebell/
0,7371,802554,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/673348.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/post_major.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/feb/10/politics.conservatives
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/feb/10/uk.freedomofinformation
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/oct/01/uk.past
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1993/dec/16/northernireland.michaelwhite
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1992/nov/14/past.comment
February 9 1996
Northern Ireland conflict
IRA Docklands Bomb
IRA smash ceasefire
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1996/feb/10/
northernireland.davidpallister
1995-1988
Liverpool dockers' strike
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jul/02/
fiachragibbons
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/
no-going-back-at-liverpool-docks-1240426.html
- 21 September 1997
July 21 1994
Tony Blair
becomes the leader
of the labour party,
following the death
of John
Smith
anti-poll tax demonstrations
sweep across Britain,
culminating in violence
in central London
on the final day of
March 1990

Anti-poll tax protesters
jeer councillors
from the east London borough of Newham
as they leave a meeting on 7 March 1990.
Photograph:
Robin Mayes for the Observer
Poll tax riots revisited - in pictures
O
Saturday 28 March 2015 14.12 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/gallery/2015/mar/28/
poll-tax-riots-revisited-in-pictures
15 April 1989
The
Hillsborough disaster
was a fatal
human crush
during a
football match
at Hillsborough
Stadium
in
Sheffield,
South
Yorkshire, England,
on 15 April
1989.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hillsborough_disaster - 3 December 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Hillsborough_disaster - 3 December 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/
football/hillsborough-disaster
The miners' strike /
The Battle of Orgreave
1984-1985

Police and pickets at Orgreave, South
Yorkshire
during the miners strike in1984
Photograph:
Don McPhee for the Guardian
UK miners' strike 30 years on:
share your
photos and stories
G
Tuesday 24 February 2015 16.25 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/24/
uk-miners-strike-30-years-on-share-your-photos-and-stories
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/miners-strike-1984-85
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/arthur-scargill
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/03/grimethorpe-hit-rock-bottom-then-bounced-back
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/01/scottish-miners-must-get-justice
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/feb/24/
uk-miners-strike-30-years-on-share-your-photos-and-stories
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/28/in-search-of-arthur-scargill-miners-strike
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/gallery/2010/sep/12/miners-strike-1984-85-david-peace
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/sep/12/david-peace-miners-strike
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/aug/29/margaret-thatcher-undermine-miners-union
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/aug/29/margaret-thatcher-soviet-aid-miners
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/may/04/peter-heathfield-obituary
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/gallery/2009/feb/23/
don-mcphee-miner-strike-photography
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/oct/28/
norman-west-obituary
1988
Scotland
Lockerbie plane bombing
Margaret Thatcher > PM 1979-1990
1988
The Law Lords rule
against the government
and allow the publication
of
Peter Wright's
contentious book,
Spycatcher
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1326319,00.html
1986
Jeffrey Archer,
deputy chairman
of the conservative party,
is forced to resign
amid allegations
he has been sleeping
with a prostitute
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1986/oct/27/
fromthearchive
1982
South Atlantic
Falkland islands
The Falklands
war
The Falklands,
a British
territory comprising
a group of windswept islands
250 miles off
Argentina’s southeast coast,
had been a source
of dispute
between Britain
and Argentina
for 150 years
when an Argentine
military dictatorship
staged an invasion
in April 1982.
The landings on
the islands
— which the
Argentines
call the Malvinas
but were named
by
the British in 1690
for Viscount
Falkland,
treasurer of the British Navy —
brought a major
military
response by the government
of Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher
in support
of
nearly 2,000 settlers,
most of British
descent.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/
world/europe/john-woodward-leader-of-british-navy-in-falkland-islands-war-dies-at-81.html
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/13/uk.falklands
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/world/europe/
john-woodward-leader-of-british-navy-in-falkland-islands-war-dies-at-81.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/falklands25years/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/mar/02/
the-conversation-falklands-veterans-experiences
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2007/mar/29/falklands
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/feb/25/falklands.military
The Guardian > Special report > The Falklands
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/falklands
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/sep/06/falklands.world
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1982/may/27/argentina.military
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1982/jun/15/falklands.world1
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1982/may/27/argentina.military
1981
Greenham Common peace camp
The first camp
was set up
on
5 September 1981
to raise awareness
of plans
to install
nuclear Cruise missiles
at the Berkshire base.
(...)
The airbase
was closed in
1993
but the camp
remained until 2000.
The first missiles
were delivered
to Greenham Common
in November 1983.
The last one was removed
in
March 1991.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14775384
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/
greenham
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/17/
helen-john-greenham-protester-drones
1981
Brixton riots
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1981/apr/13/
fromthearchive
July 1980
UK lifts ban on arms sales to
Chile
Conservatives reverse
previous government's
decision to ban sale of weapons
to General Pinochet's
military regime
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/23/
pinochet-chile-thatcher-arms-sales - From the archive, 23 July 1980
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/23/
pinochet-chile-thatcher-arms-sales - From the archive, 23 July 1980
27 August 1979
Northern Ireland conflict
IRA bomb
kills Lord Mountbatten
The Queen's cousin,
Lord Louis Mountbatten,
is killed by a bomb blast
on his boat in Ireland
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/
newsid_2511000/2511545.stm
1998-1999
Northern Ireland conflict
Good Friday Agreement
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/good_friday.shtml
1976-1977
Grunwick strike
One sweltering
summer afternoon
in August 1976,
Jayaben Desai
decided
she wasn't going
to take it anymore.
Desai,
who had
arrived
from India
eight years earlier,
was working
in the
dispatch department
of the Grunwick
film
processing plant
in Willesden, London.
The workforce
was
predominantly
made up
of Asian women,
some of whom
were
unhappy
with their working
conditions.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/
asian-women-trade-union-grunwick
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/24/
has-labour-party-outlived-its-usefulness
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/
asian-women-trade-union-grunwick
https://www.theguardian.com/society/gallery/2010/jan/20/
grunwick-strike-women
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/27/
jayaben-desai-dies-aged-77
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/
newsid_2520000/2520097.stm
James "Jim"
Callaghan (1912-2005) PM 1976-1979
The 'Winter of Discontent'
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/22/
james-callaghan-labour-1979-thatcher
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/30/archives-callaghan-labour-memo-1978
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/dec/30/james-callaghan-missile-defence-fears
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/dec/30/james-callaghan-crisis-winter-1978
http://www.economist.com/people/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3809548
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/mar/27/obituaries.politics
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,1446472,00.html
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,1446468,00.html
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,1446862,00.html
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour/story/0,9061,1446802,00.html
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/28/labour.obituaries1
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/mar/27/obituaries.politics
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/pwar_strikes_winter_discontent.shtml
6 June 1975
A national referendum
backs UK membership of the EEC
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1975/jun/07/
eu.past
6 March 1974
Miners' strike comes to an end
British coal workers
have called off
a four-week strike
following a 35% pay offer
from the new Labour government
in what is being seen
as a resounding victory
for the miners.
Around 260,000 miners
have accepted weekly pay rises
ranging from £6.71 to £16.31.
The offer is worth more
than double the figure on offer
under Edward Heath's
government.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/newsid_4207000/4207111.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/
newsid_4207000/4207111.stm
James Harold Wilson (1916-1995)
Second term as Prime Minister 1974-1976
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2524000/2524099.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/may/25/
obituaries
Sir Edward Heath (1916-2005) PM 1970-1974

Sir Edward
Heath.
Photograph: Jane Bown
The
Guardian p. 1 18.7.2005
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/30/
how-edward-heath-taking-bath-exposed-lax-security-chequers
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/18/
guardianobituaries.conservatives
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/politicsobituaries/
page/0,1441,1530967,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4691051.stm
July 1972
National dock strike begins
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/jul/28/
1972-dockers-strike
2 February 1972
Northern Ireland conflict
Police in Dublin
charged
rioters
with batons last night
after cheering crowds
had
burned out
the British Embassy.
Hatred of Britain
in the
Republic
reached fever pitch
as the embassy's interior
blazed fiercely,
watched
by several thousand.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/feb/03/northernireland.bloodysunday
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1972/feb/03/northernireland.bloodysunday
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2/
newsid_2758000/2758163.stm
30 January 1972
Northern
Ireland
Second Bloody Sunday
British troops open fire
on
a crowd of demonstrators
in the Bogside district
of Londonderry,
killing 13
civilians.
1972
Industrial effect of the
miners' stoppage
Power cuts
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1149432,00.html
Ibrox disaster
2 January 1971

The funeral of Peter Easton, Douglas
Morrison and Bryan Todd,
three teenagers from Markinch who died at
Ibrox in 1971.
Photograph:
Trinity Mirror/Mirrorpix/Alamy
'Singing and dancing to their deaths':
football’s forgotten tragedy
In 1971,
an Old Firm derby at Ibrox
ended with the
death of 66 fans as they celebrated a late goal.
John Hodgman survived the terrifying crush
and, 50 years on,
asks how Rangers avoided taking
responsibility
G
Thu 3 Dec 2020 06.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/dec/03/
rangers-football-forgotten-tragedy-ibrox-stadium-disaster-glasgow
The 1971 Ibrox
disaster
was a crush
among the crowd
at an Old Firm
football game,
which led to 66
deaths
and more than
200 injuries.
It happened
on 2 January
1971
in an exit
stairway
at Ibrox Park
(now Ibrox Stadium)
in Glasgow,
Scotland.
It was the
worst
British
football disaster
until the
Hillsborough disaster
in Sheffield,
England, in 1989.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
1971_Ibrox_disaster
- 3 December 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
1971_Ibrox_disaster
- 3 December 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/dec/03/
rangers-football-forgotten-tragedy-ibrox-stadium-disaster-glasgow
James Harold Wilson
(1916-1995) First term as Prime
Minister 1964-1970

Time Covers - The 60S
Time cover: 10-11-1963 of Harold Wilson.
Date taken: October 11, 1963
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=bf5a62ede5553f67
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1995/may/25/
obituaries
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/21/
buried-50-years-britain-shamesful-role-biafran-war-frederick-forsyth
The Mangrove
Nine
The Mangrove
Nine
were a group of
British black activists
tried for
inciting a riot at a protest,
in 1970,
against the
police targeting
of the Mangrove
Restaurant,
Notting Hill,
in west London.
Their trial
lasted 55 days
and involved
various challenges
by the Nine
to the
legitimacy
of the judicial
process.
They were all
acquitted
of the most
serious charges
and the trial
became
the first
judicial
acknowledgement
of behaviour
motivated by
racial hatred
within the
Metropolitan Police.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_Nine - 3 October 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2020/oct/15/
the-story-of-the-mangrove-nine
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/oct/03/
steve-mcqueen-our-marlon-brandos-are-on-building-sites-or-driving-buses
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/25/
mangrove-review-racial-prejudice-steve-mcqueen-small-axe
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/06/
british-black-power-from-shrug-to-school-syllabus-in-six-short-years
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/nov/29/
mangrove-nine-40th-anniversary
1968
Thirty thousand
demonstrators
march through London
in protest against
the Vietnam war
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1968/oct/28/
fromthearchive
7 October 1968
Edward Heath
launches the Conservative Party's
mid-term report
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1968/oct/07/
past.mainsection
1967
Abortion Act
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/contents
Sexual Offences Act 1967
partial decriminalisation
of
homosexuality
https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/jun/18/
glad-to-be-gay-the-story-of-the-filming-of-david-is-homosexual
Clement Attlee 1883-1967
South Arabia
The Aden emergency
escalated in 1967
and hastened
the end
of British rule
in the territory
which had begun
in 1839
(...)
Aden
became the capital
of the People's Republic
of
Southern Yemen
in 1967
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/gallery/2012/apr/18/
colonial-archives-kenya-malaya-aden
Aden,
commanding
the
entrance
to the Red Sea,
was an important
British air
and naval base
on the route to India
and had been
occupied
since
1839.
In January 1963,
this British colony
was
merged with
the sheikhdoms
of the Aden
Protectorates
to form
the Federation
of
South Arabia.
This was done
against the
wishes
of much of Aden city's
population.
In 1964
Britain announced
that independence
was to be granted
to the
Federation
by 1968,
but that British forces
would remain in Aden.
http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/aden-emergency
Arab nationalists
resented
this and,
egged on
by President
Nasser
of Egypt,
formed the National
Liberation Front
(NLF)
in Yemen,
which itself
had designs on
Aden
and its hinterland.
An insurgency
against
British rule
known as
the Aden Emergency
began with
a grenade attack
by the NLF against
the British High
Commissioner
on 10 December 1963,
killing one person
and
injuring 50.
http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/aden-emergency
https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/aden-emergency-1963-67
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/gallery/2012/apr/18/
colonial-archives-kenya-malaya-aden
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/18/
sins-colonialists-concealed-secret-archive
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/apr/18/
colonial-papers-fco-transparency-myth
1966
George Blake, a
soviet spy,
escapes from Wormwood Scrubs
and makes his way to Russia
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1966/oct/24/russia.
keithharper
21 October 1966
Wales
The Aberfan disaster
after days
of hard
rain,
a mountain
of coal waste and
slurry
slid through Aberfan
in a
black avalanche,
crushing the town’s
school
in its path
and killing 28 adults
and
116 children.
At the inquest,
when a
child’s
cause of death
was listed as asphyxia
and
multiple injuries,
one father famously said:
“No, sir. Buried alive
by
the National Coal Board.
That is what I want to see
on the record.”
It was one of the world’s
first televised tragedies,
and it has marked
British
attitudes
toward authority
ever since.
The National Coal Board
was later accused
in an
official inquiry
of extreme negligence
and
“bungling ineptitude,”
and Parliament
passed
legislation
regarding public safety
in
mines and quarries.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/22/world/europe/aberfan-disaster-wales.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/walesonair/database/aberfan.shtml
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/22/world/europe/aberfan-disaster-wales.html
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/
100000004723037/scenes-from-aberfan-in-1966.html - Oct. 21, 2016
British Pathé archives
Labour romps home
in the 1966 election
British Pathé archive clip
showing the aftermath
of the 1966 general election
in which Harold Wilson's
Labour party
won a decisive victory
over Edward Heath's
Conservatives
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/may/04/
past-general-election-2010 - broken link
1965
First
Race Relations Act
The Race Relations Act 1965
was the first piece of legislation
in the UK to address
the prohibition
of racial discrimination
and followed
previously unsuccessful bills.
The Act banned
racial discrimination
in public places
and made the promotion
of hatred on the grounds
of ‘colour, race,
or ethnic or national origins’
an offence.
The Bill
received Royal Assent
on 8 November 1965,
and came into force
a month later
on 8 December 1965.
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/
private-lives/relationships/collections1/race-relations-act-1965/race-relations-act-1965/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/oct/01/
paul-stephenson-the-hero-who-refused-to-leave-a-pub-and-helped-desegregate-britain
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/
private-lives/relationships/collections1/race-relations-act-1965/race-relations-act-1965/
https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/04/20/
603884872/an-anti-immigration-speech-divided-britain-50-years-ago-it-still-echoes-today
1964
Channel tunnel plan
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1964/feb/07/
france.transport
1963
Bristol bus boycott
The 1963 Bristol protest
took place
after 18-year-old Guy Bailey
was turned away
from a job interview
at the state-owned
Bristol Omnibus Company.
A manager told him:
“We don’t employ
black
people.”
The policy,
an open secret in the city,
was entirely legal.
Inspired by events
including the 1955
Montgomery bus boycott,
when Rosa Parks refused
to give up her seat,
a boycott
of the whole bus
network
was organised.
After four months,
the bus company relented.
The victory proved
to be a watershed moment
and a step on the road
towards the UK’s first laws
against racial
discrimination.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/oct/28/
how-the-bristol-bus-boycott-changed-uk-civil-rights
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/oct/28/
how-the-bristol-bus-boycott-changed-uk-civil-rights
Cold War sex scandals The 'Profumo affair' case 1963

Mandy Rice-Davies leaving court
after testifying on her relationship with
Lord Astor in 1963.
Photograph: Associated Press
Mandy Rice-Davies, Figure in Sex Scandal,
Dies at 70
NYT
DEC. 19, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/
world/europe/mandy-rice-davies-profumo-affair-figure-obituary.html
the Profumo affair —
revelations
that a
government minister,
John Profumo,
had shared a mistress,
Christine Keeler,
with a Soviet defense
attaché,
Yevgeny Ivanov.
The scandal
raised questions
about national security
and rocked
the Conservative
government
of Harold Macmillan.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/world/europe/
mandy-rice-davies-profumo-affair-figure-obituary.html
John Dennis Profumo 1915-2006

Profumo
shortly after he was appointed
secretary of state for war in 1960.
He could not escape the public humiliation
of the events of 1963
Photograph: Jimmy Sime/Getty
Obituary
John Profumo
The Guardian
p. 35 11 March 2006
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/john-profumo
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/26/
mi5-abandoned-stephen-ward-profumo-scandal
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/
obituaries/christine-keeler-75-central-figure-in-a-british-scandal-dies.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/
world/europe/mandy-rice-davies-profumo-affair-figure-obituary.html
http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/dec/11/stephen-ward-profumo-50-years
http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/dec/02/profumo-affair-wrongful-conviction-judges-stephen-ward
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2013/may/01/christine-keeler-nude-photograph-art
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/apr/30/profumo-affair-sketch-mystery-woman
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/apr/27/profumo-affair-sex-1963
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/picture/2013/mar/22/profumo-affair-picture-of-the-day
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/jan/04/an-english-affair-richard-davenport-hines-review
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/mar/10/conservatives.politics
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/mar/10/guardianobituaries.conservatives
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/mar/10/guardianobituaries.conservatives
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/mar/10/conservatives.uk
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2001/apr/10/past.derekbrown
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/Story/0,,105601,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1963/dec/06/past.mainsection
18 April 1960
Thousands protest against H-bomb
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/18/
newsid_2909000/2909881.stm
March 1959
Malawi
Britain,
which ruled
what was then
Nyasaland,
imposed
a
state of emergency
to stop violent protests
by political
activists
of the Nyasaland
African Congress,
led by
Hastings Kamuzu Banda,
who were fighting for self-rule.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/
malawians-seek-compensation-for-nyasaland-massacre-during-british-rule
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/
malawians-seek-compensation-for-nyasaland-massacre-during-british-rule
Harold
Macmillan 1894-1986
Prime Minister 1957-1963
"You've never had it so good."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/10/newsid_3783000/3783251.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_2547000/2547307.stm
11 April 1957
Britain
agrees to Singapore self-rule
The British
government
is to allow
the island colony
of
Singapore
to govern
itself
under a new constitution
agreed in London.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2828000/2828903.stm
6 March 1957
Africa
The colony Gold Coast becomes,
as Ghana,
the first
black African nation
to be granted independence
from Britain
http://www.newsint-archive.co.uk/pages/main.asp
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/newsid_2515000/2515459.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6/newsid_2515000/2515459.stm
January 9,
1957
Sir
Anthony Eden
resigns as Prime Minister
following ill
health
and controversy
surrounding the Suez crisis
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1957/jan/10/
conservatives.past
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/9/newsid_2800000/2800833.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5193202.stm
March 24,
1956
Pakistan
becomes independent
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1956/mar/24/
kashmir.india
1956
The Suez crisis / Suez and the end
of empire
British and French forces
withdraw from Suez
- 23
December 1956
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/10/pressandpublishing.egypt
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/11/egypt.past
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1956/dec/24/fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/mar/14/past.education1
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1956/nov/01/iraq
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5199392.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5195068.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/suez_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/219.shtml?question=219
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5194576.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5195582.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5193202.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5195068.stm
6
November 1956
Allied forces take control of
Suez
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/6/
newsid_3115000/3115888.stm
26 July 1956
Egypt seizes
Suez Canal
Egypt's president,
Colonel Gamal Abdel
Nasser,
has announced
the nationalisation
of the Suez Canal Company
to provide
funding
for the construction
of the Aswan High Dam.
The British Government
and French stockholders
who own shares
in the Suez Canal Company
have reacted with shock
to the news.
In a two-and-a-half hour
speech
delivered
to a mass gathering
in Alexandria,
President Nasser
said the Nationalisation Law
had already been published
in the official gazette.
He said
all company assets
in Egypt
had been frozen
and stockholders
would be paid
the price of their shares
according to
today's closing prices
on the Paris Stock Exchange.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_2701000/2701603.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5168698.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/
newsid_2701000/2701603.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/suez_01.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5204490.stm
1956
UK / USSR
Guy
Burgess and Donald Maclean
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1956/feb/13/
fromthearchive
1956
Women return to the workforce
in part-time employment
https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1585368,00.html
British Pathé archives
the 1955 election May 27, 1955
The Conservatives
increase their majority to 60 seats
as
Anthony Eden's party beats
the former prime minister,
Clement Attlee
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/
newsid_3850000/3850389.stm
British Pathé archive
The Queen greets Haile Selassie
Footage from 1954
in which the Queen,
the Duke of Edinburgh
and prime minister
Winston Churchill
welcome Ethiopia's emperor
to London
for a three-day state visit
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/15/
british-pathe-archive-queen-haile-selassie-video
- broken link
17 September 1953
British soldiers
return from prison camps
in North Korea
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1953/sep/17/
mainsection.fromthearchive
1953
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth
II
Control off sweets
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/
100000004345567/the-coronation-of-queen-elizabeth-ii.html
- Apr. 20, 2016
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1953/jun/03/monarchy.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1953/feb/05/fromthearchive
1953
The Egyptian
Republic
Anglo-Egyptian relations
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1953/jun/20/
fromthearchive
1953
Great floods
https://www.theguardian.com/weather/page/0,,2208302,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/nov/09/weather.world4
http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/weather/features/great_flood.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/1953_flood.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/senseofplace/floods1953.shtml
August 1953
Iran
Mohammad Mossadeq
is
overthrown in a coup
engineered by the British
and American intelligence
services
General Fazlollah Zahedi
is proclaimed
as prime minister
and the Shah returns
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm
The Great Smog of 1952
http://www.npr.org/2017/10/17/
558316674/death-in-the-air-revisits-5-days-when-london-was-choked-by-poisonous-smog
Kenya Mau Mau rebels "Kenya emergency" 1952
British Pathé archives 1951 election

British Pre-Elections - Burrows, Chat, Castle, Haas, Kauffman,
W.Smith
Date taken: 1950
Photographer: Larry Burrows
Life
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=62589e07a454804e
1951 general election,
won by Winston Churchill's
Conservative party
thanks to the first-past-the-post
electoral system
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2010/apr/30/
general-election-1951 - broken link
the 1951 election
(...)
sent Labour into opposition
for 13 years,
but confirmed the greatness
and safeguarded the achievements
of the outgoing Attlee government
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/04/
electionspast.past
April 1951
Iran
Parliament
votes
to nationalise
the oil industry,
which is
dominated
by the British-owned
Anglo-Iranian
Oil Company
Britain
imposes
an embargo and a blockade,
halting oil
exports
and hitting the economy.
A power
struggle between
the Shah and Mossadeq ensues
and the Shah
flees the country
in August 1953.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm
Korea,
1951
Korean War
British battles
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
battles/korea/
1950s
Cold War
Intelligence / Espionage > The
Cambridge Five > Double agents
George Blake
(né Behar) 1922-2020
John Cairncross
1913-1995
Harold Adrian
Russell "Kim" Philby 1912-1988
Donald Duart
Maclean 1913-1983
Guy Francis de
Moncy Burgess 1911-1963
The five were
contemporaries
at Cambridge
University in the 1930s,
and were
attracted to communism
mainly because
of the Wall Street crash
and in
opposition to appeasers
in the British
and other governments
during the rise
of Hitler.
Burgess
was at the
centre of the ring,
all of whom had
Soviet controllers
based in
London.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/23/
mi5-mi6-coverup-cambridge-spy-ring-archive-papers
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/dec/27/
george-blake-treachery-born-of-idealism-still-a-waste
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/26/
george-blake-obituary
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/26/
george-blake-mi6-spy-cold-war-double-agent-dies-aged-98
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/24/
confession-of-british-spy-for-the-soviets-kim-philby-made-public-for-first-time
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/26/
spy-named-orphan-donald-maclean-roland-philipps-review
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/23/
spy-named-orphan-enigma-donald-maclean-roland-philipps-review
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/28/
cambridge-spy-guy-burgess-charmed-observer-files
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/14/
guy-burgess-the-spy-who-knew-everyone-stewart-purvis-jeff-hulbert-review
https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2016/feb/06/
cambridge-spy-ring-files-whitehall-public
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/23/
mi5-mi6-coverup-cambridge-spy-ring-archive-papers
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/16/
cambridge-spy-ring-maclean-burgess-whitehall-admits-security-lapses
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/20/
stalins-englishman-guy-burgess-andrew-lownie-review
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/10/
stalins-englishman-lives-guy-burgess-andrew-lownie-review
https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2013/aug/04/
letters-cambridge-five-so-called-traitors
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/28/
kim-philby-david-astor-observer
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jun/08/
archive-missing-foreign-office-men-now-in-paris-1951
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/07/
books.world
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2003/may/10/
weekend7.weekend2
10 October 1951
Winston
Churchill
Britain's relationship with America
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1951/oct/10/
uk.past
1950s
Anthony Eden
France and UK consider 'merger'
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/15/
france.eu
25 May 1950
Petrol rationing ends
https://www.theguardian.com/business/1950/may/27/
oil.secondworldwar
Malaya
Malayan Emergency
Malaya,
a
British colony
in the post-war period,
saw the
emergence
of a communist-inspired
armed revolt from 1948.
The British
proclaimed an emergency,
fighting the
rebels
by military means
but also
encouraging
a non-communist
independence movement.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/sep/24/2
alleged massacre
by Scots Guards
of 24 villagers in Batang Kali
- December 1948
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/18/
colonial-office-eliminations-malayan-insurgency
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/apr/18/sins-colonialists-concealed-secret-archive
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/apr/18/colonial-papers-fco-transparency-myth
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/gallery/2012/apr/18/colonial-archives-kenya-malaya-aden
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/09/malaysia-human-rights
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/sep/24/
2
1937 to early 1950s
Mass
Observation
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/16/
worktown-astonishing-story-mass-observation-david-hall-review
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jul/21/
mass-observation-photographers-gallery
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2013/jul/20/
mass-observation-photographers-gallery-exhibition
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/19/
mass-observation-75-years
1950
India
becomes a republic
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_3485000/3485587.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/26/newsid_3475000/3475569.stm
30 September 1949
The Tory party conference agenda
is overtaken
by an emergency resolution
on the economic crisis
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1949/sep/30/
past.comment
1948
London Olympics
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/mar/30/
london-1948-olympics-austerity-games
Palestine British mandate
1920-1948
Aneurin Bevan 1897-1960 National Health System 1948

Br. Laborite Aneurin Bevan
standing on a soap-box
and making an election campaign speech
on a farm while a small boy is mimicing him.
Date taken: May 10, 1955
Photographer: Carl Mydans
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=5025a75966408a26
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bevan_aneurin.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,105132,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,105133,00.html
Race Relations Act 1965
The Race Relations Act 1965
was the first piece
of legislation in the UK
to address
the prohibition
of racial
discrimination
and followed previously
unsuccessful bills.
The Act banned
racial discrimination
in public
places
and made the promotion of hatred
on the
grounds
of ‘colour, race, or ethnic
or national
origins’
an offence.
The Bill received Royal Assent
on 8 November 1965,
and came into force a month later
on 8 December 1965.
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/
private-lives/relationships/collections1/race-relations-act-1965/race-relations-act-1965/
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/
private-lives/relationships/collections1/race-relations-act-1965/race-relations-act-1965/
https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/04/20/
603884872/an-anti-immigration-speech-divided-britain-50-years-ago-it-still-echoes-today
Winston Churchill 1874-1965
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/churchill_winston.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_2506000/2506493.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/02/sidney-street-siege-100-years
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/02/secondworldwar.conservatives
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jan/01/secondworldwar.politics
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105637,00.html
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1955/apr/06/past.fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1950/feb/21/uk.mainsection
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1940/may/11/secondworldwar.past
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1940/may/11/mainsection.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1899/nov/17/mainsection.fromthearchive
UK / USA Special relationship

The US president
[George W. Bush]
inspecting the Guard of Honour at Buckingham Palace
The
Guardian November 2003
http://www.guardian.co.uk/picture/page/0,13302,1089266,00.html - broken link
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/02/99/e-cyclopedia/1186166.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/08/
comment.politics
1947
The great floods
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/25/weather.flooding1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/24/weather.world3
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6448525.stm
15 August 1947
British empire
India and Pakistan win
independence
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/india-and-pakistan-win-independence
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_89.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/indiapakistan/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6947226.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/6947504.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/16/fiction
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/15/india.pakistan
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/13/fiction
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007wv67
1947
Partition of Palestine
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1681322.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/israel_and_palestinians/key_maps/6.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
Story/0,6051,105143,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/century/year/
0,6050,128354,00.html
1946
Victims
of UK's cold war torture camp

Archive
pictures of German prisoners held by the British
following the second world war.
Photographs:
Martin Argles
The postwar
photographs
that British authorities tried to keep hidden
· Treatment of suspected communists revealed
· Four court martialled after police inspector's inquiry
The Guardian
Monday April 3, 2006
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/apr/03/
uk.freedomofinformation
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/03/
germany.topstories3
1942
William
Beveridge's
cradle-to-grave social insurance plan
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/26/
welfare-system-beveridge-75-years
WW2
On 23rd May 1937,
thousands of
children
were sent to the UK
following
the
bombing of Guernica
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2017/may/23/
guernica-spain-war-refugees-80-1937-southampton

Children fleeing the Spanish civil war
arrive by boat in Southampton, 1937.
Photograph:
Frank Rust/Daily Mail/Rex
Guernica at 80:
Nearly 4,000 child refugees
arrive in the UK – archive, 1937
On 23rd May 1937,
thousands of children were
sent to the UK
following the bombing of Guernica
G
23 May 2017
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2017/may/23/
guernica-spain-war-refugees-80-1937-southampton#img-1
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2017/may/23/
guernica-spain-war-refugees-80-1937-southampton
Albert Frederick Arthur George / King George VI (r. 1936-1952) 1895-1952

[ King George VI
Elizabeth Queen Of England
Consort Of George VI ]
Undated
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=683db1a383fda5b8

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
stand amid the bomb damage
at Buckingham Palace.
Photograph: PA
Fascism, abdication and war: the story of a
turbulent era
O
Sunday 19 July 2015 00.05 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/19/
timeline-nazism-abdication-war-turbulent-royal-era
George VI
became King
unexpectedly
following the abdication
of
his brother,
King Edward VIII,
in 1936
http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/
KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHouseofWindsor/GeorgeVI.aspx
- broken link
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2703403.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2711000/2711265.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7918.shtml
Oswald Mosley's
British Union of Fascists
1936
Battle of Cable Street
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/sep/30/
thefarright.past
Edward Windsor / King Edward VIII r. 1936 (1894-1972)
1936
The Jarrow march /
crusade
Mass
unemployment
and extreme poverty
in the north-east of England
drove 200 men
to march in protest
from Jarrow to London.
Their MP,
Ellen Wilkinson
was with them
as they came south
to petition parliament
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/jarrow_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/jarrow_01.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/sep/28/
jarrow-crusaders-win-fight-council-fees
1932
The Lancashire 'hunger-marchers'
reach Brentford
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1932/oct/27/
mainsection.fromthearchive
1931
Depression
https://www.theguardian.com/century/year/
0,6050,128330,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
Story/0,6051,126796,00.html
1929
Wall Street Crash
Unemployment in Britain in 1932
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/ear20_wall_street_crash.shtml
Herbert
Henry Asquith 1852-1928
Prime Minister 1908-1916

TITLE: H.H. Asquith
CALL NUMBER: LC-B2- 4064-14[P&P]
MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: [no date recorded on caption card]
FORMAT: Glass negatives.
REPOSITORY:
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C.
20540 USA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Henry_Asquith.jpg
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/asquith_herbert.shtml
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/08/
margot-asquith-diaries-insolent-churchill-ignorant-kitchener
1921
The Anglo Irish treaty
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/64206.stm
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm
21 November 1920
Ireland
First Bloody
Sunday / The Croke Park massacre
The IRA kills
14 British
undercover
intelligence officers
in a series of morning raids
in Dublin
on
Sunday, November 21.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/feb/23/
rugbyunion.foreignpolicy
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1920-1929/
Story/0,,126559,00.html
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/
killing-and-bloody-sunday-november-1920/
2061F125D236E8594A25C564C0F31475
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/64204.stm
1919-1921
Ireland
The War of
Independence
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/easterrising/index.shtml
Palestine British
mandate 1920-1948
19 October 1920
Parliament debates
the coal strikes
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1920/oct/19/
fromthearchive
Over an 80-year
period,
the British fought
three wars in Afghanistan,
occupying or
controlling
the country in between,
and lost tens
of
thousands of dead
along the way.
Finally, exhausted
by the
First World War,
Britain gave up in
1919
and granted
Afghanistan
independence.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/
world/asia/afghanistan-graveyard-empires-historical-pictures.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/
world/asia/afghanistan-graveyard-empires-historical-pictures.html
Afghanistan
Third
Anglo-Afghan War
The third war
broke out
when Afghanistan
declared independence
from this quasi-British rule
in 1919.
However, for
Britain,
the
Bolshevik Revolution
had reduced
the Russian threat and,
with military
spending crippled
in the wake of the World War I,
interest in
Afghanistan
gradually waned.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8151294.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8151294.stm
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/29/
world/asia/afghanistan-graveyard-empires-historical-pictures.html
31 January 1919
Glasgow, Scotland
Battle of George Square

A police officer uses his baton on
a striker
during the general strike in
Glasgow.
Photograph:
Hulton Archive/Getty
Images
100 years on:
the day they read the Riot Act as
chaos engulfed Glasgow
Westminster feared a ‘Bolshevik
uprising’
when 60,000 strikers fought police
on the streets.
What really happened in the Battle
of George Square?
G
Sun 6 Jan 2019
08.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/06/
100-years-on-the-day-they-read-the-riot-act-in-glasgow
Tens of thousands
of striking
workers,
many accompanied
by their families,
were baton-charged
by police.
A battle erupted,
heads were broken
and for one
of the last times,
civic officials
read the Riot Act.
A panic-stricken
cabinet in London
sent in troops and
tanks,
and for a moment
revolution
looked set to
sweep
western Scotland.
(...)
Glasgow
was at the time a
centre
for heavy goods
manufacture,
and demobbed
soldiers
were returning in
search of work.
Factory owners
wanted to maintain
the 47-hour
working week,
while workers
wanted
a 40-hour week
so that everyone
could get a job,
says John Foster,
an emeritus
professor
at the University
of the West of
Scotland.
“The factory
owners
wanted them to do
more work
so there would be
fewer jobs
and they would
have
a permanent
unemployed
workforce
at their beck and
call.”
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/06/
100-years-on-the-day-they-read-the-riot-act-in-glasgow
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jan/06/
100-years-on-the-day-they-read-the-riot-act-in-glasgow
18 January 1919
Paris peace
conference begins
conference to
establish
the terms of the
peace
after the first
world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/jan/09/
paris-peace-conference-first-world-war-1919
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2019/jan/09/
paris-peace-conference-first-world-war-1919
1918
flu pandemic
In October 1918,
as a second wave
of Spanish
influenza
spread across
Britain,
its wards were
inundated
with pneumonia
cases.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/
nurses-fell-like-ninepins-death-and-bravery-in-the-1918-flu-pandemic
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/24/
my-familys-history-reveals-the-terrible-toll-a-pandemic-takes-on-mental-health
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/
nurses-fell-like-ninepins-death-and-bravery-in-the-1918-flu-pandemic
1918
Representation of the People
Act
The 20th century
(...)
saw the
introduction
of universal
suffrage
in Britain.
Previously,
only men
had been entitled
to vote
in parliamentary
elections.
The Representation
of the People Act
1918
was the first,
though limited,
legislative step
towards giving
women
the vote.
Yet the vote
was only one
of many changes
that women
had to
fight for,
along with
opportunities
for employment
and education,
the reform of
marriage
and divorce laws,
and the provision
of pensions for
widows.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/making_history_brave.htm
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
citizenship/brave_new_world/making_history_brave.htm
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/feb/04/
shambolic-womens-groups-accuse-government-over-vote-centenary-funding
World War one / The Great War
1919-1945
The First Women MPs
https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/
explore-guides-to-documentary-archive-/archives-highlights/archives-the-suffragettes/
archives-the-first-women-in-parliament-1919-1945/
Arthur James Balfour
The Balfour Declaration 1917
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1632259.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/
middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682961.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1917.stm
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jun/28/
balfour-and-weizmann-geoffrey-lewis
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/29/afghanistan.
internationaleducationnews
1917
Britain's occupation
of Iraq
http://www.theguardian.com/news/1917/mar/11/
mainsection.fromthearchive
The Sykes-Picot
agreement
was a secret
understanding
concluded in 1916
between
Great
Britain and France,
with the assent of
Russia,
for the
dismemberment
of the Ottoman Empire.
The agreement
was
not implemented,
but it established
the principles
for the division
a few years later
of the Turkish-held region
into the French
and British-administered areas
of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon
and Palestine.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/british_control.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/british_control.stm
1916
Ireland
Easter
Rising
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/17/
topstories3.mainsection
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/10/
ireland
1906-1914
Ulster Crisis
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/rise_sinn_fein.shtml
June 28, 1914
A Bosnian Serb,
Gavrilo Princip,
assassinates Archduke
Francis Ferdinand of
Austria,
heir to the
Austro-Hungarian throne,
in Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1914/jun/29/
fromthearchive
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/
assassination-of-archduke-franz-ferdinand/5647.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11873900
Britain and France
Entente cordiale 1904
Entente Cordiale celebrations 1905
The suffragettes
Representation of
the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
Legal
milestones for women 1832-1928
Emmeline
Pankhurst 1858 or 1857-1928
1920
Government of Ireland Act
https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/goi231220.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/northern_ireland/history/64204.stm
1849-1920
The Ulster Crisis
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/ulster_crisis_1860.shtml
2 January 1911
Sidney Street siege, London
Police,
soldiers
– and a young
politician
on the rise –
waged an
extraordinary battle
against
'alien
anarchists and criminals'
(...)
Crowds of
spectators
and the home secretary
– a rising
young politician
called Winston Churchill –
watched
as
Scots Guards and police
exchanged fire
for six hours
with gunmen
holed up in a
tenement.
Maxim machine
guns
were called for
and the Royal
Horse Artillery
clattered up
with 13-pounder guns,
though too late
to take part.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/02/
sidney-street-siege-100-years
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jan/02/
sidney-street-siege-100-years
1910
Conflict between
striking miners
and policemen in the Rhondda Valley
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1910/nov/09/
mainsection.fromthearchive
1909
Government feared
suffragette plot to kill Asquith
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/sep/29/
gender.women
1908
Moving towards a
welfare state
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1908/nov/11/
uk.socialexclusion
Prime Minister Arthur James Balfour PM 1902 to 1905 1848-1930

Arthur Balfour, former Prime Minister of the
UK.
Unknown date
Author: George Grantham Bain
Primary source
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.02758
Source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Balfour,_photo_portrait_facing_left.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour
In 1891 Balfour
became First Lord
of the Treasury
and Leader
of
the Commons.
He regained
the
same positions
on the
Conservatives’
re-election
in 1895.
When Lord Salisbury retired,
Balfour became
Prime Minister,
but his cabinet
split
on the free trade issue
and his
relations
with the king were poor.
Defeats in the
Commons
and in by-elections
led to his
resignation
in December 1905.
https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/arthur-james-balfour
https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/
arthur-james-balfour
Cecil Rhodes 1853-1902
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1899-1909/
Story/0,,126334,00.html
1899-1902
Second Boer War
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1903/apr/27/
mainsection.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1901/sep/26/
mainsection.fromthearchive
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1899/nov/17/
mainsection.fromthearchive
Related > Anglonautes > History > Ancient
Britain - early 21st century
Ancient Britain - Early 21st century
England, United Kingdom, British Empire
British Empire > India >
20th century
20th century
> Northern Ireland
17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century
English America, America, USA
Racism,
Slavery,
Abolition, Civil war,
Abraham Lincoln
17th, 18th, 19th century
English America, America, USA
Related
Let's end the myths of Britain's imperial past
David Cameron
would have us look back
to the days of the British empire with
pride.
But there is little
in the brutal oppression and naked greed
with which it was built that deserves our respect
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/19/
end-myths-britains-imperial-past
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