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History > Early 21st century, 20th century

 

20th century > Cold War / холодная война

 

USA - Cuba relationship > Timeline in pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fidel Castro's army chief of staff,

Major Juan Almeida, left,

and Captain Antonio Nunez Jimenez,

head of Cuba's National Agrarian Reform Institute,

at the Hotel Theresa in Harlem,

when the Cubans met the leaders

of the black empowerment movement

and other civil rights activists.

 

April 1959 - check.

 

Photograph:  William N. Jacobellis

NYP Holdings, Inc.,

via Getty Images

 

Chanting Crowds and Camo Chic

Sixty years ago Fidel Castro came to New York,

mesmerizing throngs

and leaving an enduring mark on fashion.

The New York Times

April 16, 2019

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/16/
fashion/fidel-castro-radical-chic.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cuban rebel Jorge Serguera (C)

acting as prosecuter at public trial.

 

Location: Havana, Cuba

 

Date taken: 1959

 

Photograph: Joseph Scherschel

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/a4aebc1e050d7bb2.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dictator Fulgencio Batista (R)

speaking into microphone, promising happy days coming.

 

Location: Havana, Cuba

 

Date taken: March 1952

 

Photographer: George Skadding

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/7591325ae91e18dd.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Juana de la Caridad Castro Ruz    1933-2023

 

Sister of Fidel and Raúl Castro

who turned against her brothers

and their regime,

became a CIA informer

and sought exile in the US

 

 

Juanita Castro,

one of the younger sisters

of the revolutionary Cuban leaders

Fidel and Raúl Castro,

was initially active in her brothers’

struggle against the US-backed

Batista regime.

 

However,

she turned against them soon

after they came to power in 1959.

 

According to her 2009 memoir,

Fidel and Raúl Mis Hermanos:

La Historia Secreta,

co-written with María Antonieta Collins,

Juanita began to collaborate

with the CIA from 1961,

as it made attempts to overthrow

the Castro regime.

 

Coming from a traditional

Catholic background,

without the educational opportunities

of her brothers, Juanita,

(...)

had become openly hostile

to the ever-radicalising revolution.

 

Prior to the CIA involvement

she opened a boarding house

in the wealthy Havana suburb of Miramar

to protect people

who had fallen foul of the regime,

as well as to prepare them

for the flight into exile.

 

Everyone knew

of her counter-revolutionary activities,

but she was protected

by the presence in the house of her

– and her brothers’ – mother, Lina.

 

After the Bay of Pigs invasion

by Cuban exiles in April 1961,

when Juanita was using her influence

to secure the release from prison

of several acquaintances,

she was approached

by her friend Virginia Leitão da Cunha,

the wife of the Brazilian ambassador in Havana,

who suggested that she might find

this humanitarian work easier

if she were to be supported by the CIA.

 

Juanita flew to Mexico City that June,

where she was interviewed by Tony Sforza,

the organiser of Operation Mongoose,

a CIA project designed,

according to President

John F Kennedy’s directive,

“to help the people of Cuba

overthrow the communist regime

in Cuba from within Cuba”.

 

Juanita was the project’s first recruit.

 

With the codename Donna,

she returned to Havana,

where a short-wave transmitter

was installed in her house.

 

Playing Marchetti’s Fascination Waltz indicated

that an important message might be expected,

while Puccini’s Madame Butterfly suggested

that there was no news.

 

She continued

her work of rescuing people from prison,

but she came to the notice

of the Cuban intelligence services.

 

When Lina died in 1963,

Juanita’s protection also disappeared.

 

Raúl visited her

with a large folder

containing an account of her misdemeanours,

and she felt

that this was a warning she could not ignore.

 

She arrived in Mexico in June 1964,

creating headlines around the world

when she attacked her brother’s government.

 

Juanita settled

into a typical exile life in Miami,

feted by some and attacked by others.

 

For five years,

she continued to enjoy

the support of the CIA.

 

But the inauguration

of President Richard Nixon in 1969

led to a change of emphasis in US policy.

 

Anxious to promote detente

with the Soviet Union,

the Americans agreed

to downplay their anti-Cuban propaganda,

while the Russians promised

to use their best efforts to persuade Fidel

to abandon the armed struggle

in Latin America.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/
juanita-castro-obituary

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/
juanita-castro-obituary

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

March 2016

 

Obama's historic trip to Cuba

 

https://www.npr.org/series/395846943/
cubas-new-era-stories-from-havana

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/international/
obama-in-cuba

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/
arts/music/another-first-for-cuba-a-concert-by-the-rolling-stones.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/
world/americas/with-obama-visit-to-cuba-old-battle-lines-fade.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2016/mar/26/
rolling-stones-cuba-free-concert-pictures

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/24/world/americas/
obamaurges-raised-voices-incubas-husheddiscussions-ofrace.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/23/nyregion/
in-a-cuban-enclave-in-new-jersey-mixed-feelings-about-reconciliation.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/22/
471410913/watch-live-president-obama-delivers-speech-in-havana

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/22/world/americas/
obama-and-raul-castro-to-meet-in-pivotal-moment-for-us-cuba-thaw.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/21/
471265506/in-cuba-president-obama-lays-wreath-at-a-jos-mart-memorial

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/03/21/
471233389/obamas-cuba-visit-raises-the-question-of-guantanamo-bays-future

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/21/
471265506/in-cuba-president-obama-lays-wreath-at-a-jos-mart-memorial

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/cuba-
obama-visit-havana-dissidents.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/
obama-arrives-in-cuba.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/20/
471190812/president-obama-touches-down-in-cuba-commencing-a-historic-visit

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/03/20/
471194927/president-obama-arrives-in-cuba-with-his-family

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/03/20/
470831222/pressing-for-change-in-cuba-from-exile-in-spain

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/03/20/
471161653/a-hope-to-normalize-cuban-relations-ahead-of-obama-s-landmark-visit

 

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/
100000004282427/dissidents-detained-before-obama-visit.html -  Mar. 20, 2016

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/20/
471190812/president-obama-touches-down-in-cuba-commencing-a-historic-visit

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/03/19/
471003163/after-reaching-out-his-hand-president-obama-will-step-foot-in-cuba

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The U.S. And Cuba:

A Brief History Of A Complicated Relationship

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/12/17/
371405620/the-u-s-and-cuba-a-brief-history-of-a-tortured-relationship

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 14, 2015

 

U.S. Flag Flies

Over Embassy In Cuba

For First Time In 54 Years

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/14/
432221261/stars-and-strips-to-be-raised-over-u-s-embassy-in-cuba

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432068588/
on-eve-of-embassy-reopening-fidel-castro-says-u-s-owes-cuba-millions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

July 20, 2015

 

After 54 Years,

The U.S. And Cuba

Formally Restore Ties

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/07/20/
424582303/after-54-years-the-u-s-and-cuba-formally-restore-ties

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

May 29, 2015

 

U.S. Drops Cuba

From List Of State Sponsors Of Terrorism

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/29/
410543192/u-s-drops-cuba-from-state-sponsored-terrorism-list

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2014-2015

 

Cuba Shifts Toward Capitalism

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/americas/cuba-us-
obama-castro-terrorism.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/07/
opinion/cuban-expectations-in-a-new-era.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/25/world/americas/as-cuba-
shifts-toward-capitalism-inequality-grows-more-visible.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/world/cuba-
seizures-now-present-opportunities.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/19/us/
politics/obama-intends-to-lift-several-restrictions-against-cuba-on-his-own.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/us/in-miami-
astonishment-over-action-and-disagreement-over-cuba-news.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/17/world/americas/cuba-
sanctions.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/17/world/americas/cuba-
sanctions.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 2014

 

President Obama

orders the restoration

of full diplomatic relations with Cuba

and the opening

of an embassy in Havana

for the first time

in more than a half-century

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html

 

 

 

 

 

President Obama Delivers a Statement on Cuba        Video        17 December 2014

 

On December 17, 2014,

President Obama delivered remarks

on next steps he’s taking to chart a new course

on U.S.-Cuba relations.

 

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyw1iKif9Zs

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-
relations.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-
frees-last-of-the-cuban-five-part-of-a-1990s-spy-ring-.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/as-havana-
celebrates-historic-shift-economic-and-political-hopes-rise.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/cuba-
off-the-blacklist-leaves-only-north-korea.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/breakthrough-on-cuba-
highlights-popes-role-as-diplomatic-broker.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/
alan-gross-cuba-and-the-united-states.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/us/politics/cuba-action-
is-obamas-latest-step-away-from-a-cautious-approach.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyw1iKif9Zs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maria Hernández Rodríguez del Rey    1921-2014

 

Ms. Hernández

(...)

became one of the first

four members

of Mr. Castro’s general staff,

(...)

went on to share many secrets

with the man she helped make

the Cuban revolution

— beginning with

its opening volley,

an attack on the Moncada

army barracks

in southeastern Cuba

on July 26, 1953.

 

(...)

 

That idealism turned deadly

at the Moncada barracks

in Santiago de Cuba,

on the southeast coast.

 

More than 130 outnumbered,

outgunned rebels

— accounts differ

on precisely how many —

failed to capture military arms,

their objective.

 

As many as 60 were killed

in the fighting or as prisoners.

 

About 18 police officers

and soldiers were killed.

 

What was a disaster in human terms

helped put the little-known Mr. Castro

at the center of the opposition

to the dictator Fulgencio Batista.

 

Six years later,

Batista was overthrown

by Mr. Castro’s so-called

26th of July Movement.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/world/americas/
melba-hernandez-a-confidante-of-castro-from-first-volley-is-dead-at-92.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/world/americas/
melba-hernandez-a-confidante-of-castro-from-first-volley-is-dead-at-92.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Huber Matos Benítez    1918-2014

 

top commander in Fidel Castro’s army

who broke from the Cuban revolution in 1959

over its tilt toward Communism,

endured a harsh imprisonment for 20 years

and became a leader of anti-Castro exiles

in Florida

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/
world/americas/huber-matos-comrade-of-castro-then-adversary-
dies-at-95.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/
world/americas/huber-matos-comrade-of-castro-then-adversary-
dies-at-95.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oscar Espinosa Chepe    1940-2013

 

high-ranking Cuban

economist and diplomat

who became a vocal critic

of Fidel Castro in the 1990s

but chose to remain in Cuba,

despite enduring harassment

and imprisonment

 

(...)

 

Mr. Espinosa Chepe,

who joined Castro’s

revolutionary government

in the early 1960s

and was once

head of the powerful

Office of Agrarian Reform,

had frequently clashed

with fellow economic planners

over policies he considere

overly dogmatic.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/world/americas/
oscar-espinosa-chepe-cuban-economist-and-critic-of-castro-dies-at-72.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/world/americas/
oscar-espinosa-chepe-cuban-economist-and-critic-of-castro-dies-at-72.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alfredo Guevara Valdés    1925-2013

 

Marxist intellectual

and ally of Fidel Castro

who presided over Cuba’s

powerful state-financed

film industry

and its many acclaimed movies

for much of the Castro era

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/
movies/alfredo-guevara-valdes-steward-of-cuban-cinema-and-castro-ally-dies-at-87.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/
movies/alfredo-guevara-valdes-steward-of-cuban-cinema-and-castro-ally-dies-at-87.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22 April 2000

 

USA

 

Federal agents seize Elian Gonzalez

from the home of his relatives in Miami

 

 

 

 

Border Patrol agents

searching the Miami home of Lazaro Gonzalez

found Elian Gonzalez, 6, being held by Donato Dalrymple,

in April 2000.

 

The boy was returned to his father in Cuba

after a custody battle with Florida relatives.

 

Photograph: Alan Diaz

Associated Press

 

U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba,

Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility

NYT

DEC. 17, 2014

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/
world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/elian-gonzalez 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/apr/24/1

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2010/04/
elian_gonzalez_10_years_cuba.html
- April 22, 2010

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/06/elian-gonzalez-cuba-picture

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/elian-gonzalez-cuba-tug-war

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/feb/19/elian-gonzalez-fidel-castro

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/22/news.fromthearchive  

https://www.theguardian.com/elian/0,2759,213941,00.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz        1926 or 1927 - 2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fulgencio Batista Zaldívar    1901-1973

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/mar/11/cuba-
batista-fifth-revolution-1952

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/29/castro-cuba-
revolution-1959

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Che Guevara    1928-1967

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

early 1960s

 

Operation Mongoose

 

 

It was the late summer of 1962.

 

The previous year,

the U.S. invasion of the Bay of Pigs,

meant to topple

the communist regime of Fidel Castro,

had been an embarrassing failure.

 

The administration

of President John F. Kennedy

had turned instead to a Plan B

to destabilize Cuba

and hopefully take down Castro:

Operation Mongoose.

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/27/
560352638/jfk-documents-highlight-talks-on-clandestine-anti-cuba-ops

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
rfk-operation-mongoose/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Operation_Mongoose

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/07/
juanita-castro-obituary

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/15/
us/jfk-assassination-national-archives-conspiracy.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/27/
560352638/jfk-documents-highlight-talks-on-clandestine-anti-cuba-ops

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/
us/politics/jfk-files-cuba-castro-cold-war.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/
upshot/when-jfk-secretl

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2006/08/04/
5615898/10-presidents-one-dictator-u-s-cuba-policy

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/23/
world/bay-of-pigs-enemies-finally-sit-down-together.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/23/
weekinreview/stupid-dirty-tricks-the-trouble-with-assassinations.html

 

 

 

 

https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/16/
specials/buckley-mongoose.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/05/
opinion/gaps-in-the-cuban-missile-crisis-story.html

 

 

 

 

https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/26/
specials/schlesinger-robert.html November 12, 1978

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

diplomatic relations

between the United States and Cuba

in the early 1960s

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/
us/erwin-harris-ad-executive-who-seized-cuban-assets-dies-at-91.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1961-1962

 

Bay of Pigs Invasion

 

Missile crisis

 

 

April 19, 1961

 

Castro directs troops

in defeat of invasion attempt

by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles

at Bay of Pigs

http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/cuban-missile-crisis-1962

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/17/
newsid_3394000/3394067.stm

 https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/
cuban-missile-crisis.html

 https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1962-cuba-un1.asp

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/23/
cuban-missile-crisis-prism-selfserving-myths

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2012/oct/14/
cuban-missile-crisis-50-years-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

President John F. Kennedy

signs a quarantine order

in October 1962

after American satellites

discovered

that the Soviet Union

had positioned

nuclear missiles on Cuba,

a mere 90 miles from Florida.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-
relations.html#slideshow/100000003333137/100000003333147

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/
us-cuba-relations.html#slideshow/100000003333137/100000003333147

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

October 1962

 

United States / Cuba > Missile Crisis

 

George Whelan Anderson, Jr.    1906-1992

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/
opinion/the-eyeball-to-eyeball-myth-and-the-cuban-missile-crisiss-legacy.html 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/15/
cuban-missile-crisis-russian-roulette

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2012/oct/14/
cuban-missile-crisis-exhibition-kennedy-recordings-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2012/oct/14/
cuban-missile-crisis-50-archive-1962

 https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN19225892
20080219/

 https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/
cuban-missile-crisis.html

 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/oct/14/
netnotes.cuba

https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/

 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html

 

 

 

https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/
home/missile.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/
adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html

 

https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/
home/crisis-review.html - November 3, 1962

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

February 7, 1962

 

U.S. imposes

full economic embargo on Cuba

 

 

https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN19225892
20080219/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cuba, 1961-65

 

Photograph: Paolo Gasparini

 

Revolution! Latin American photography – in pictures

From the photos by Alberto Korda

that helped canonise Che Guevara

to snatched street images of resistance,

new show Urban Impulses embraces

a turbulent half-century of revolvers and rebellion

G

Thu 13 Jun 2019 07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/jun/13/
revolution-latin-american-photography-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 January 1959

 

Rebel army drives out Cuban dictator

 

 

The President of Cuba,

Fulgencio Batista,

has fled the country,

his government in ruins,

in the face of a relentless

advance by the rebel army

led by a 32-year-old lawyer,

Fidel Castro.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/newsid_3413000/3413749.stm

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/
newsid_3413000/3413749.stm

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
castro-fulgencio-batista-1901-1973/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century

 

USA > early 21st - 20th century > Cuba

Fidel Castro (1926 or 1927 - 2016)

 

 

Argentina, Bolivia, Cuba

Che Guevara    1928-1967

 

 

Latin America > Operation Condor    1970s-1980s

 

 

USA > Vietnam War    1962-1975

 

 

Cold War / холодная война

 

 

 

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