History > 20th century > Cold War - late 1940s-1980s

USA

USSR / СССР

Afghanistan

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,

Chile, Guatemala, Paraguay, Uruguay

Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador

Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania

Laos, Korea, Vietnam, China

Moon, Space

Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Gangnus   1933-2017

internationally acclaimed poet

with the charisma of an actor

and the instincts of a politician

whose defiant verse inspired

a generation of young Russians

in their fight against Stalinism

during the Cold War

(...)

Mr. Yevtushenko’s

poems of protest,

often declaimed

with sweeping gestures

to thousands of excited admirers

in public squares,

sports stadiums

and lecture halls,

captured the tangled emotions

of Russia’s young

— hope, fear, anger

and euphoric anticipation —

as the country struggled

to free itself from repression

during the tense, confused years

after Joseph Stalin’s death

in 1953.

In 1961 alone Mr. Yevtushenko

gave 250 poetry readings.

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/europe/yevgeny-yevtushenko-dead-dissident-soviet-poet.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/01/world/europe/
yevgeny-yevtushenko-dead-dissident-soviet-poet.html

Jeremy Judah Stone    USA    1935-2016

mathematician whose ideas

about minimizing the possibility

of a nuclear catastrophe

influenced arms-control negotiators

in the United States

and the Soviet Union

during the Cold War

http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/us/
jeremy-stone-mathematician-nuclear-arms-control-cold-war-dead.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/us/
jeremy-stone-mathematician-nuclear-arms-control-cold-war-dead.html

Leonid Plyushch / Плющ Леонід Іванович

1938 or 1939-2015

Ukrainian mathematician

who became a leading political

dissident in the Soviet era,

prompting the Kremlin

to commit him to a mental asylum

for a nightmarish three years

of drugs and deprivation

in the early 1970s

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/world/europe/
leonid-plyushch-ukrainian-mathematician-and-soviet-dissident-dies.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/world/europe/
leonid-plyushch-ukrainian-mathematician-and-soviet-dissident-dies.html

John Piña Craven    USA    1924-2015

former Navy scientist

whose innovations

in ocean technology and exploration

led to some of the nation’s

most celebrated feats of espionage

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/us/
john-p-craven-90-scientist-who-shaped-cold-war-spying-at-sea-dies.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/19/us/
john-p-craven-90-scientist-who-shaped-cold-war-spying-at-sea-dies.html

USSR    Eduard Shevardnadze    1928-2014

 Mr. Shevardnadze, right, and Mikhail Gorbachev

arriving in Iceland for talks with President Ronald Reagan in 1986.

Photograph:

Dominique Faget/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

Eduard Shevardnadze, Foreign Minister Under Gorbachev, Dies at 86

NYT

JULY 7, 2014

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/world/europe/
eduard-shevardnadze-soviet-foreign-minister-under-gorbachev-is-dead-at-86.html

Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze

as Mikhail S. Gorbachev’s

foreign minister

(he) helped hone the “new thinking,”

foreign and domestic,

that transformed and ultimately rent

the Soviet Union,

then led his native Georgia

through its turbulent start

as an independent state

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/world/europe/
eduard-shevardnadze-soviet-foreign-minister-under-gorbachev-is-dead-at-86.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/world/europe/
eduard-shevardnadze-soviet-foreign-minister-under-gorbachev-is-dead-at-86.html

Boris Yeltsin / Борис Николаевич Ельцин   1931-2007

Russia

Soviet politician Boris Yeltsin

in office w. pic of Lenin on wall.

Location: Moscow, Russia

Date taken: February 1989

Photographer: Ted Thai

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=e9c5ba040ce68c88

Boris Nikolyaevich Yeltsin

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/boris-n-yeltsin  

http://www.npr.org/2011/08/22/1
39843553/2-decades-ago-coup-attempt-helps-to-end-soviet-union

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/world/europe/23iht-yeltsin.5.5408683.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/world/europe/23cnd-yeltsin.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/russia.guardianobituaries

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/38422.stm

USA    Barry Morris Goldwater    1909-1998

Senator Barry Goldwater

Date taken: 1961

Photographer: Joe Scherschel

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7770e9aca113bd40

http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/30/us/
barry-goldwater-is-dead-at-89-conservatives-standardbearer.html

3 January 1993

US and Russia

halve nuclear warheads

The United States of America

and the Russian Federation

agree to cut the number

of nuclear warheads they have

by between 3,000 and 3,500.

US President George Bush

(...)

and his Russian counterpart

Boris Yeltsin,

sign the second

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

- Start II - in Moscow.
 

Currently each side has

about 10,000 warheads

and Start II marks

the biggest reduction

ever agreed.
 

In addition, sea-based weapons

will be cut to 1,750 each

and all land-based

multiple-warhead missiles

will be eliminated.

Mr Bush said the treaty offers

"for parents and children,

a future free from fear",

and Mr Yeltsin called it

"a treaty of hope".

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_4114000/4114673.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/
newsid_4114000/4114673.stm

1992

Poland

Soviet troops start to leave Poland

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

25 December 1991

Gorbachev resigns

as Soviet Union breaks up

Mikhail Gorbachev,

leader of the Soviet Union

for almost seven years

and executive president

for nearly two,

steps down from office.

He announces his resignation

in a 10 minute speech,

broadcast live on television,

as the Soviet Union

passes into history,

replaced by the Commonwealth

of Independent States (CIS).

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542749.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/
newsid_2542000/2542749.stm

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/world/europe/25yanayev.html

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/mikhail-s-gorbachev

http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/world/
soviet-crisis-gorbachev-ousted-apparent-coup-soviet-armed-forces-hard-liners.html

1991 coup attempt

against Mikhail Gorbachev - in pictures

The failed coup

against the former Soviet president

precipitated the dissolution of the USSR

in December of the same year

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2011/aug/16/russia?intcmp=122

http://www.npr.org/2011/08/22/
139843553/2-decades-ago-coup-attempt-helps-to-end-soviet-union

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2011/aug/16/
russia

1990

Poland

Walesa elected president of Poland

Market reforms,

including large-scale privatisation,

are launched.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/10/
lech-waesa-not-agent-spy-polish-security-services-interview

25 December 1989

Romania's 'first couple' executed

The Ceaucescus face TV cameras

on 25 December 1989 in Bucharest during their trial.

They were executed

by firing squad straight after being found guilty.

Photograph: Getty

Thirty years on,

will the guilty pay for horror of Ceauşescu orphanages?

G

Sun 15 Dec 2019    08.05 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/15/
romania-orphanage-child-abusers-may-face-justice-30-years-on

Deposed Romanian president

Nicolae Ceausescu

and his wife Elena are shot

by a firing squad

after a secret military tribunal

find them both guilty of crimes

against the state.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542623.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/
newsid_2542000/2542623.stm

1989    Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution

Václav Havel addresses the crowd in Prague’s Letná park

26 November 1989, 14:40

Photograph: Bohumil Eichler

Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution, 1989 - in pictures

Thirty years ago,

Czech photographer Bohumil Eichler

was working for a dissident student-run news agency

when the Velvet Revolution began.

His work from Prague has rarely been seen, until now.

G

Sat 16 Nov 2019    17.15 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/nov/16/
czechoslovakias-velvet-revolution-1989-in-pictures

Václav Havel,

the revolution’s spiritual leader

and later president of Czechoslovakia,

embracing the failed hero

of the 1968 Prague Spring,

Alexander Dubček,

at the Lucerna Palace in Prague

after news of the resignation

of communist leader Miloš Jakeš

24 November 1989, 20:00

Photograph: Bohumil Eichler

Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution, 1989 - in pictures

Thirty years ago,

Czech photographer Bohumil Eichler

was working for a dissident student-run news agency

when the Velvet Revolution began.

His work from Prague has rarely been seen, until now.

G

Sat 16 Nov 2019    17.15 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/nov/16/
czechoslovakias-velvet-revolution-1989-in-pictures

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/nov/16/
czechoslovakias-velvet-revolution-1989-in-pictures

UK

Harold Adrian Russell Philby / Kim Philby   1912-1988

Double agent

whose betrayal of his country

and his social class

indelibly marked British politics.

(...)

Mr. Philby fled

to the Soviet Union in 1963,

when his involvement

in a Soviet spy ring

was about to be revealed.

Twelve years earlier,

in 1951,

Mr. Philby's warning

had allowed

two fellow spies,

Guy Burgess

and Donald Maclean,

to flee to Moscow just before

British counterintelligence

was to interrogate them.

http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/obituaries/kim-philby-double-agent-dies.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/
obituaries/kim-philby-double-agent-dies.html

December 1987

USA / USSR

The Pershing-II and SS-20

nuclear missiles are banned

by the Intermediate-range

Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty,

signed by the United States

and the Soviet Union

in December 1987.

The INF Treaty is a milestone

in the effort to control

nuclear arms.

It is the first

international agreement

to eliminate an entire class

of nuclear weapons

--those having a range

of 500-5,500 kilometers

(300-3,400 miles).

The U.S. Pershing-II

and the Soviet SS-20

were regarded as the most

threatening missiles

in this class.

http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/inf.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/22/
newsid_2489000/2489209.stm

https://www.npr.org/2019/08/02/
747525453/historic-arms-control-treaty-ends-
with-washington-and-moscow-blaming-each-other

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/23/
659874129/6-questions-about-an-arms-control-treaty-on-the-rocks

12 October 1986

Reykjavik summit ends in failure

US President Ronald Reagan

(1981-1989)

and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev

failed to reach agreement

at a disarmament summit in Reykjavik.

The two men came close

to striking a radical

arms reduction deal

after a weekend

of lengthy negotiations

at Hofdi House

in the Icelandic capital.

But the talks finally stalled

over President Reagan's

refusal to abandon

his Strategic Defence Initiative

(SDI).

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3732000/3732902.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/
newsid_3732000/3732902.stm

27 June 1986

Nicaragua    US guilty of backing Contras

Time Covers -The 80S

TIME cover 03-31-1986 ill. of Daniel Ortega.

Date taken: March 31, 1986

Photograph: Paul Davis

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=24fd9fc131a0d4f2

The United States is found guilty

of violating international law

by supporting armed

Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

The International

Court of Justice

rules that the US

should compensate the country,

although it has not yet fixed

an amount.

But the Reagan administration

boycots the case and says

it will ignore the verdict

of the United Nations court.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reagan-iran/

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19909695

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/us/
david-m-abshire-who-helped-reagan-through-iran-contra-scandal-dies-at-88.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/us/
politics/lawrence-e-walsh-iran-contra-prosecutor-dies-at-102.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm

https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/26/
movies/jobless-scot-in-nicaragua-discovers-political-insight.html

28 April 1986

USSR

Soviets admit nuclear accident

at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

in Ukraine

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/
newsid_2500000/2500975.stm

21 November 1985

USA / USSR

Superpowers aim for 'safer world'

The Geneva summit

ends in optimism

but with no agreement

on the "Star Wars"

space defence system.

Both United States President

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

and Soviet leader

Mikhail Gorbachev

spoke of the world

being a "safer place"

at the end

of their two-day meeting

in Switzerland.

The two men

broke with convention

and met together

without advisers

in discussions

President Reagan dubbed

the "fireside summit".

The negotiations resulted

in the Geneva Accord,

which commits

the two countries to:

- speeding up arms talks

- working towards

the abolition

of chemical weapons

- a new commitment

to human rights

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/
newsid_2549000/2549897.stm

Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв / Mikhail Gorbachev    1931-2023

Time Covers -The 80S

TIME cover 07-27-1987

painting of Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev;

inset John Poindexter by Dennis Brack.

Date taken: July 27, 1987

Photographer: Skip Liepke

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6ba163a2e638c22c

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev    1931-2023

https://www.theguardian.com/world/
mikhail-gorbachev

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
mikhail-s-gorbachev

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/12/
obituaries-2022-mikhail-gorbachev-remembered-by-pavel-palazhchenko

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/31/
mikhail-gorbachev-a-divisive-figure-loved-abroad-but-loathed-at-home

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/31/
mikhail-gorbachev-tributes-pour-in-for-one-of-a-kind-soviet-leader

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/aug/31/
remembering-mikhail-gorbachev-the-last-leader-of-the-soviet-union-
video-obituary

https://www.npr.org/2022/08/30/
1120182548/the-life-and-legacy-of-former-soviet-leader-mikhail-gorbachev

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/
gorbachev-political-legacy-destroyed-by-putin

https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/aug/30/
mikhail-gorbachev-former-soviet-leader-dies-moscow-live

https://webstories.theguardian.com/stories/uk/2022/aug/31/
mikhail-gorbachev-obituary-by-jonathan-steele/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/31/
gorbachev-and-reagan-the-capitalist-and-communist-
who-helped-end-the-cold-war

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/
mikhail-gorbachev-obituary

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/
mikhail-gorbachev-dies-soviet-leader-92

http://www.npr.org/2017/09/10/
547560506/gorbachev-is-a-gripping-sympathetic-and-detailed-portrait

http://www.npr.org/2011/08/22/
139843553/2-decades-ago-coup-attempt-helps-to-end-soviet-union

11 March 1985

USSR

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

becomes Soviet leader

Mikhail Gorbachev

takes over

following the death

of Konstantin Chernenko.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/11/
newsid_2538000/2538327.stm

5 November 1984

Nicaragua

Sandinistas claim election victory

Nicaragua's

ruling Sandinista Front (FSLN)

claim a decisive victory

in the country's first elections

since the revolution

five years ago.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/
newsid_2538000/2538379.stm

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/02/world/americas/
tomas-borge-martinez-dies-at-81.html

23 March 1983

USA

Reagan (1981-1989)

launches

Cold War into space

President Reagan unveils plans

to combat nuclear war in space.

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

proposes a defensive shield,

using laser

or particle beam technology

to "intercept and destroy"

incoming missiles

as they travel through the stars.

Defense analyst

described it

as the first major attempt

to move away from

the 30 year-old

Cold War strategy

of Mutually Assured

Destruction (MAD)

- where the threat

of nuclear attack

acts as a deterrent.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/newsid_2794000/2794525.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/
newsid_2794000/2794525.stm

1983

Poland

Martial law lifted

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

USSR

Anatoly Mikhailovich Kornukov /

Анатолий Михайлович Корнуков    1942-2014

retired

commander in chief

of the Russian Air Force

who in 1983

relayed the order

to shoot down

Korean Air Lines

Flight 007

as it strayed

into Soviet airspace,

killing all 269 aboard

(...)

In 1983,

General Kornukov

was in command

of air defenses

on Sakhalin Island,

off the Siberian coast.

(...)

On Sept. 1 of that year,

Flight 007, a commercial 747

bound to Seoul, South Korea,

from New York,

wandered accidentally

into Soviet airspace

near Sakhalin.

The Soviet Union believed

that the airliner was a spy plane

sent by the United States.

Following orders

from his superiors,

General Kornukov

commanded the pilot

of a Soviet fighter jet

to shoot it down.

The pilot did so,

hitting Flight 007

with two air-to-air missiles

seconds before

it would have re-entered

international airspace.

Among those killed

aboard the airliner,

which plummeted

into the sea,

was Representative

Lawrence P. McDonald,

Democrat of Georgia.

The episode, condemned by

President Ronald Reagan

as “a terrorist attack,”

is renowned as one

of the darkest moments

of the Cold War.

General Kornukov’s

role in the affair

came to wide attention

in 1998,

after Russia’s president,

Boris N. Yeltsin,

appointed him chief

of the Russian Air Force.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/world/europe/anatoly-kornukov-who-led-russian-air-force-dies-at-72.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/02/world/europe/
anatoly-kornukov-who-led-russian-air-force-dies-at-72.html

1 September 1983

Korean Air Lines

Flight 007

(is) shot down

by Soviet fighter planes

A commercial 747 bound

from New York

to Seoul, South Korea,

KAL 007 was shot down

near Sakhalin Island,

off the coast of Siberia,

on Sept. 1, 1983,

after straying accidentally

into Soviet air space.

All 269 people aboard

were killed.

The Soviet Union

long maintained

that the flight

was a spy plane

sent by the United States,

and the attack endures

in public memory

as one of the last,

bitterest engagements

of the cold war.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/us/
hans-ephraimson-abt-air-crash-victims-crusader-dies-at-91.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/us/
hans-ephraimson-abt-air-crash-victims-crusader-dies-at-91.html

USSR    Leonid Brezhnev / Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев    1906-1982

 The Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev (L)

on a plane with President Richard M. Nixon (R)

in 1973.

Photograph:  Dirck Halstead Liason

via Getty Images

 A History Lesson That Needs Relearning

NYT

1.3.2014

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/
sunday-review/a-history-lesson-that-needs-relearning.htm

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev   1906-1982

As the leader

of the Soviet Union,

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev

was a canny and careful

Communist Party functionary

who sought

to make his country

the military equal

of the United States

and promote its political influence

around the world

through the policy of detente.

In domestic affairs,

as General Secretary

of the Communist Party,

Mr. Brezhnev

(pronounced BRYEHZH-nyev)

ruled as first among his equals

on the Politburo,

not as an autocrat,

and professed to want

economic development

of his country

of 265 million people

spread over

a sixth of the globe's

land area.

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1219.html - broken link

January 20, 1981

USA    President Reagan (1981-1989) takes office

[ Anglonautes: Nancy Reagan (M)

with husband Ronald Reagan (R) ]

Anti-Communist Rally In Hollywood Bowl

Date taken: 1961

Photographer: Ralph Crane

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7b5686ccbceff66b 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/ronald-reagan 

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ronald-reagan 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/07/guardianobituaries.past

https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/06/
us/ronald-reagan-dies-at-93-fostered-cold-war-might-and-curbs-on-government.html 

Poland    Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski    1923-2014

General Jaruzelski

at the Polish Parliament in 1981.

Photograph: Chris Niedenthal

Forum, via Reuters

Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, Solidarity’s Foil, Dies at 90

By MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN and NICHOLAS KULISH

NYT

MAY 25, 2014

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/26/
world/europe/gen-wojciech-jaruzelski-polands-last-communist-leader-dies-at-90.html

last Communist leader of Poland,

who sent tanks to crush Solidarity’s

stirrings for democracy in 1981

and went on to preside over the death

of the system that had nurtured him

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/26/world/europe/
gen-wojciech-jaruzelski-polands-last-communist-leader-dies-at-90.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/26/world/europe/
gen-wojciech-jaruzelski-polands-last-communist-leader-dies-at-90.html

1981

Poland    Martial law imposed

Many of Solidarity's leaders,

including Walesa,

are imprisoned.

Wojciech Jaruzelski

Poland's last communist leader

Time Covers -The 80S

TIME Cover: 12-28-1981 of Polish General Jaruzelski.

Photo Credit: Rudi Frey.

Date taken: December 28, 1981

Photograph: Rudi Frey

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c08fb2c5ff02986e

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1332541.stm

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/18/
467209160/polish-institute-files-show-lech-walesa-worked-
with-communist-era-secret-police 

1980

Poland

Disturbances at the shipyard in Gdansk

lead to the emergence

of the Solidarity trade union

under Lech Walesa

Time Covers -The 80S

TIME cover 12-29-1980 ill of Poland's Solidarity leader, Lech Walesa.

Date taken: December 29, 1980

Photograph: Leslie Cabarga

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=03b4be40a62056b5

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

Yugoslavia    Marshal Josip Broz Tito    1892-1980

Tito

Date taken: 1960

Photographer: Robert W Kelley

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c6c0dc1407e211d9

For 35 years, Josip Broz Tito

held Yugoslavia together

despite its mix of nationalities,

languages and religions.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8636034.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8636034.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/
newsid_2808000/2808379.stm 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml

http://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/josip-broz-tito 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/world/europe/
jovanka-broz-titos-widow-is-dead-at-88.html

Communist Yugoslavia

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/18/
opinion/punk-rock-communist-yugoslavia.html

El Salvador’s civil war    1980s-1992

3 January 1980

Afghanistan

Afghan leader

defends Soviet invasion

President Carter announces

further US sanctions

against the USSR

including a reduction

of Soviet embassy staff

and restricted landing rights

for the Russian airline

'Aeroflot'.

Mr Carter

also imposes an embargo

on grain sales to the USSR

that will see US exports

fall from 25 million

to eight million tonnes.

The President described

the Soviet incursions

into Afghanistan

as "an extremely serious

threat to peace"

and "a callous violation

of international law

and the United Nations

charter."

He warned that

"A Soviet occupied Afghanistan

threatens both Iran and Pakistan

and is a stepping stone

to possible control

over much of the world's

oil supplies."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_2492000/2492329.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/
newsid_2492000/2492329.stm

17 July 1979

Nicaragua

Sandinista rebels

take Nicaraguan capital

overthrow of dictator

Anastasio Somoza

(1925-1980)

Fighters of the left-wing

Sandinista National

Liberation Front

overthrow the regime

in the central American

republic of Nicaragua

and take the capital,

Managua.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3870000/3870281.stm

For more than half a century,

the Somoza family ruled

the Central American

republic of Nicaragua

as its personal fiefdom.

They owned most

of the farming land

and the industry.

All political dissent

was suppressed.

In the early 1970s,

the left-wing Sandinista

National Liberation Front

launched its first

armed attacks on the regime.

In July 1979,

the Sandinistas

stormed to power,

and General

Anastasio Somoza

and his followers

fled into exile.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19909695

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p023cq3x

https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/6d63/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/
newsid_3870000/3870281.stm

https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/21/
movies/screen-under-fire.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista!

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/
world/americas/eden-pastora-commander-zero-in-nicaragua-dies-at-83.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2018/02/07/
583980844/from-the-archives-the-clash-talks-sandinista

Edén Pastora was a Sandinista commander

in the 1978 raid on the National Palace in Managua, Nicaragua,

which reignited a revolution that had been simmering for years.

He later declared war on the Sandinistas,

saying it was his “duty as a revolutionary citizen.”

Photograph: Claude Urraca

Sygma, via Getty Images

Edén Pastora, ‘Commander Zero’ in Nicaragua, Dies at 83

A hero of the 1979 Sandinista revolution,

he later turned on his comrades in arms,

mounting an international campaign of political pressure

and later guerrilla attacks inside the country.

NYT

June 16, 2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/
world/americas/eden-pastora-commander-zero-in-nicaragua-dies-at-83.html

Estelí, Nicaragua, 1978

Photograph: Koen Wessing

Turbulence, trauma, hope:

Koen Wessing's indelible images of history – in pictures

G

Thu 17 Jan 2019    04.56 EST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/jan/17/
turbulence-trauma-hope-koen-wessings-indelible-images-of-history-in-pictures

Argentina’s “dirty war,”

the brutally repressive period

beginning in the 1970s

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2023/may/26/
kissinger-at-100-statesman-or-war-criminal-his-troubled-legacy-
in-pictures - Guardian pictures gallery

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/18/
us/carola-eisenberg-dead.html

Latin America

Operation Condor    1970s-1980s

1972-1979

USA, USSR    Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II)

Image: A2092-03A

Event: Summit meeting

Location: Vladivostok, USSR

Description:

President Ford (L)

and Soviet General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev (R)

sign a joint communiqué following talks

on the limitation of strategic offensive arms.

The document was signed

in the conference hall of the Okeansky Sanatorium,

Vladivostok, USSR.

Date: November 24, 1974

Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library

Photograph: David Hume Kennerly

http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A2092-03A.html

The second round

of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,

which opened in November 1972,

aimed to replace the five-year

Interim Agreement

with a more comprehensive

long-term treaty to limit

the number and types

of nuclear missiles.

The two sides remained

far apart in the negotiations

until a summit between

American President

Gerald Ford

and Soviet General Secretary

Leonid Brezhnev

in 1974 in Vladivostok

during which the parties

reached a basic framework

for an agreement.

But, despite the framework,

negotiations bogged down

over the limitations

on American cruise missiles

and the Soviet "Backfire"-class

bombers.

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/treaties.html

President Ford

and Soviet General Secretary

Leonid I. Brezhnev /

Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев​

sign a joint communiqué

following talks

on the limitation

of strategic offensive arms.

The document was signed

in the conference hall

of the Okeansky Sanatorium,

Vladivostok, USSR.

- November 24, 1974

http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A2092-03A.html - broken link

Franz Josef Huber    1902-1975

Franz Josef Huber,

responsible for deporting

tens of thousands of Jews,

escaped punishment

with U.S. backing and went on

to work for West German

intelligence,

 A top commander

in Hitler’s secret police,

responsible for deporting

tens of thousands of Jews,

was shielded by the U.S.

and German authorities

after World War II

and later joined West Germany’s

foreign intelligence service,

which knew about his wartime role,

newly disclosed records reveal.

By the war’s end the official,

Franz Josef Huber

— who also held

a general-level rank in the SS,

the Nazi paramilitary

organization —

led one of the Gestapo’s

largest sections,

stretching across Austria

and with roles out to the east.

In Vienna after the Nazi takeover,

his forces worked closely

with Adolf Eichmann

on deportations to concentration

and extermination camps.

Eichmann

would eventually be executed

for his role in coordinating

the murder of millions of Jews.

(...)

But Huber never had to hide

or to escape abroad,

as many other

top Third Reich commanders

did.

He spent

the final decades of his life

based in his hometown, Munich,

with his family,

under his own name.

And the explanation

for this strange immunity

appears to lie in his usefulness

in the spying conflicts

of the Cold War.

U.S. intelligence documents

show that there was strong interest

in drawing on Huber’s

wartime network

to recruit agents in the Soviet bloc,

even as Austria was seeking

to have him tried for war crimes.

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/
world/europe/franz-josef-huber-gestapo-nazi.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/
world/europe/franz-josef-huber-gestapo-nazi.html

14 February 1974

USSR

Russian author charged with treason

The Soviet authorities

formally charge Russian writer

Alexander Solzhenitsyn /

Александр Исаевич Солженицын

(1918-2008)

with treason

one day after expelling him

from the country.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541129.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/
newsid_2541000/2541129.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2276650.stm

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
aleksandr-solzhenitsyn

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/
opinion/solzhenitsyn-soviet-union-putin.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/
books/04solzhenitsyn.html

1961

Russian ballet star Rudolf Nureyev

asks for asylum

On 16 June 1961,

Kirov Ballet’s principal dancer

broke free from Russian embassy guards

at Le Bourget airport

and requested asylum in France.

https://www.theguardian.com/stage/from-the-archive-blog/2021/jun/16/
rudolf-nureyev-asks-for-asylum-ballet-1961

https://www.theguardian.com/stage/from-the-archive-blog/2021/jun/16/
rudolf-nureyev-asks-for-asylum-ballet-1961

Chile

Salvador Allende   1908-1973

China

February 21-28, 1972

Richard M. Nixon

(1913- 1994)

meets Mao Tse-Tung

(1893-1976)

and Chinese Premier

Chou En-Lai

(1898-1976)

Nixon In China

(L-R) US President Richard Nixon

and Chinese Premier Chou Enlai

Location: China

Date taken: February 1972

Photographer: John Dominis

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/88318cd4835aef91.html

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/
china/

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
nixon-chinatrip/

https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/17/
feb-17-1972-president-nixon-departs-for-diplomatic-trip-to-china/

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/
newsid_2728000/2728761.stm

Edgar Parks Snow    1905-1972

Né aux États-Unis,

Edgar Snow (1905-1972)

a à peine plus de 20 ans

quand il embarque

comme passager clandestin

sur un bateau pour la Chine.

Témoin du chaos

qui règne dans le pays

dans les années 1930

– famine, maladies,

analphabétisme et misère

sur fond

de corruption généralisée

et de guerre civile –,

il deviendra

le plus éminent chroniqueur

de la révolution chinoise.

Très présent dans ce film

à travers ses textes,

ses photos et des extraits de films,

l’auteur

d’« Étoile rouge sur la Chine »

apparaît aussi comme l’un de ceux

qui auront permis la rencontre

entre Nixon et Mao

en février 1972.

Une rencontre qui se déroula

une semaine après sa mort.

http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/044131-000/ailleurs-ma-maison

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMGrsj_2PWY

http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/claude-hudelot/030714/
la-tres-lucide-veuve-dedgar-snow-auteur-du-mythique-red-star-over-china-1

1970s

Poland enjoys

relative economic prosperity

based on foreign loans

Successive US presidents

Nixon, Ford and Carter

visit Poland.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

1970

Poland

Food price riots in Gdansk

The protests are suppressed,

hundreds are killed.

Edward Gierek

becomes party leader.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

20 July 1969

USA, Moon

Man takes first steps on the Moon

American Neil Armstrong

becomes the first man

to walk on the Moon

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/
newsid_2635000/2635845.stm

Anglonautes > USA > 20th century > Man on the moon - 20 July 1969

24 December 1968

USA

First astronauts orbit Moon

The Apollo 8 spacecraft

takes its crew of three astronauts

safely into orbit around the Moon,

the first manned space mission

to achieve the feat.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/newsid_4083000/4083587.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/
newsid_4083000/4083587.stm

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/apollo_8.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/nov/30/apollo-8-mission 

August 1968

Czechoslovakia > Prague > Soviet invasion

27 June 1967

USA

Three astronauts die

in Apollo 1 tragedy

Three American astronauts die

after fire swept through

the Apollo spacecraft

designed for a manned

flight to the Moon

during rehearsals

at Cape Kennedy.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/newsid_3392000/3392419.stm

http://www.npr.org/2017/01/26/
511660847/on-50th-anniversary-nasa-creates-tribute-to-apollo-1-astronauts

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/
newsid_3392000/3392419.stm

24 March 1965

USA

Millions watch space probe

crash into Moon

A ground-breaking

15-minute live broadcast

shows ordinary Americans

what it feels like

to be a space probe

hurtling to destruction

on the Moon.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4063000/4063187.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/
newsid_4063000/4063187.stm

1965

Uruguay

Like the rest of Latin America,

Uruguay was a Cold War battleground,

and Washington was eager

to discredit a left-wing insurrection

— in this case, by concocting rumors

that Soviet agents had infiltrated

Uruguayan labor unions.

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
books/review/a-drop-of-treason-jonathan-stevenson-philip-agee.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
books/review/a-drop-of-treason-jonathan-stevenson-philip-agee.html

John Fitzgerald Kennedy    1917 - November 22,1963

Germany    Konrad Adenauer    1876-1967

Kennedy Visit To Germany

[ Konrad Adenauer - 1963 ]

Photographer: John Dominis

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=12b742b80597679

Adenauer

was West Germany's

first chancellor

and a key figure

in rebuilding the country

after World War Two.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3022166.stm

1966

U.S. Blocks China’s U.N. Seat

http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/16/1966-
u-s-blocks-chinas-u-n-seat/

http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/1966-
un-rejects-red-china/

1966

Chinese-Soviet Split

http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/23/
1966-chinese-soviet-split/

16 June 1963

USSR

Soviets launch

first woman into space

A former textile worker

from the Soviet Union

becomes the first woman

in space.

Lieutenant

Valentina Tereshkova, 26,

is the fifth Russian cosmonaut

to go into the Earth's orbit

when her spaceship Vostok VI

is launched at 1230 Moscow time.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2685000/2685283.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/
newsid_2685000/2685283.stm

June 1963

John F Kennedy:

'We all breathe the same air'

In June 1963,

JFK made a speech

that changed the outcome

of the cold war.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/may/31/jfk-to-move-the-world

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/may/31/
jfk-to-move-the-world - broken link

1962-1975    Vietnam War

1960s - 1970s

U.S. involvement in Laos

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/01/30/
512449534/how-the-u-s-war-in-laos-was-key-to-the-birth-of-a-military-cia

1962

The United States

and the Soviet Union

exchange prisoners

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1962/feb/12/russia.usa 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/
newsid_2731000/2731827.stm

14 December 1962

USA

'Music of spheres'

hails Venus fly-by

The unmanned US spacecraft,

Mariner 2,

takes the first-ever

scan from space

of the planet Venus

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/
newsid_4061000/4061955.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/
newsid_4061000/4061955.stm

October 1962

USA / Cuba

Missile Crisis

George Whelan Anderson, Jr.    1906-1992

Time Covers - The 60S

TIME cover 11-02-1962 of US Navy Admiral George Anderson.

Date taken: November 02, 1962

Photograph: Boris Chaliapin

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=448fade3c0eafbb9

Related > NYT obituary

http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/
adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html

https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/
opinion/the-eyeball-to-eyeball-myth-and-the-cuban-missile-crisiss-legacy.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/15/
cuban-missile-crisis-russian-roulette

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/oct/14/
cuban-missile-crisis-exhibition-kennedy-recordings-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/
from-the-archive-blog/2012/oct/14/cuban-missile-crisis-50-archive-1962

 https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN19225892
20080219

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/oct/14/netnotes.cuba 

http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/missile.html

http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/crisis-review.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/
adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html

26 April 1962

USA / Moon

First US rocket lands on Moon

The American Moon

rocket Ranger IV

lands on the far side of the moon

but fails to send back pictures

due to a technical fault.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/
newsid_2950000/2950011.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/
newsid_2950000/2950011.stm

20 February 1962

USA

US spaceman orbits Earth

The first American

to orbit the Earth

lands safely

in the Atlantic Ocean.

Marine Lieutenant

John Glenn, 40,

travelled about 81,000 miles

(more than 130,000km)

as he circled

the globe three times

at more than 17,000 mph

(27,000kph)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/
newsid_2552000/2552161.stm

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/08/
252101790/john-glenn-first-american-to-orbit-the-earth-dies-at-95

10 February 1962

USSR

Russia frees US spy plane pilot

American spy plane pilot

Francis Gary Powers

is freed from prison

in the Soviet Union

in exchange for a Russian spy

jailed in the US.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/
newsid_2731000/2731827.stm

February 7, 1962

USA / Cuba

U.S. imposes

full economic embargo

https://www.reuters.com/article/
us-cuba-castro-chronology/timeline-key-events-in-fidel-castros-life-
idUSN1922589220080219

1961-1962

USA, Cuba    Bay of Pigs Invasion    Missile crisis

(L-R) Pres. Kennedy

talking w. former Pres. Eisenhower

re: Cuban Missile Crisis; at Camp David.

Location: Camp David, MD, US

Date taken: April 1961

Photograph: Ed Clark

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2bbfbd69e03b946a

30 October 1961

World condemns

Russia's nuclear test

Russia explodes

the world's largest ever

nuclear device

provoking widespread

condemnation

from around the world.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/
newsid_3666000/3666785.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/
newsid_3666000/3666785.stm

6 August 1961

USSR

Russian cosmonaut

spends day in space

The USSR launches

its second cosmonaut into space

just four months after Yuri Gagarin

made his historic venture

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/
newsid_2944000/2944638.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/
newsid_2944000/2944638.stm

25 May 1961

USA

Kennedy pledges man on Moon

President John F Kennedy

calls for millions of dollars

to fund a space programme

to get the first man

on the Moon by 1970

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_4369000/4369187.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/
newsid_4369000/4369187.stm

5 May 1961

Shepard becomes first US astronaut

Commander Alan Shepard

is recovered

from his space capsule

in the Atlantic

after becoming

the first American in space

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/newsid_2504000/2504317.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/
newsid_2504000/2504317.stm

April 19, 1961

Cuba

Castro directs troops

in defeat of invasion attempt

by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles

at Bay of Pigs

http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/17/
newsid_3394000/3394067.stm

https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html  

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html

https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1962-cuba-un1.asp

12 April 1961

USSR

Soviets win space race

Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин

The Soviet Union

beats the USA

in the race to get

the first man into space.

At just after 0700BST,

Major Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin

is fired from the Baikonur launch pad

in Kazakhstan, Soviet central Asia,

in the space craft Vostok (East).

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/
newsid_2477000/2477715.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/
newsid_2477000/2477715.stm

January 3, 1961

U.S. breaks

diplomatic ties with Havana

https://www.reuters.com/article/
us-cuba-castro-chronology/timeline-key-events-in-fidel-castros-life-
idUSN1922589220080219

29 September 1960

UN    Khrushchev anger erupts at UN

Anti-communist pickets

during the UN General Assembly meeting

being attended by Soviet Prime Minister

Nikita S. Khrushchev.

Location: New York, NY, US

Date taken: September 1960

Photograph: Al Fenn

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ac58e4480ac64f40

Anti-communist pickets

during the UN General Assembly meeting

being attended by Soviet Prime Minister

Nikita S. Khrushchev.

Location: New York, NY, US

Date taken: September 1960

Photograph: Al Fenn

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ca33146de7a00c7b

Anti-communist poster and pickets

during United Nation General Assembly meeting.

Location: New York, NY, US

Date taken: September 1960

Photograph: Ralph Crane

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7d393e2c5f13121a

The Soviet Premier

Nikita Khrushchev

disrupts a meeting

of the United Nations

General Assembly

with several angry

outbursts

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/newsid_3087000/3087171.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/
newsid_3087000/3087171.stm

19 August 1960

Moscow jails American U-2 spy pilot

The United States pilot,

Francis Gary Powers,

is sentenced

to 10 years in prison

by a Soviet military court

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2962000/2962600.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/
newsid_2962000/2962600.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/
military_fact_files/support_u2s.stm

May 1, 1960

The U2 Incident

An American

U-2 spy plane

is shot down

over the Soviet Union

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/21/business/0321-PLANE_3.html

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4653988
- May 16, 2005

1960s

USA    Anti-Communism rallies

Anti-Communist Rally In Hollywood Bowl

Date taken: 1961

Photograph: Ralph Crane

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=a9923d9a06ec2d13

An anti-Communism rally.

Location: Miami, FL, US

Date taken: March 1961

Photograph: Michael Rougier

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f9f9e51ee748101f

1960-1980

Africa

The early hope

of the newly independent

African nations

was rapidly undermined

by the cold war struggle

as Soviet backing

for African liberation movements

was countered

by American support

for military coups

and authoritarian leadership.

Under protection of western aid

based largely

on anti-communist credentials

with little concern

about the quality of governance,

military dictatorships

and one-party states

run by presidents-for-life

emerged from Nigeria to Malawi,

Kenya to Zambia,

Zaire to Ivory Coast,

while the Soviets

sponsored governments

such as Ethiopia

and Mozambique.

The cold war confrontation

was at its bloodiest in Angola

where the Soviet-backed

government

and Cuban troops

fought a long war

against Jonas Savimbi's

US-sponsored rebels

and South Africa's army.

The conflict destroyed

towns and villages

across the oil-rich country

and cost hundreds

of thousands of lives.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-how-africa-changed

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-how-africa-changed

24 July 1959

1959 American exhibition in Moscow

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev

US Vice-President Richard Nixon

Kitchen debate

Nixon/Khrushchev Kitchen Debate

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (2L) vehemently arguing

w. VP Richard Nixon (2R) who is furiously objecting

as an excited interpreter (C)

translates their firey words re US ideas on home construction

during "kitchen debate" at American Natl. Exhibit at Moscow Fair

Location: Russia

Date taken: July 25, 1959

Photograph: Howard Sochurek

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ff81b75fe9158c84

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/
newsid_2779000/2779551.stm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G5I9h6CFaM

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23thu4.html

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101430375 - March 30, 2008

Soviet Union

Nikita Khrushchev / Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв    1894-1971

Time Covers - The 60S

TIME cover 09-08-1961

Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev by Carl Mydans;

fireball by J. R. Eyerman.

Date taken: September 08, 1961

Life Images

https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/
great-speeches-nikita-khrushchev 

John Foster Dulles   1888-1959

John Foster Dulles

Date taken: April 04, 1950

Photograph: Alfred Eisenstaedt

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=0face65e0cb87433

U.S. Secretary of State

under President

Dwight D. Eisenhower

from 1953 to 1959

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/29/
newsid_2514000/2514607.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/2/
newsid_3760000/3760378.stm

26 October 1959

USSR, Moon

World glimpses far side of the Moon

The Soviet Union

has revealed

the first pictures

of the far side of the Moon.

The pictures were taken

about three weeks ago

from Lunik 3,

the Soviet satellite

launched on 4 October,

and transmitted by radio

to the Earth,

300,000 miles

(483,000 km) away.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_4045000/4045913.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/
newsid_4045000/4045913.stm

12 September 1959

USSR, Moon

Soviets launch rocket at the Moon

A massive Russian rocket,

carrying 860lb (391kg)

of scientific instruments,

is successfully launched

at the Moon.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/
newsid_3054000/3054080.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/
newsid_3054000/3054080.stm

28 May 1959

USA

Monkeys survive space mission

Two monkeys

become the first living creatures

to survive a space flight

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/newsid_3725000/3725961.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/
newsid_3725000/3725961.stm

13 December 1958

USA

Monkey lost after space flight

The search

for a small bushy-tailed monkey

fired into space in the nose cone

of a Jupiter rocket is called off.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3240000/3240133.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/
newsid_3240000/3240133.stm

USA

anti-Communist witch hunts

Joseph R. McCarthy    1908-1957

3 November 1957

USSR

Russians launch dog into space

The Soviet Union launches

the first ever living creature

into the cosmos

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/
newsid_3191000/3191083.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/
newsid_3191000/3191083.stm

4 October 1957

USSR    Спутник-1    Sputnik satellite blasts into space

Nikita Khrushchev (m)

and East German leaders with a Sputnik 3 replica

in 1959.

Credit: Bettmann/Corbis

The Lack of Major Wars May Be Hurting Economic Growth

NYT

JUNE 13, 2014

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/14/upshot/the-lack-of-major-wars-may-be-hurting-economic-growth.html

A Russian satellite

is launched into space

the first man-made object ever

to leave the Earth's atmosphere

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm

первый искусственный спутник Земли,

советский космический аппарат,

запущенный на орбиту

4 октября 1957 года

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-1

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/
newsid_2685000/2685115.stm

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/oct/05/
russia-launches-first-artificial-earth-satellite-sputnik-1957

4 November 1956

Hungary    Soviet troops overrun Hungary

Picket lines at Russian legation with signs and pictures

about Russian tyranny at Budapest re Hungarian Revolution.

Location: New York, NY, US

Date taken: November 1956

Photograph: Walter Sanders

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f74480d354bc64fb

Russian tanks on the streets of Budapest.

Location: Budapest, Hungary

Date taken: November 1956

Photograph: Michael Rougier

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=78e468281d1b1079

A truck collecting bodies on the streets of Budapest

during the Hungarian insurrection.

Photograph: Erich Lessing

Magnum Photos

Erich Lessing, 95,

Photographer Who Chronicled Postwar Europe,

Dies

NYT

Sept. 7, 2018

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/
obituaries/erich-lessing-dead.html

Soviet forces crushed

the October 1956 uprising

(...)

after the uprising

(...)

at least 225 people

were executed

and more than 10,000

imprisoned.

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/world/europe/
bela-biszku-communist-hungary-1956-uprising.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/
newsid_2739000/2739039.stm

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/
obituaries/erich-lessing-dead.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/world/europe/
bela-biszku-communist-hungary-1956-uprising.html

26 October 1956

Fighting spreads in Hungary revolution

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/
newsid_3200000/3200703.stm

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/d01973411a2cbaed.html

23 October 1956

Hungarians rise up against Soviet rule

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/
newsid_3140000/3140400.stm

18 June 1956

Truman rejects anti-Stalin talk

The former President

of the United States,

Harry Truman,

shruggs off suggestions

Moscow may be about to reject

its Stalinist past

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_3048000/3048197.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/
newsid_3048000/3048197.stm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/truman_01.shtml

25 February 1956

Khrushchev lashes out at Stalin

The Soviet leader,

Nikita Khrushchev,

denounces Joseph Stalin

as a brutal despot

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_2703000/2703581.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/
newsid_2703000/2703581.stm

1956

Poland

More than 50 people killed

in rioting in Poznan

over demands

for greater freedom

Liberal Communist leader

Wladislaw Gomulka

takes over.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

1955

West Germany joins Nato;

East Germany joins the Warsaw Pact

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1053880.stm

14 May 1955

Communist states sign Warsaw Pact

The Soviet Union

and its Eastern Bloc allies

sign a security pact

in the Polish capital, Warsaw,

after a three-day conference

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/
newsid_3771000/3771065.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm

June 1954

Guatemala coup

More than a half-century

after Guatemala’s elected president

Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

was overthrown

in a coup planned by the C.I.A.

and forced into a wandering exile,

President Alvaro Colom

apologized on Thursday

for what he called a “great crime.”

(...)

The overthrow in 1954

of Mr. Arbenz,

a former army colonel

whose policies attempted

to narrow the chasm

betwen the country’s tiny elite

and its impoverished peasants,

squashed a 10-year effort

to build a democratic state.

Under a succession

of military rulers

who took power after the coup,

Guatemala descended

into three decades