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History > 16th century > England > Timeline in pictures
Anne Boleyn oil on panel, late 16th century (circa 1533-1536) 21 3/8 in. x 16 3/8 in. (543 mm x 416 mm) Purchased, 1882 Primary Collection NPG 668 Second Queen of Henry VIII. Sitter associated with 18
portraits. Artist associated with 6531 portraits. and this painting derives from an earlier version. She was described as having a long neck, wide mouth and with 'eyes which were black and beautiful'. oil on panel of Anne Boleyn, held at the National Portrait Gallery, London: NPG 668 Text from Primary source http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=668&eDate=&lDate= Image from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Anne_boleyn.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anne_boleyn.jpg Primary source for image http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=668&eDate=&lDate= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
Sir Francis Drake c. 1540-1596
Drake, the famed Elizabethan explorer, and a vice-admiral in the fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada, was also a slave trader, making three voyages to Guinea and Sierra Leone that enslaved between 1,200 and 1,400 Africans between 1562 and 1567 – a figure that probably meant the deaths of around three times as many, according to contemporary estimates.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/10/
The Marprelate tracts 1588-1589
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marprelate_Controversy
Elizabeth I
Francis Drake
The Spanish Armada 1588
Francis Drake, Vice-Admiral of the English fleet, wrote this letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, Principal Secretary of Queen Elizabeth I, after the Battle of Gravelines.
This battle was the decisive event of a ten-day running fight with the Spanish Armada.
Drake wrote: 'This dayes servis hathe much apald the enemey and no doubt but incoraged our armey.'
Ever since Henry VIII's break away from the Catholic Church in 1533, England had been in danger of invasion from Catholic countries.
Philip II of Spain, leader of the most powerful Catholic country in Europe, launched his great Armada against England in 1588.
It was made up of 132 ships and was a huge threat to England.
The Armada reached the Lizard, off Cornwall, on 19th July.
The English fleet shadowed the Spanish ships up the Channel.
This fleet was the same size as the Spanish one - about 130 ships, including 60 warships.
However, most of the English ships were faster, better armed and in better condition.
By 27th July the Armada reached Calais, where English fireships began to attack them at night.
This broke up the Spanish formation, allowing the English to pick off stragglers.
Both sides began to run out of ammunition.
Changing winds drove the Spanish fleet further north.
By 2nd August the English felt it safe to call off their pursuit.
The Spanish lost more ships at sea or wrecked off the west coast of Ireland.
In the end, only 67 ships of the Armada returned to Spain.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=16
Elizabeth I
Articles Touching Preachers and Other Orders for the Church 1583
https://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/er84.html
Elizabeth I
The Subscription (Thirty-Nine Articles) Act
1571 / 13 Elizabeth, Cap. 12
https://history.hanover.edu/texts/ENGref/er83.html
Elizabeth I 1533-1603
r. 1558-1603
The reign of Elizabeth I is often thought of as a Golden Age.
It was a time of extravagance and luxury in which a flourishing popular culture was expressed through writers such as Shakespeare, and explorers like Drake and Raleigh sought to expand England's territory overseas.
This sense of well-being was embodied by Queen Elizabeth who liked to wear sumptuous costumes and jewellery, and be entertained in style at her court.
But life in Tudor England did not always reflect such splendour.
The sixteenth century was also a time when the poor became poorer, books and opinions were censored, and plots to overthrow the Queen were rife.
Elizabeth's ministers had to employ spies and even use torture to gain information about threats to her life.
In 1558 the Protestant preacher John Knox wrote, 'It is more than a monster in nature that a woman should reign and bear empire over man.'
So was he right?
Were women fit to rule the country?
The people had lived through the unpopular reign of Mary I, known as 'Bloody Mary' for her merciless persecution of Protestants.
Lady Jane Grey was Queen for only a matter of days before being toppled and eventually executed.
And Mary Queen of Scots made a series of ill-judged decisions which led her to the executioner's block in 1587. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/nov/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jul/29/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/oct/09/
http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/elizabethi/exhibition.php
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2013/feb/13/
17 Protestant are burnt at the stake in Lewes, East Sussex during the Marian persecutions of 1555–57
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2012/nov/06/
Mary, Queen of Scots r. 1542-67
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
In 1561, Mary, Queen of Scots, upset the applecart of the Protestant Reformation.
Her husband, Francois II, King of France had died unexpectedly, and the Scots were more than a little surprised by the sudden appearance of Mary's ship at Leith's port.
Since 1542, Scotland had been ruled by a series of regents acting in Mary’s name.
By 1560, The Lords of the Congregation had overthrown the power of Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, and created a provisional government, but now she returned, bringing with her the glamour and authority of Scotland’s royal court, and drawing nobles, both Catholic and Protestant, to its intrigues.
The Protestant Kirk which had been established in defiance of royal authority, found itself in limbo and subject to a Catholic monarch.
For ministers like John Knox, Mary represented a serious threat to the whole Protestant cause.
To his even greater annoyance, Mary interfered but little in matters of religion: tolerating the Kirk and even granting it revenues.
However, Mary did refuse to give her assent to the Scottish Parliament’s acts which abolished the mass.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/
Mary was first in line to succeed Queen Elizabeth I of England (a Protestant) and considered by Catholics to be the legitimate sovereign.
But when Mary fled from Scotland to England in 1568 after a tumultuous series of events (including the murder of her husband and her forced abdication in favor of her 1-year-old son), her cousin Elizabeth I took her presence as a threat and imprisoned her.
Mary spent 19 years in captivity — during which time she corresponded in code with her associates and supporters — before she was convicted of treason and beheaded at age 44 for her alleged role in a plot to have Elizabeth I murdered.
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/10/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/renaissance/features_
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/05/
Queen Mary I of England 1516-1558
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was the queen of England from July 1553 until her death. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
The first queen to rule England in her own right, she was known as 'Bloody Mary' for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Catholicism in England.
Mary was born at Greenwich on 18 February 1516, the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Her life was radically altered when Henry divorced Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn.
He claimed that the marriage was incestuous and illegal, as Catherine had been married to his dead brother, Arthur.
The pope disagreed, resulting in Henry's break with Rome and the establishment of the Church of England.
Henry's allegations of incest effectively bastardised Mary.
After Anne Boleyn bore Henry another daughter, Elizabeth, Mary was forbidden access to her parents and stripped of her title of princess.
Mary never saw her mother again.
With Anne Boleyn's fall, there was a chance of reconciliation between father and daughter, but Mary refused to recognise her father as head of the church.
She eventually agreed to submit to her father and Mary returned to court and was given a household suitable to her position.
She was named as heir to the throne after her younger brother Edward, born in 1537.
Edward VI succeeded his father in 1547 and, under the protectorate of the Duke of Northumberland, zealously promoted Protestantism.
Mary, however, remained a devout Catholic.
When it became clear that Edward was dying, Northumberland made plans for his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, to take the throne in Mary's place.
On Edward's death in 1553, Jane was briefly acclaimed queen.
But Mary had widespread popular support and within days made a triumphal entry into London.
Once queen, she was determined to re-impose Catholicism and marry Philip II of Spain.
Neither policy was popular.
Philip was Spanish and therefore distrusted, and many in England now had a vested interest in the prosperity of the Protestant church, having received church lands and money after Henry dissolved the monasteries.
In 1554, Mary crushed a rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt.
Making the most of her advantage, she married Philip, pressed on with the restoration of Catholicism and revived the laws against heresy.
Over the next three years, hundreds of Protestants were burned at the stake.
This provoked disillusionment with Mary, deepened by an unsuccessful war against France which led to the loss of Calais, England's last possession in France, in January 1558.
Childless, sick and deserted by Philip, Mary died on 17 November 1558.
Her hopes for a Catholic England died with her. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_i_queen.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
1553
Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554)
Nominal Queen of England for just nine days in 1553 in an unsuccessful bid to prevent the accession of the Catholic Mary Tudor.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
King Edward VI (1537-1553)
Edward was king of England for only a few years, and died at 15, but his short reign saw the full-scale introduction of Protestantism.
Edward was born on 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace, the only legitimate son of Henry VIII.
Henry's desperation for a son had led him to divorce two wives, but Edward's mother, Henry's third wife Jane Seymour, died a few days after his birth.
Edward was given a rigorous education and was intellectually precocious, although his health was never strong.
Edward became king at the age of nine, when his father died in January 1547.
His father had arranged that a council of regency should rule on his behalf, but Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, took power and established himself as protector.
Somerset and the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were intent on making England a truly Protestant state, supported by the young king.
An English Prayer Book was issued in 1549 with an Act of Uniformity to enforce it.
In the summer of 1549, peasants in the West Country revolted in protest against the Prayer Book.
Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk was focused on economic and social injustices.
At the same time, the French declared war on England.
The Norfolk rebellion was suppressed by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick.
In the atmosphere of uncertainty, Dudley exploited his success by bringing about the downfall of Somerset, who was arrested and later executed.
Although Dudley, later duke of Northumberland,
never took the title of protector, this is the role he now assumed.
Protestant reform was stepped up - the new Prayer Book of 1552 was avowedly Protestant.
Altars were turned into tables, religious imagery destroyed and religious orthodoxy was enforced by a new and more stringent Act of Uniformity.
It soon became clear that Edward was suffering from tuberculosis and would not live long.
Northumberland was determined that his religious reforms should not be undone, so he persuaded Edward to approve a new order of succession.
This declared Mary illegitimate and passed the throne to Northumberland's daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, who was a more distant descendant of Henry VIII.
Edward died on 6 July 1553.
However, Jane was only queen for a few days until, with overwhelming popular support, Mary took the throne.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
Dissolution of the monasteries, Glastonbury, Somerset
Revolution from the top, as King Henry VIII got rid of 900 monasteries in five years, in the process dispersing 15,000 monks and nuns.
The money from selling their land was intended to increase the revenue of the crown, but in fact went towards funding Henry’s foreign wars. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
Tudor monarchs
Henry VIII 1491-1547
r. 1509-1547
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/23/
Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife (1491-1547), mother of Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/16/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/may/11/hilary-mantel-on-anne-boleyn
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/feb/23/anne-boleyn-guilty-adultery-biography-claims
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2004/oct/23/featuresreviews.guardianreview3
1497
First Act of Parliament kept at Westminster
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/
Henry VII 1457-1509
r. 1485-1509
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
English Reformation / Puritanism
Puritan and Reformed Writings
https://victorianweb.org/religion/puritan.html
The House of Lancaster and the House of York
War of the Roses 1455-1487/1499
Map of the battles of the Wars of the Roses added 22.5.2005 http://www.warsoftheroses.com/map.cfm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
King Richard III (1452-1485) r.1483-1485
The last Plantagenet / The last Yorkist king of England
King Richard III by Unknown artist Scanned from the book The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England by David Williamson, ISBN 1855142287 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/King_Richard_III.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Richard_III.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England King Richard III by Unknown artist Date: late 16th century Medium: oil on panel Measurements: 22 1/2 in. x 17 5/8 in. (570 mm x 448 mm) uneven NPG 4980(12) http://keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/ImagesRichardIII.htm
https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/eastmidlands/series3/ https://www.theguardian.com/uk/richard-iii
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/27/world/europe/king-richard-iii-burial-leicester.html http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/26/britain-king-richard-iii-tyrant http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/mar/22/richard-iii-reburial-procession-bosworth-leicester http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips#img-7
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/16/richard-iii-died-battle-losing-helmet-new-research
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/sep/04/richard-iii-roundworm-infection-scientists http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/05/richard-scoliosis-me-twisted-spines http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-dna-bones-king http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/05/king-richard-iii-found http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/05/king-richard-iii-face-recreated http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2013/feb/04/richard-iii-video-clips
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/dec/18/king-richard-inn-recreated-archaeologists
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/feb/19/battle-of-bosworth-site-confirmed
1485
Battle of Bosworth, Leicestershire
This was the last major engagement of the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York, which had caused havoc and carnage across the country during the late 15th century.
Although much glamorised in the ensuing centuries as a clash between the forces of good and evil, the victory of Henry VII’s Tudor forces over those of Richard III were a defining moment in English and Anglo-Welsh history; this was the start of the Tudor dynasty and a death blow to the Plantagenets.
The drama of Bosworth has continued into the 21st century with the discovery of Richard’s remains beneath a Leicester car park. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
John Lydgate: Chaucer contemporary's coded graffiti recalls lost literary talent
Striking discovery in a Suffolk church reawakens interest in the once-revered prolific writer and 14th-century monk
(...)
Historians studying graffiti in ancient churches have found what they believe might be writing by one of medieval English literature's most extraordinary "lost" talents – including his signature.
Benedictine monk John Lydgate, a contemporary of Chaucer who wrote for three kings and the late 14th and early 15th-century social elite, was one of the most prolific English writers.
(...)
More than 150,000 lines of verse are attributed to Lydgate, a vast output ranging from satires to histories, epigrams, romances and plays, many of them written in the late Middle English style pioneered by Chaucer.
Lydgate idolised Chaucer, calling his fellow poet the "lodestar", and he befriended Chaucer's son, Thomas, and granddaughter, Alice. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/29/john-lydgate-graffiti-chaucer-monk-literary-talent
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/29/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/mar/29/
Black Death (...) ravaged Britain and Europe in the mid-14th century
The Black Death arrived in Britain from central Asia in the autumn of 1348 and by late spring the following year it had killed six out of every 10 people in London.
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/may/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/29/
Moyen Âge / Middle Ages
La guerre dite de cent ans
The Hundred Years' War 1337-1451/3
chronologie / rois / batailles / enluminures / chroniques
1420
Traité de Troyes
1415
Bataille d'Azincourt
1356
Bataille de Poitiers
1346
Bataille de Crécy
Edouard III / Charles V (1338-1380)
Richard II / Armagnacs et Bourguignons
Henri V / Charles VI / Henri VI / Charles VII / Jeanne d'Arc
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/froissart1.asp
Peasants’ Revolt, London
Besieged by a “mob” from all over the south-east of England who held multiple grievances, the Tower of London turned from commanding fort to desperate refuge for the boy king Richard II.
When he then went to negotiate with Wat Tyler’s advancing rebels at Mile End, east London, others of their number managed to get into the Tower, killing many, including the lord high treasurer Sir Robert Hales.
Some, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, sought sanctuary in the romanesque Chapel of St John the Evangelist in the White Tower, but in vain.
Like Hales, he was beheaded.
The keep at the heart of the fortification is a formidable emblem of power and authority but the rebels, enraged by their serfdom and the imposition of taxes for foreign wars, were able to force their way in and made off with all the weapons they could find. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
Richard II r. 1377-1399
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
Edward III 1312-1377
r. 1327-1377
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England
August 23, 1305
Scottish hero Sir William Wallace is hanged
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/aug/23/
King Edward I r. 1272-1307
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
King John (r. 1199-1216) > Magna Carta - 1215
Romanesque France at the time of the first Capetians (987-1152)
1152
Louis VII répudie Aliénor d'Aquitaine, qui épouse le roi d'Angleterre Henri Plantagenêt
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt
Norman French words
English language
The Norman Conquest and Middle English 1100-1500
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1066
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/legacy_04.shtml
King John 1167-1216
r. 1199-1216
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/john.shtml
Norman England
King Richard I the Lionheart 1157-1199
r.1189-1199
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/john_01.shtml
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/1192peace.asp
England and France
Normans
14 October 1066
Battle of Hastings
Death of King Harold
La tapisserie de Bayeux
Duke William of Normandy crowned King of England
r. 1066-1087
Section of the late 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry showing a (perhaps fanciful) representation of Harold, fatally wounded by a French arrow.
akg-images /Erich Lessing http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/M/monarchy/battles/hastings.html
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2012/oct/15/
The Normans
Henry I 'Beauclerc' r. 1100-1135
William II was followed on the throne by his younger brother, Henry.
He was crowned three days after his brother's death, against the possibility that his eldest brother Robert might claim the English throne.
After the decisive battle of Tinchebrai in 1106 in France, Henry completed his conquest of Normandy from Robert, who then (unusually even for that time) spent the last 28 years of his life as his brother's prisoner.
An energetic, decisive and occasionally cruel ruler, Henry centralised the administration of England and Normandy in the royal court, using 'viceroys' in Normandy and a group of advisers in England to act on his behalf when he was absent across the Channel.
Henry successfully sought to increase royal revenues, as shown by the official records of his exchequer (the Pipe Roll of 1130, the first exchequer account to survive).
He established peaceful relations with Scotland, through his marriage to Mathilda of Scotland. https://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheNormans/HenryIBeauclerc.aspx -broken link
http://www.npr.org/2015/05/23/
Guillaume le Conquérant
William I the Conqueror / William the Bastard c. 1028-1087
Planning battle Row over plan to build homes over unsung battle of 1066 G p. 4 23 May 2005
Born around 1028, William was the illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy, and Herleve (also known as Arlette), daughter of a tanner in Falaise.
Known as 'William the Bastard' to his contemporaries, his illegitimacy shaped his career when he was young.
On his father's death in 1035, William was recognised by his family as the heir - an exception to the general rule that illegitimacy barred succession.
His great uncle looked after the Duchy during William's minority, and his overlord, King Henry I of France, knighted him at the age of 15.
From 1047 onwards, William successfully dealt with rebellion inside Normandy involving his kinsmen and threats from neighbouring nobles, including attempted invasions by his former ally King Henry I of France in 1054 (the French forces were defeated at the Battle of Mortemer) and 1057.
William's military successes and reputation helped him to negotiate his marriage to Mathilda, daughter of Count Baldwin V of Flanders.
At the time of his invasion of England, William was a very experienced and ruthless military commander, ruler and administrator who had unified Normandy and inspired fear and respect outside his duchy.
William's claim to the English throne was based on his assertion that, in 1051, Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne (he was a distant cousin) and that Harold II - having sworn in 1064 to uphold William's right to succeed to that throne - was therefore a usurper.
Furthermore, William had the support of Emperor Henry IV and papal approval.
William took seven months to prepare his invasion force, using some 600 transport ships to carry around 7,000 men (including 2,000-3,000 cavalry) across the Channel.
On 28 September 1066, with a favourable wind, William landed unopposed at Pevensey and, within a few days, raised fortifications at Hastings.
En juillet 1035, Guillaume « le Bâtard », fils illégitime du duc de Normandie, succède à son père, décédé lors d'un pèlerinage à Jérusalem.
Après une décennie de troubles, le jeune duc parvient à asseoir son autorité et fait de la cour de Normandie l'une des plus puissantes et les plus fastueuses d'Europe.
Guillaume accueille de nombreux rois en exil, parmi lesquels Édouard « le Confesseur », prétendant sans descendance au trône d'Angleterre.
Lorsque ce dernier revient au pouvoir, il fait de Guillaume son héritier, avant de le désavouer sur son lit de mort au profit de son beau-frère Harold, qui avait pourtant juré fidélité à Guillaume.
Pour récupérer le royaume qui lui était promis, le duc arme une flotte de plusieurs milliers de navires et débarque avec quinze mille hommes sur le sol anglais. [ chiffres à vérifier ]
Le 14 octobre 1066, les deux armées se font face à Hastings.
La bataille qui s'ensuivra fera basculer à jamais le sort du royaume d'Angleterre.
Face sombre
Mêlant récits d'hagiographes de l'époque, scènes de reconstitution spectaculaires - tournées pour certaines sur les lieux des événements qu'elles relatent - et témoignages de spécialistes de l'histoire médiévale de part et d'autre de la Manche, ce documentaire retrace le règne de celui qui déclencha l’une des plus célèbres batailles de l'histoire d'Angleterre.
On y dévoile la face sombre de ce guerrier intrépide, fin stratège et politicien, grand bâtisseur qui ordonna l'édification des abbayes aux Hommes et aux Dames de Caen - chefs-d'œuvre de l'art roman - ou de la Tour de Londres, et mari fidèle follement épris de son épouse Mathilde…
Il fut aussi un seigneur de guerre impitoyable qui se livra dès la prise de Londres à de nombreux massacres et pillages pour consolider le joug normand sur l'Angleterre.
Des exactions qu'il prendra soin d'effacer de la tapisserie de Bayeux, véritable outil de propagande à sa gloire, qui relate en détail sa conquête de l’Angleterre.
Fondateur d'une nouvelle dynastie, Guillaume s'éteint à 60 ans après avoir fait de l'Angleterre l'un des royaumes les plus puissants d'Europe, alors qu'il ne parlait pas un mot d'anglais, et sème ainsi les germes de la future Guerre de Cent ans, qui éclatera plus de deux siècles après. http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/046601-000/guillaume-le-conquerant - broken link
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/mar/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
King Harold II c.1020-66
r. Jan-Oct 1066
The last Anglo-Saxon king of England, Harold held the crown for nine months in 1066
http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/M/monarchy/biogs/harold_godwinson.html
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
The penultimate Anglo-Saxon king
King Edward III of England ("The Confessor")
c. 1003-1066
r. 1042-1066
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/
Cross and bed found in Anglo-Saxon grave shed new light on 'dark ages'
Archaeologists in Cambridge thrilled to discover grave with body of young woman on a bed with an ornate gold cross https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/16/cross-bed-anglo-saxon-grave
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/16/
Bretons, Angles et Saxons
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Manche
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Strathclyde
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l'Angleterre
Largest ever hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold found in Staffordshire
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/staffordshire-hoard
http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/mar/12/ http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/06/nicholas-brooks
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/video/2010/feb/10/staffordshire-hoard-potteries-museum
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/nov/26/staffordshire-anglo-saxon-hoard-millions http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/nov/03/staffordshire-treasure-hoard-british-museum http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/sep/27/anglo-saxon-treasure-hoard-staffordshire http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2009/sep/24/staffordshire-anglo-saxon-hoard http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/nov/03/iron-age-gold-treasure-found-scotland
Viking Age from the late 8th century to the early 11th century.
The extraordinary Viking expansion from the Scandinavian homelands during this era created a cultural network with contacts from the Caspian Sea to the North Atlantic, and from the Arctic Circle to the Mediterranean.
(...)
Above all, it was the maritime character of Viking society and their extraordinary shipbuilding skills that were key to their achievements.
around AD 1025, the high point of the Viking Age when England, Denmark, Norway and possibly parts of Sweden were united under the rule of Cnut the Great.
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/03/
http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/feb/27/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/jul/04/teeth-viking-warriors-dorset-grave
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jun/11/skulls-dorset-road-burial-pit http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/16/in-praise-of-vikings
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/17/arts.artsandhumanities
410
Early medieval Britain and Ireland
Invaders > abandonment by Honorius
End of Roman rule
Saxon invasion / Anglo-Saxons (Germanic tribes that inhabited England from the 5th century and dominated until 1066)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/14/education.museums1
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/14/2
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/14/education.museums
Roman empire, Roman Britain
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/may/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/16/
Roman Empire
Roman occupation of Britain
Roman Britain
Emperor Antoninus Pius
Antoninus' wall b. 140
Once the Roman Empire’s most northern frontier in Britain, it was built during the years following 142 AD on the orders of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (reigned 138-161) and survived as the north-west frontier of the Roman empire for a generation before being abandoned in the 160s in favour of a return to Hadrian’s Wall.
It stretched for nearly 60 km (40 Roman miles) across the narrow waist of Scotland from Bo’ness on the River Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the River Clyde and consisted of a turf rampart perhaps 3-4 m high fronted by a great ditch. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/antoninewall - broken link
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/22/
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/27/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/charlottehigginsblog/2011/sep/21/museums-roman-britain http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/sep/19/antonine-wall-gaps-roman-occupation
http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2010/07/08/test/life-us-britain-coins.html
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jan/23/art.news
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/2789239.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/darkages/trails_darkages_romans.shtml
Huge hoard of Roman coins found on Somerset farm
A total of 52,500 bronze and silver coins dating from the 3rd century AD found by hobby metal detectorist Dave Crisp https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/08/hoard-roman-coins-somerset
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/08/
Roman Empire, Roman Britain
Emperor Hadrian (76-138)
Hadrian's wall c. 122
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/jun/26/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2010/sep/13/roman-helmet-metal-detector-cumbria
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/charlottehigginsblog/2009/oct/13/hadrians-wall
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jul/19/history http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2008/jul/23/art https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jul/19/history
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2931730.stm
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/3150960.stm
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/4572741.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/3185871.stm
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/darkages/
Roman Britain
First century AD
Romano-British art > Sculpture > Eagle
The London eagle was carved in the first century AD, at a time when the Roman city was exploding in population and wealth.
It is believed to have stood on an imposing mausoleum, on the roadside edge of the eastern cemetery just outside the city walls.
The road was once lined with the monuments of the wealthiest citizens, like the Via Appia outside Rome.
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/29/
Queen Boudicca
Queen of the Iceni people of Eastern England
d. 62
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/5016126.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/norfolk/3642233.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/your/a-z_norfolk/a-z_iceni.shtml
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/
Roman Britain
Roman invasion AD 43 - 60
Julius Caesar's attempted invasion 55 - 54 BC
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/timelines/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jan/19/roman-temple-mithras http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jan/10/unique-roman-helmet-pieced-together
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/23/archaeologists-discover-roman-port-wales http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/aug/17/lost-yorkshire-amphitheatre-aldborough
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/jul/16/egyptian-god-relic-identified-silchester
early part of the Iron Age (700 BC - AD 43)
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/10/
Bronze age
Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC.
Lasting for approximately 1,700 years, it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain.
Being categorised as the Bronze Age, it was marked by the use of copper and then bronze by the prehistoric Britons, who used such metals to fashion tools.
Great Britain in the Bronze Age also saw the widespread adoption of agriculture.
During the British Bronze Age, large megalithic monuments similar to those from the Late Neolithic continued to be constructed or modified, including such sites as Avebury, Stonehenge, Silbury Hill and Must Farm. - Wikipedia, August 19, 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/aug/10/
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/09/
Stone Age
c8,000-2,300BC
The Stone Age is itself divided into the Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic), Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) and New Stone Age (Neolithic). http://www.northpennines.org.uk/Pages/StoneAge.aspx - broken link
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2015/02/27/
neolithic Britain
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/10/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/may/13/
Ice age
Nottinghamshire paleolithic artist
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/14/
Ancient Britain
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/jan/23/
clues of Britain’s first humans
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/
Related > Anglonautes > History > Ancient Britain - early 21st century
Ancient Britain - Early 21st century England, United Kingdom, British Empire
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
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