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History > WW2 (1939-1945) > USA, World

Timeline in articles, pictures and podcasts

African-American soldiers

Members of the famed Tuskegee Airmen as cadets

(L-R)

Lemuel Custis,

Mac Ross,

Charles DeBow,

Frederick Moore,

C.H. Flowers Jr.,

George Levi Knox,

instructor Donald McPherson,

Lee Rayford,

Sherman White Jr.,

George Roberts & James Knighten

looking at a flight map

during a training class.

Location: Tuskegee, AL, US

Date taken: 1942

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=1cac5d31f866bb5e - broken link

Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. 1912-2002

Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. 1877-1970

America’s

first Black father and son generals.

Triumphing

over the harsh racism

of the first half

of the 20th century,

their accomplishments

were as important

to the integration

of the US armed forces

as the achievements of men

like Martin Luther King Jr

and Bayard Rustin were

in the civilian world.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/25/
invisible-generals-review-black-us-military-heroes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Benjamin_O._Davis_Jr.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Benjamin_O._Davis_Sr.

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/25/
invisible-generals-review-black-us-military-heroes

Returning From War, Returning to Racism

After fighting overseas,

Black soldiers faced violence

and segregation at home.

Many, like Lewis W. Matthews,

were forced to take menial jobs.

Although he managed

to push through racism,

that wasn’t an option for most.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/
magazine/black-soldiers-wwii-racism.html

Black soldiers in WW2

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/25/
invisible-generals-review-black-us-military-heroes

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/
1134756262/half-american-matthew-delmont-black-wwii

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/
magazine/world-war-ii-end-tom-hanks.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/17/
magazine/6888th-battalion-charity-adams.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/
magazine/blacks-wwii-racism-germany.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
david-olusoga-black-soldiers-first-world-war-expendable

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=1436809 - September 19, 2003

Black soldiers

Segregated units

Most of the black soldiers

who enlisted

in the armed services

during World War II

knew that they would serve

in segregated units.

The Marines

and the Army Air Corps

(the predecessor

to the Air Force)

refused to accept blacks

until later in the war.

The navy accepted them

only as mess men.

Most men in the army

were used

in non-combat military jobs.

But some did get a chance

to serve at the front lines.

The Tuskegee Airmen

won glory

for providing fighter escorts

for bombers over Germany.

They never lost

a single plane

they protected.

The 761st tank battalion

saw action in Europe.

For other soldiers,

the war enabled them,

through military service

or employment, to discover

the large cities of the North.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_ww2.html

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
stories_events_ww2.html

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/
african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/
what-was-black-americas-double-war/

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
alaska-WWII/

https://www.documentary.org/online-feature/
fighting-freedom-home-and-abroad-
pbs-doc-tells-story-black-american-soliders

Black soldiers

Executions

almost four times

as many black soldiers

as whites

were executed in Europe

after military courts-martial,

even though blacks

made up less than

10 percent of the troops

(...)

There were about

700,000 black soldiers

in the United States forces

in World War II

out of a total

of more than 10 million

men and women

who served.

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/us/
when-black-soldiers-were-hanged-a-war-s-footnote.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/28/
justice/military-execution-soldier-profile/

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/
books/rape-by-american-soldiers-in-world-war-ii-france.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/
us/when-black-soldiers-were-hanged-a-war-s-footnote.html

Louis Till 1922-1945

American soldier

and convicted rapist

and murderer.

He is best known

as the father

of Emmett Louis Till,

whose murder in 1955

at the age of fourteen

galvanized

the African-American

civil rights movement.

A soldier

during World War II,

Louis Till was executed

by the U.S. Army in 1945

after being found guilty

of murder and rape.

The circumstances

of his death

were little known

even to his family

until they were revealed

after the trial

of his son's murderers

ten years later,

which affected

subsequent discourse

on the death of Emmett Till.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Till

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Louis_Till

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/us/
when-black-soldiers-were-hanged-a-war-s-footnote.html

https://www.npr.org/2005/09/12/
4841954/interpreter-explores-wwii-black-executions

The Tuskegee Airmen

were the country's

first black aviation

combat unit.

The legendary

all-black fighting force,

originally 16,000

pilots and ground crew,

fought in World War II

http://topics.nytimes.com/
top/reference/timestopics/organizations/t/tuskegee_airmen/index.html - broken link

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/organization/
tuskegee-airmen

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/nov/25/
invisible-generals-review-black-us-military-heroes

https://www.npr.org/2022/01/16/
1073542556/celebrated-tuskegee-airman-charles-mcgee-dies-at-102

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/28/
633442127/pentagon-identifies-remains-of-missing-tuskegee-airman

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/12/
592918758/floyd-j-carter-a-tuskegee-airman-and-nypd-detective-dies-at-95

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/us/24cowden.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/29haysbert.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/us/04archer.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/18/lee-archer-obituary

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/percy-sutton-obituary

Race and the liberation of Dachau

The accounts

of Army African American veterans

that they helped liberate Dachau

have been attacked by some.

But the testimony

of at least one Jewish survivor

supports their stories.

http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/01/opinion/la-oe-perlman-dachau-20120201

http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/01/
opinion/la-oe-perlman-dachau-20120201

25 August 1944

Paris liberation made 'whites only'

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7984436.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/
england/bristol/somerset/7868913.stm - 4 February 2009

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worldwide

The New York Times > Topics > WW2

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/
world-war-ii-193945

Canada > Canadian War Posters Collection

https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/
warposters/english/introduction.htm

The Guardian > Second World War

Second world war > Holocaust

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/09/second-world-war

Second world war > Stalingrad

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/08/second-world-war

Second World War > Liberation

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/10/second-world-war

Second World War > Aftermath

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/11/second-world-war

Le Monde Diplomatique >

Seconde guerre mondiale 1939-1945

https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/index/sujet/
secondeguerremondiale

US “sand pounders” / Coast Guardsmen

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/
nyregion/john-cullen-coast-guardsman-who-detected-spies-
dies-at-90.html