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History > USA > Civil rights > 1961 > Freedom riders
The Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, bottom center, one of the organizers of the Freedom Rides, and other activists at the Greyhound Bus Terminal in Birmingham, Ala., in May 1961.
Photograph: The Birmingham News, via Associated Press
Who Were the Freedom Riders? Representative John Lewis was among the 13 original Freedom Riders, who encountered violence and resistance as they rode buses across the South, challenging the nation’s segregation laws. NYT Published July 18, 2020 Updated July 19, 2020, 11:03 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/
Freedom Riders
(L-R) Freedom Riders Julia Aaron & David Dennis sitting on board interstate bus as they & 25 others (bkgrd. & unseen) are escorted by 2 MS Natl. Guardsmen holding bayonets, on way fr. Montgomery, AL to Jackson, MS.
Location: US
Date taken: May 1961
Photograph: Paul Schutzer
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=51c800f48f732301 - broken link
A Greyhound bus carrying Freedom Riders was firebombed by white supremacists in 1961 near Anniston, Ala.
Photograph: United Press International, via High Museum of Art
Civil Rights Activists Fought for America’s Democracy. They Should Be Honored as Veterans. NYT June 11, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/11/
Freedom Riders
Date taken: 1961
Photograph: Joe Scherschel
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=03d0ea10f3afe675 - broken link
John Lewis, top left, was among the Freedom Riders who were arrested in Jackson, Miss., in May 1961, and hastily convicted of breach of peace.
Anglonautes'note: top, 3rd from left: Catherine Burks-Brooks
Photograph: Mississippi Department of Archives and History
Who Were the Freedom Riders? Representative John Lewis was among the 13 original Freedom Riders, who encountered violence and resistance as they rode buses across the South, challenging the nation’s segregation laws. NYT July 18, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/
Margaret Leonard from New Orleans, at age 19.
Photograph: Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History
50 Years After Their Mug Shots, Portraits of Mississippi’s Freedom Riders The journalist and photographer Eric Etheridge provides visual and oral histories of the courageous men and women known as the Freedom Riders in the 1960s. NYT May 15, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/
Carol Silver, from New York, at age 22.
Photograph: Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History
50 Years After Their Mug Shots, Portraits of Mississippi’s Freedom Riders The journalist and photographer Eric Etheridge provides visual and oral histories of the courageous men and women known as the Freedom Riders in the 1960s. NYT May 15, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/
The Rev. LeRoy Glenn Wright from Nashville, at age 19.
Photograph: Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History
50 Years After Their Mug Shots, Portraits of Mississippi’s Freedom Riders The journalist and photographer Eric Etheridge provides visual and oral histories of the courageous men and women known as the Freedom Riders in the 1960s. NYT May 15, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/
Hezekiah Watkins, from Jackson, Miss., at age 13.
Photograph: Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History
50 Years After Their Mug Shots, Portraits of Mississippi’s Freedom Riders The journalist and photographer Eric Etheridge provides visual and oral histories of the courageous men and women known as the Freedom Riders in the 1960s. NYT May 15, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/
Freedom Riders were a racially mixed group, mostly college students, who were riding buses through the South to test the Supreme Court’s recent ban on segregation in waiting rooms and restaurants that served interstate travelers http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/opinion/20Lafayette.html
https://swap.stanford.edu/20141218223008/ https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/364/454.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
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https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://www.pbs.org/video/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/
https://wpln.org/post/
https://www.npr.org/2019/12/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2020/02/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/01/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/us/
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/06/04/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/
http://www.npr.org/sections/ablogsupreme/2011/05/05/
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http://www.npr.org/2011/05/04/
http://www.npr.org/2011/04/29/
http://www.npr.org/2011/04/07/
http://www.npr.org/2006/01/12/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
Congress of Racial Equality CORE
The Freedom Rides
https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/
On July 16, 1944, Irene Morgan was arrested by the sheriff of Middlesex County, Virginia, after refusing to give up her seat on a Greyhound bus while traveling home from Baltimore, MD.
The legal staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) took up her case, and on June 3, 1946, the U.S Supreme Court ruled in her favor, striking down racial segregation on interstate buses as a violation of the interstate commerce clause.
In December 1960, Boynton v. Virginia expanded the Morgan decision, outlawing segregated waiting rooms, lunch counters, and restroom facilities for interstate passengers.
However, both rulings were largely ignored in the Deep South.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
Catherine Burks 1939-2023
Ms. Burks was arrested in Jackson, Miss., the destination of her third Freedom Ride, on May 28, 1961. The next day, the Kennedy administration ordered the enforcement of court rulings outlawing segregation in public transportation.
Catherine Burks-Brooks, 83, Freedom Rider Who Had the Last Word, Dies She was among a small group of students who restarted the Freedom Rides after the first attempt ended in violence and nearly destroyed the movement. NYT July 21, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/
Catherine Burks, left, and other Freedom Riders arriving at the bus terminal in Birmingham, Ala., in May 1961.
Behind her is the future congressman John Lewis.
The ride restarted the movement to desegregate public transit.
Photograph:The Birmingham News
Catherine Burks-Brooks, 83, Freedom Rider Who Had the Last Word, Dies She was among a small group of students who restarted the Freedom Rides after the first attempt ended in violence and nearly destroyed the movement. NYT July 21, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/
21-year-old Freedom Rider was among a small group of Nashville students who kept the movement to desegregate public transportation in the South going after its first attempt was defeated by violence — and who boldly challenged Bull Connor, the notoriously bigoted public safety commissioner of Birmingham, Ala. —
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/
Israel Seymour Dresner 1929-2022
Rabbi Israel "Sy" Dresner was one of the earliest Freedom Riders in the 1960s and was close with King.
(...)
four times in the early '60s during the time he spent as a Freedom Rider.
He used to leave his home in northern New Jersey, sometimes driving all night long, to join the nonviolent protests against segregation in the South.
In 1961, he traveled to Tallahassee, Fla., and was arrested and jailed after he and a group of Blacks and whites tried to integrate an airport restaurant.
He was later the named petitioner in a legal case challenging the arrest that made it to the U.S. Supreme Court.
https://www.npr.org/2022/01/16/
https://www.npr.org/2022/01/16/
James Forman 1928-2005
civil rights pioneer who brought a fiercely revolutionary vision and masterly organizational skills to virtually every major civil rights battleground in the 1960's
(...)
As executive secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee from 1961 to 1966, Mr. Forman was at the barricades of the civil rights movement from Selma to Birmingham to the Mississippi Delta to the March on Washington.
Few outside the movement knew the extent to which he choreographed the now-legendary demonstrations and campaigns.
Known by its initials SNCC, pronounced "snick," the group viewed itself as the shock troops of the civil rights movement.
In many Southern towns, its field organizers were the first professional civil rights workers to arrive.
Mr. Forman's job was to keep a haphazard organization of idealistic young leftists functioning.
He raised money, paid the bills, mapped strategy and insisted on keeping records.
Mr. Forman set up a research department and a print shop in the group's office and made the decision to move the office to Jackson, Miss., in the summer of 1964, the "freedom summer" when volunteers went to Mississippi to campaign for voting rights for blacks.
He and Bob Moses, another SNCC organizer, were the principal organizers of the operation.
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/12/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/12/
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