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History > America, English America, USA
17th-20th century > English America, America, USA Slavery, Lynchings, Abolitionists, Civil War,
19th century > USA > Civil war
Confederate States of America 1861-1865
Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army Source: The Library od Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html Date: 1863
Author: Vannerson, Julian, b. 1827 photographer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee
Primary source http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr09.html
James Longstreet 1821-1904
one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his "Old War Horse".
He served under Lee as a corps commander for most of the battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet
An enslaver, Longstreet directed Confederate forces to capture Black people and take them south to slavery or imprisonment.
He fought until the surrender at Appomattox, then allied himself with those who had brought about his defeat: Ulysses S Grant and the Republican party. “He was not the only one,”
Varon says of white southern Republicans who made such moves, “but [he was] the highest-ranking Confederate.
He was a lightning rod for critics.”
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/dec/03/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/dec/03/
Wade Hampton III 1818 -1902
Confederate general and slave owner
https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/17/
April 9, 1865
Confederate general Robert Edward Lee surrenders
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/28/
Confederate general Robert Edward Lee 1807-1870
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/robert-e-lee
https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/ https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-4083
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/
https://www.npr.org/2023/04/24/
https://www.npr.org/2021/07/10/
https://www.npr.org/2021/06/08/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/26/
https://www.npr.org/2011/01/19/
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/17/arts/design/17hist.html
Confederate Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon 1832-1904
Gordon, Maj. Gen. John B. half-length. 111-B-1786. NARA > Confederate Army Officers http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html#portraits http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-140.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Confederate General John B. Hood 1831-1879
Hood, Gen. John B bust-length, in civilian clothes. 111-B-5274. NARA > Confederate Army Officers http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-142.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html#portraits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Confederate Maj. Gen. William Mahone 1826-1895
Mahone, Maj. Gen. William half-length, seated. 111-B-5123. NARA > Confederate Army Officers http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-147.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html#portraits
Confederate general Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard 1818-1893
Beauregard Bull Run quick step; General G.T. Beauregard. 1862 Rosenberger, J. A. CREATED/PUBLISHED [New Orleans], Louisiana, P.P. Werlein & Halsey, 1862
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/dukesm:@field(DOCID+@lit(ncdhasm.conf0106))
https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-civil-war/
Jefferson Finis Davis 1808-1889
Davis, Jefferson, President; three-quarter-length, standing. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady before the war. 111-B-4146. Confederate Officials Pictures of the Civil War Select Audiovisual Records National Archives and Records Administration Washington, DC 20408 http://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-176.jpg
President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
Jefferson Finish Davis (1808-1889), president of the Confederate States of America (provisional president February 18, 1861 — February 17, 1862; president February 22, 1862 — May 10, 1865).
Davis never sought the Confederate presidency.
When he learned of his election as the provisional head of state, he accepted the position with considerable anxiety, for he would be building a nation while guiding it through a likely war with a stronger opponent.
Born into a well-to-do family in Christian (now Todd) County, Kentucky, Davis left Transylvania College in Lexington to attend the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduating in 1828.
After serving seven years in the army, including participation in the Black Hawk War, he resigned his commission to marry Sarah Knox Taylor (daughter of his former commanding officer and future president Zachary Taylor) and become a planter in Mississippi. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/d/jefferson_f_davis/index.html
Library of Congress Jeff Davis. [n. p.] [n. d.] COLLECTION American Song Sheets REPOSITORY Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress DIGITAL ID as106630 SHELF LOCATION American Song Sheets, Series 1, Volume 5
http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/amss/as1/as106630/001r.jpg
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/ https://jeffersondavis.rice.edu/ https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-civil-war/ https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/november-06/ https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-10/#daviscapture
https://www.npr.org/2020/06/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/1861/02/19/
Confederate General John Cabell Breckenridge / Breckinridge 1821-1875
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge
Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest 1821-1877
Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest 1821-1877 added 28.3.2005 http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest.htm
Confederate general, slave trader and onetime leader of the Ku Klux Klan.
(...)
Forrest was a general for the Confederacy during the Civil War, and led Confederate forces in the Fort Pillow Massacre, where soldiers executed several black troops after they surrendered, according to survivors' accounts and a federal investigation.
He was also a prominent slave owner and the first Grand Wizard of the KKK.
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/14/
https://www.history.com/topics/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/17/
https://www.npr.org/2021/06/19/
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/
20 December 1860
South Carolina Ordinance of Secession
"An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other States"
On Dec. 20, 1860, 169 men — politicians and people of property — met in the ballroom of St. Andrew’s Hall in Charleston, S.C.
After hours of debate, they issued the 158-word “Ordinance of Secession,” which repealed the consent of South Carolina to the Constitution and declared the state to be an independent country.
Four days later, the same group drafted a seven-page “Declaration of the Immediate Causes,” explaining why they had decided to split the Union.
The authors of these papers flattered themselves that they’d conjured up a second American Revolution.
Instead, the Secession Convention was the beginning of the Civil War, which killed some 620,000 Americans;
an equivalent war today [ 2010 ] would send home more than six million body bags. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Ball.html
Document Description: was elected President in early November 1860, the South Carolina State Legislature called for elections to a state convention to be held on December 17th.
On December 20th, all 169 delegates to the convention voted for secession against Republican Presidential leadership on matters of race, economics, and politics.
This document states that South Carolina has repealed the Constitution and its amendments and disassociated itself from the United States of America.
The convention would also draft the “Declaration of Immediate Causes” explaining exactly why the state seceded, and “The Address to the People of South Carolina . . .” outlining the erosion of the Union and calling for a confederacy of southern states. Citation: Constitutional Convention (1860-1862). South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, 20 December 1860.
Constitutional and Organic Papers. S 131053. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, South Carolina.
Transcription:
The State of South Carolina At a Convention of the People of the State of South Carolina, begun and holden at Columbia on the Seventeenth day of December in the year or our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty and thence continued by adjournment to Charleston, and there by divers adjournments to the Twentieth day of December in the same year – An Ordinance To dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled “The Constitution of the United States of America.”
We, the People of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled do declare and ordain, and it is herby declared and ordained, That the Ordinance adopted by us in Convention, on the twenty-third day of May in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven hundred and eight eight, whereby the Constitution of the United State of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the General Assembly of this State, ratifying amendment of the said Constitution, are here by repealed; and that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of “The United States of America,” is hereby dissolved.
Done at Charleston, the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty
[signed] D.F. Jamison Delegate from Barnwell and http://www.teachingushistory.org/lessons/documents/Ordinance.pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Ball.html
The Birth of ‘Dixie’
In what may be a surprise to some, the famous anthem of the Confederacy can trace its origins back to a New York apartment in March 1859. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/31/the-birth-of-dixie/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/31/the-birth-of-dixie/
Confederates and Native Americans
White civilization, as the Confederate vice president, Alexander Stephens, said, depended on the subjection of black people.
He might have added “and the erasure of Indians,” but his audience didn’t need to hear that; they had already done it.
(...)
In Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), the Cherokee tried to remain neutral, but Confederates threatened to foment insurrection if they didn’t join the cause.
Members of the Creek Nation who tried to flee to Kansas were chased down.
Those who made it out of Confederate territory were left to starve by Union troops.
Meanwhile, in Minnesota, the Union furthered the quest for Manifest Destiny by executing Indian resisters.
In Arizona and New Mexico, the Union Army forced Indian men, women$ and children to march 400 miles to an internment camp.
The Confederacy’s commitment to slavery and the Union’s commitment to expansion were different versions of the same story of imperialism.
Tribes who remained east of the Mississippi approached the war with ambivalence.
Eastern Band Cherokees formed a Confederate Army regiment, but a small group of Lumbee men led a multiracial gang of outlaws to violently resist Confederate assaults.
Known as the Lowry War, this uprising helped send the Confederates packing and continued into Reconstruction.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of Congress
Confederate States of America
https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/picamer/paConfed.htm l
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