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United Kingdom of Great Britain, England
Timeline in pictures
1798
The Battle of the Nile
Horatio Nelson 1758-1805
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/14/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
1788
Australia
Landing of the First Fleet in Sydney Cove
Around 1,400 people arrived, half of them convicts, transported from England to establish a penal colony.
In the aftermath of the American War of Independence, the British needed a new place to send criminals.
The colonizers and their courts considered Australia “terra nullius” or “land belonging to nobody,” a legal fiction used to justify the theft of Aboriginal land over the next two centuries.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/
1773
Enclosure Act, Helpston, Northamptonshire
This was the first major parliamentary act to authorise the enclosing of tracts of hitherto common land.
The practice increased dramatically throughout the country in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as the population rose and the existing open field system struggled to produce sufficient food.
One of the areas most affected was central southern England, where it caused widespread destitution of the landless poor and great depopulation of the countryside.
By the end of the 19th century some 5,000 individual acts had been implemented and about 11,000 square miles enclosed.
Born in Northamptonshire 20 years after the 1773 act, the so-called peasant poet John Clare wrote the most passionate and highly regarded laments for the loss of open land. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
1760-1840
Industrial Revolution, Dudley, West Midlands
The Black Country, to the west of Birmingham, stood on the thick, rich coal seams which were to power Britain to the forefront of manufacturing nations.
Close to the pleasant hills of south Shropshire, this region of some 20 expanding small towns, each specialising in a particular metal trade, was the first sizeable industrial landscape in the world.
By the middle of the 19th century, it was producing more than a fifth of the country’s iron, supplying the cast-iron pillars for the Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace in 1851, the US’s first steam locomotive, and the anchors for such mighty vessels as the Titanic and Brunel’s SS Great Britain. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
1745
Jacobite Rebellion, Cumbria
Drive westwards along the B6318, from Greenhead towards Carlisle, and you are travelling along a line of history.
Beneath the tarmac on this scenic alternative to the A69 west of Haltwhistle are the stones of the old military road constructed to repel 18th century Jacobite invaders from Scotland.
You can see where the material came from by the gaps in Hadrian’s Wall.
In 1745, while most of the British Army was in Europe engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession, Bonnie Prince Charlie led the rebels in an effort to re-establish a Stuart monarchy.
On their way south – they got as far as Derby – they briefly held the city of Carlisle. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
George III r. 1760-1820 (1738-1820)
James Gillray (1757-1815) was among the most popular, prolific, revered, and reviled print satirists of the golden age of English caricature, the late eighteenth century.
He took special delight in attacking the excesses of the royal family.
Here, he caustically depicts King George III, Queen Charlotte, and the Prince of Wales (later George IV) gorging themselves on the national treasury, labelled "John Bull's Blood."
The title, "Monstrous Craws," refers to the rapidly expanding gullets dangling from the royal necks, probably inspired by the recent public display in London of three "wild-born human beings," who apparently exhibited such features.
James Gillray, MONSTROUS CRAWS, at a New Coalition Feast, etching with watercolor, 1787 - Library of Congress purchase, 1921 Prints and Photographs Division (10)
https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2006/01/26/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/14/
1791
Thomas Paine's Rights of Man
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/apr/15/
Adam Smith 1723-1790
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/smith_adam.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/apr/12/
Child Labour 1750-1850
online source material
Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
Poor Laws XIV - XX
"... in 1843 the satirical magazine Punch reported how in Bethnal Green "An infant, only five weeks old, had been separated from the mother, being occasionally brought to her for the breast." " http://users.ox.ac.uk/~peter/workhouse/poorlaws/poorlaws.html
The Industrial Revolution
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/modsbook14.asp
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_steam_eng.shtml
England and the French Revolution
https://www.bartleby.com/60/104.html
Captain James Cook 1728-1779
Cook was an 18th century explorer and navigator whose achievements in mapping the Pacific, New Zealand and Australia radically changed western perceptions of world geography. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cook_captain_james.shtml
But on his third voyage, on the quest to find the Northwest Passage, Cook had begun to drown in some unseen, interior deluge.
He sank into a black mood, lost touch with reality and inflicted punishments on his crew at the slightest whim.
He paced the deck and flew into rages that the sailors called heivas, after a Tahitian stomping dance.
He spread terror across the islands, torching entire villages and carving crosses into natives’ flesh in revenge for petty crimes.
Even before he became a god, Cook had staked out the true space of divinity: violence, of the arbitrary kind.
After weeks at sea, as supplies of food and water began to run low, his ship, the Resolution, sighted a paradisal shore.
Rather than landing, Cook insisted, for no reason at all, that they keep sailing, interminably, around the coast.
As the unhinged captain circled the island, the year turned from 1778 to 1779.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2022/jan/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/captain-cook
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/may/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2022/jan/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jan/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2018/jul/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/06/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jul/13/artsandhumanities.arts1
Britain and America's war for independence
From 1774 to 1781, Delegates from the 13 colonies located along the eastern seaboard of British North America met in the First Continental Congress (1774) and the Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) to declare their independence from England, manage the Revolutionary War, and set the groundwork for what would become a new nation.
Following the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, which created a limited central governing structure, Delegates from the states met in the Confederation Congress (1781–1789) to chart a path forward with their newfound freedom.
When the Articles of Confederation proved unable to meet the needs of the young country, states sent Delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to draft a new, stronger governing document, creating the United States of America and its federal legislature, including the House of Representatives.
https://history.house.gov/People/
https://www.history.com/topics/
https://www.archives.gov/research/
https://history.house.gov/People/
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/help/constRedir.html
https://www.loc.gov/collections/
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727
https://www.theguardian.com/science/isaac-newton
Edward Colston 1636-1721
notorious slave trader
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/jan/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/10/
Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom
Political unification of Scotland and England
1707
Act of Union
The Treaty of the Union creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the parliamentary union of England - which for administrative purposes also encompasses the Principality of Wales - with Scotland.
It takes effect on May 1 but Scotland retains its own legal and educational systems.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/04/
The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May of that year.
The UK Parliament met for the first time in October 1707. - 27 December 2020
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/feb/08/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6263977.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6262813.stm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/feb/08/
Queen Anne r. 1702-1714 (1665-1714)
Queen Anne and William, Duke of Gloucester by studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller. Scanned from the book The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England by David Williamson, ISBN 1855142287. Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain
Born in 1665, the younger daughter of James VII and II by his first wife, Anne Hyde, Queen Anne inherited the throne in 1702.
(...)
During Queen Anne's reign, Scotland and England found it increasingly difficult to co-exist peacefully, for their separate parliaments had conflicting foreign and economic policies.
Eventually, the situation became so unstable that the Union of the Crowns itself seemed to be in danger.
In 1701, England settled the succession of the Protestant Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I, but two years later the Scots declared that they were free to choose someone else, the implication being that they might select the exiled Jacobite claimant, James VII and II's son.
The situation was untenable.
After months of bitter debate, the anti-Unionists led by Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun were finally defeated and the Scottish Parliament agreed that henceforth the kingdoms of Scotland and England would be united as Great Britain, with one parliament.
http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/scottish%20monarchs%28400ad-1603%29/thestewarts/anne.aspx
William III (of Orange) 1650-1702
William was 'stadtholder' of the Netherlands and in 1688-1689 became king of England in the 'Glorious Revolution', ruling jointly with his wife, Mary.
He deposed James II. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iii.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iii.shtml
James was a Stuart king of England, Scotland and Ireland who in 1688 was overthrown in the 'Glorious Revolution' by William III.
James was born on 14 October 1633 to Charles I and his French wife, Henrietta Maria and was named after his grandfather, James I and VI.
During the English Civil War he was captured but fled to exile on the continent.
He distinguished himself a soldier, returning to England at the Restoration of his brother, Charles II, in 1660. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml
1701
The act of settlement
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A695441
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy
1700
The Act of Settlement
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Will3/12-13/2/contents
The daughter of James II, Mary and her husband William of Orange became co-rulers of England after the 'Glorious Revolution'.
Mary was born on 30 April 1662, the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York and his first wife Anne Hyde.
James converted to Catholicism at the end of the 1660s, but Mary and her sister Anne were raised as Protestants.
In November 1677, Mary married her Dutch cousin William, Prince of Orange and went to the Netherlands to live with him. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_ii_queen.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_ii_queen.shtml
The Battle of the Boyne 1690
The Treaty of Limerick 1691
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ni/battle_boyne.shtml
1688
The Glorious Revolution William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-94)
Declaration of Rights / Bill
of Rights 1689
https://h2g2.com/entry/A700372 https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp
The Stuarts and the Civil War
The restoration of the monarchy 1660-85
John Evelyn, Anthony Van Dyck
Charles II r. 1660-85
King Charles II Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) 1635 Oil on canvas Musée du Louvre, Paris, France http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/dyck_van/1portrai/charles1.html http://www.wga.hu/art/d/dyck_van/1portrai/charles1.jpg http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/d/dyck_van/1portrai/charles1.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/stu_restoration.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_ii_king.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_charles_ii.shtml
Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes
Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658
Civil wars 1642-1651
British Library Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/dobson-portrait-of-an-officer-n04619 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/englishcivilwar/index.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/englishcivilwar/west_01.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/stu_civil_war_p1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/stu_world_upside_down.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/stu_civil_war_p2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/cromwell_01.shtml
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/nov/08/
1666
The Great Fire of London
Sir Christopher Wren 1632-1723
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/games/fire/index.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wren_christopher.shtml
Charles I r. 1625-1649 (1600-1649)
Petition of Right 1628
The final speech of King Charles I, given at his execution in January 1648/9.
Shelfmark: E.540.(17). © The British Library.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_charles_i.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/englishcivilwar/index.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jan/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/nov/14/
English Civil War Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire
Once the most powerful castle in the kingdom, the place where Shakespeare’s doomed Richard II laments his condition, and the very last stronghold to fall to Oliver Cromwell’s parliamentarian forces.
Even after Charles I had been beheaded in January 1649, the royalists hung on here, declaring the king’s son to be the rightful heir as Charles II.
When the castle finally fell, Cromwell persuaded the villagers to help “slight” (destroy) the troublesome redoubt.
This they never fully achieved, and when Victoria reigned, centuries later, it became used for growing and storing liquorice. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
Witness statements from Irish rebellion and massacres of 1641
Fully searchable digital edition of the 1641 depositions at Trinity College Dublin Library, comprising transcripts and images of all 4000 depositions, examinations and associated materials in which Protestant men and women of all classes told of their experiences following the outbreak of the rebellion by the Catholic Irish in October, 1641
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/07/
November 5, 1605
The Gunpowder Plot Guy Fawkes
In 1605, a group of disaffected Catholics plotted to assassinate King James I by blowing up the House of Lords.
They hoped to restore Protestant England to Catholicism and end the persecution of their faith.
The 'Gunpowder Plot' was foiled at the eleventh hour, an event still celebrated annually on 5 November and named for the most famous of the conspirators - Guy Fawkes Night. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/histories/the_gunpowder_plot
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/histories/the_gunpowder_plot
1604-1611
King James Bible
In 1604, (King James) convened the Hampton Court Conference in order to set in train a translation, accomplished by 47 scholars, which would properly reflect the vision and structure of the Church of England. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/800-years-english-history-20-day-trips#img-7
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
King James VI of Scotland and I of England r.1603-1625 1566-1625
House of: Stuart
Ascended to the throne: March 24, 1603 aged 36 years
Died: March 27, 1625 at Theobalds Park, Hertfordshire
Reigned for: 22 years, and 3 days, King of Scotland for 57 years 1567-1625 http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=james1
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_i_king.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_james_i_acc.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_jamesbible.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_jamesbible.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/14/
Related > Anglonautes > History
Ancient Britain - Early 21st century England, United Kingdom, British Empire
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