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History > USA > Civil rights > Selma, Alabama
Voting rights marches March 1965
Bloody Sunday - March 7, 1965
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At the Selma-to-Montgomery march in 1965, Mr. Budnik looked for evocative moments and found one when a Black teenager unfurled an American flag and an Army National Guard sergeant saluted.
Photograph: Dan Budnik Estate, via Associated Press
Dan Budnik, Who Photographed History, Is Dead at 87 His assignments for leading magazines took him to pivotal events of the civil rights era. He was also known for his photographs of artists. NYT August 23, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/23/
The march from Selma to Montgomery on 21 March 1965.
Photographer: Matt Herron
Matt Herron, chronicler of the US civil rights movement – in pictures The photographer, who covered protesters and volunteers across the south, has died at 89. His shot of a policeman assaulting a child won him a World Press Photo award. Images courtesy of Take Stock/Topfoto G Fri 21 Aug 2020 11.42 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/21/
Protesters on one of 1965’s Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches.
Photograph: Alamy Stock Photo
How civil rights activists risked their lives to change America in 'freedom summer' G Friday 1 July 2016 12.58 BST Last modified on Friday 1 July 2016 16.55 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/01/
Martin Luther King [ center ] led a march later that same month from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama.
Beside King is [ John ] Lewis [ first from right ], Reverend Jesse Douglas, James Forman and Ralph Abernathy [ first from left ].
Photograph: Steve Schapiro/Corbis
Civil rights activist and politician John Lewis – a life in pictures The civil rights leader John Lewis, known at the ‘conscience of America’, has died. Born the son of sharecroppers in Alabama on 21 February 1940, he attended segregated public schools and, inspired by the words of Martin Luther King Jr, became active in the civil rights movement. From university onwards he organised sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, took part in the Freedom Rides, was chair of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and was a key speaker at the historic March on Washington in 1963. He led one of the pivotal moments in the civil rights movement, a march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama that was brutally attacked by state troopers. G Sat 18 Jul 2020 11.57 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/jul/18/
Timeline: The Selma-to-Montgomery marches
1962-1963
Representatives of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee come to Selma and begin staging protests.
Oct. 7, 1963
In what would be known as "Freedom Day," about 350 blacks line up to register to vote at the Dallas County Courthouse.
Registrars go as slowly as possible and take a two-hour lunch break.
Few manage to register, most of those are denied, but the protest is considered a huge victory by civil rights advocates.
July 9, 1964
Dallas County Circuit Court Judge James Hare issues an injunction effectively forbidding gatherings of three or more people to discuss civil rights or voter registration in Selma.
Dec. 28, 1964
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. presents the SCLC plan, the "Project for an Alabama Political Freedom Movement," a plan conceived by James Bevel that calls for mass action and voter registration attempts in Selma and Dallas County.
Jan. 2, 1965
King begins his Selma campaign when about 700 African Americans show up for a meeting at Brown Chapel in defiance of the injunction.
Jan. 18, 1965
Black civil rights advocates meet at Brown Chapel.
Following speeches and prayers, King and John Lewis lead 300 marchers out of the church.
Selma Police Chief Wilson Baker allows them to march in small groups to the courthouse to register despite Hare's injunction, but Sheriff Jim Clark has them line up in an alley beside the courthouse, where they are out of sight, and leaves them there.
None is registered.
Jan. 19, 1965
Protesters return to the courthouse to register and demand to remain at the front of the building.
Clark arrests them, including Hosea Williams of the SCLC, Lewis of the SNCC and Amelia Boynton.
Jan. 22, 1965
Since local teachers can be fired, few have taken overt roles in the civil rights movement, but Margaret Moore and the Rev. F.D. Reese, who is also a teacher at Hudson High, organize the unprecedented teachers' march.
Almost every black teacher in Selma — 110 of them — marches to register to vote.
Clark and his deputies push them down the courthouse stairs three times, but they are not arrested.
Jan. 25, 1965
King leads another march of about 250 people to the courthouse.
When Clark painfully twists the arm of Annie Lee Cooper, 54, and shoves her, she slugs him — twice.
Feb. 1, 1965
King and Ralph Abernathy lead a protest and refuse to break into smaller groups.
Both are arrested and placed in the Selma jail, and refuse to be bonded out.
Feb. 4, 1965
One day after addressing students at Tuskegee Institute, Malcolm X speaks to a crowd at Brown Chapel, carefully avoiding speaking about his previous differences with King concerning non-violence.
Feb. 4, 1965
President Lyndon Johnson makes his first public statement supporting the Selma campaign.
Feb. 6, 1965
President Johnson says he will urge Congress to enact a voting rights bill during the session.
February 1965
Gov. George C. Wallace bans nighttime demonstrations in Selma and Marion, and assigns 75 troopers to enforce it.
Feb. 18, 1965
State troopers attack marchers during a protest in Marion. State trooper shoots and kills Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old deacon of the St. James Baptist Church.
Fowler was charged with murder in 2007.
He pleaded guilty to second-degree manslaughter in 2010, when he was 67, saying he thought Jackson had been reaching for a weapon.
He was sentenced to six months, but was released after five because of failing health.
https://apps.npr.org/white-lies/#story
March 5, 1965
King flies to Washington to speak with President Johnson about the Voting Rights Bill.
Then announces the plan for a massive march from Selma to Montgomery.
March 6, 1965
Alabama whites, calling themselves the Concerned White Citizens of Alabama, come to Selma to march in support of black rights.
Klan members have followed them into town to protest their march, and the demonstration breaks up as it is clear violence is about to break out.
March 7, 1965
First March From Selma
In what would become known as "Bloody Sunday," and Hosea Williams lead about 600 people on what is intended to be a march from Selma to Montgomery.
But Alabama state troopers, some on horseback, and Clark and his deputies meet the marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
When the marchers refuse to disperse, they are driven back with billy clubs and tear gas, with 16 being hospitalized and at least 50 others injured.
The national coverage of the event galvanizes the country, and King calls for volunteers from throughout the nation to come to Selma for another march on March 9.
On Sunday March 7, 1965, about six hundred people began a fifty-four mile march from Selma, Alabama to the state capitol in Montgomery.
They were demonstrating for African American voting rights and to commemorate the death of Jimmie Lee Jackson, shot three weeks earlier by a state trooper while trying to protect his mother at a civil rights demonstration.
On the outskirts of Selma, after they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, the marchers, in plain sight of photographers and journalists, were brutally assaulted by heavily armed state troopers and deputies.
https://www.loc.gov/item/
March 8, 1965
Fred Gray and the SCLC file Hosea Williams v George Wallace before U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. in Montgomery, asking the court to prevent state troopers from blocking the march.
Wallace representatives argue that the march should be blocked because it would block roadways, interfering with state commerce and transportation and be a threat to public safety.
Johnson, concerned about the safety of the marchers, says the march should be put off until the court can hold a formal hearing and make a decision.
March 9, 1965
Martin Luther King Jr. leads another march to the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
About 2,000 people, more than half of them white and about a third members of the clergy, participate in the second march.
King leads the march to the bridge, then tells the protesters to disperse.
The march becomes known as Turnaround Tuesday.
March 9, 1965
James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister who had come from Boston and marched in the protest earlier in the day, is beaten severely by KKK members.
He dies of head injuries two days later at the age of 38.
https://apps.npr.org/white-lies/
March 11, 1965
Upset with the way the SCLC is handling things in Selma, James Forman and much of the SNCC staff move to Montgomery and begin a series of demonstrations.
The group also asks for students from across the country to join them.
Tuskegee Institute students come to Montgomery in an attempt to deliver a petition to Wallace.
March 13, 1965
President Johnson meets with Wallace to decry the brutality surrounding the protests and asks him to mobilize the Alabama National Guard to protect demonstrators.
March 14, 1965
SNCC staff members lead 400 Alabama State University students, joined by a group of white students from across the country, on a march from the ASU campus to the Capitol.
Although Montgomery police react peacefully to the march, as the students approach the Capitol, state troopers, the sheriff's office and a posse it has deputized attack the marchers.
Photos of the violence make national headlines.
March 15, 1965
President Johnson addresses Congress in support of a Voting Rights Bill, quoting the famous civil rights cry "We shall overcome."
March 17, 1965
Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. rules in favor of the marchers after receiving a Justice Department plan outlining their protection during the march.
March 17, 1965
Despite the arguments between the SCLC and the SNCC, King joins Forman in leading a march of 2000 people in Montgomery to the Montgomery County courthouse.
After the march, King announces the third Selma-to-Montgomery march.
City of Montgomery officials apologize for the assault on SNCC protesters by county and state law enforcement and ask King and Formanto work with them on how best to deal with future protests in the city; student leaders promise they will seek permits for future protest marches.
But Wallace continues to arrest protestors who venture on to state-controlled property.
March 18, 1965
Wallace blasts Judge Johnson's ruling, saying the state cannot afford to provide the security the marchers need and that he will ask the federal government for help.
March 19, 1965
Wallace sends a telegram to President Johnson asking for help in providing security for the march.
March 20, 1965
President Johnson issues an executive order authorizing the federal use of the Alabama National Guard to supply protection.
He also sends 1,000 military policemen and 2,000 Army troops to escort the march from Selma.
March 21, 1965
About 8,000 people assemble at Brown Chapel before starting the five-day march to Montgomery's Capitol.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/aug/21/
March 24, 1965
Marchers rest at the City of St. Jude, a Catholic church and school complex on the outskirts of Montgomery, where Harry Belafonte, Tony Bennett, Joan Baez, Sammy Davis Jr., Nina Simone, Frankie Laine and Peter, Paul and Mary perform at a "Stars for Freedom" rally.
March 25, 1965
During the Selma-to-Montgomery march, about 25,000 demonstrators join the marchers when they reach Montgomery for a final rally at the state Capitol.
King delivers his famous "How Long, Not Long" speech.
March 25, 1965
That night, Viola Liuzzo, a white mother of five who had driven from Detroit to help protest for black civil rights, is shot and killed by Ku Klux Klansmen as she drives toward Montgomery to pick up a carload of marchers.
She was 39.
https://apps.npr.org/white-lies/#story
August 6, 1965
President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/05/
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/03/05/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/us/
Hosea Williams and [ John ] Lewis in the lead, marchers move through Selma in a civil rights march to Montgomery, Alabama before reaching the Edmund Pettus Bridge and a bloody clash with state troops on 7 March 1965.
Photograph: Charles Moore/Black Star / eyevine
Civil rights activist and politician John Lewis – a life in pictures The civil rights leader John Lewis, known at the ‘conscience of America’, has died. Born the son of sharecroppers in Alabama on 21 February 1940, he attended segregated public schools and, inspired by the words of Martin Luther King Jr, became active in the civil rights movement. From university onwards he organised sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, took part in the Freedom Rides, was chair of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and was a key speaker at the historic March on Washington in 1963. He led one of the pivotal moments in the civil rights movement, a march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama that was brutally attacked by state troopers. G Sat 18 Jul 2020 11.57 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/jul/18/
Related Steve Schapiro: Heroic Times – in pictures G Tuesday 19 December 2017
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2017/dec/19/
Mr. Martin, the youngest photographer at The Birmingham News, was one of the few photographers on the ground in Selma on March 7, 1965, known as Bloody Sunday, when state troopers violently beat back peaceful marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
Here is the moment before the confrontation.
Photograph: James “Spider” Martin Archive Briscoe Center, University of Texas at Austin
Spider Martin’s Photographs of the Selma March Get a Broader View NYT FEB. 15, 2015
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
Mr. Martin’s photographs distilled the chaos of the march into a series of dramas between individuals, as in this widely reproduced shot of John Lewis, one of the leaders of the march, being beaten by state troopers.
Photograph: James “Spider” Martin Archive Briscoe Center, University of Texas at Austin
Spider Martin’s Photographs of the Selma March Get a Broader View NYT FEB. 15, 2015
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
The civil rights leader Andrew Young later said that it was largely because of Mr. Martin’s images, like this shot of the organizer Amelia Boynton being lifted to her feet after being beaten unconscious, “that we, as a people and a nation, so vividly remember Bloody Sunday.”
Photograph: James “Spider” Martin Archive Briscoe Center, University of Texas at Austin
Spider Martin’s Photographs of the Selma March Get a Broader View NYT FEB. 15, 2015
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
Related Watching 'Selma' with 103-year-old matriarch of the movement By Moni Basu, CNN Updated 0428 GMT (1228 HKT) January 10, 2015
https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/09/
People watching as marchers arrived in Montgomery, Ala. 1965.
Photograph: Morton Broffman
Complicating the Picture of Urban Life NYT Feb. 23, 2015 http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/23/complicating-the-picture-of-urban-life/
Youths celebrating their completion of the march to Montgomery.
Photograph: James H. Barker/Steven Kasher Gallery
Documenting Selma, From the Inside NYT Mar. 2, 2015
https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/
Obama Speaks on 50th Anniversary of Selma NYT 8 March 2015
Obama Speaks on 50th Anniversary of Selma Video The New York Times 8 March 2015
President Obama addressed a crowd of thousands on the 50th anniversary of the "Bloody Sunday" civil rights demonstrations in Selma, Alabama.
Produced by: AP Read the story here: http://nyti.ms/1BZQNNP Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iBkoTSUv6g
A Call From Selma NYT 7 March 2015
A Call From Selma Video Op-Docs The New York Times 7 March 2015
This short documentary explores how the murder of a white minister in Selma, Ala., helped catalyze the civil rights movement.
Produced by: Andrew Beck Grace
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klNPO8X-q3Q
Gay Talese on the Legacy of Selma NYT 8 March 2015
Gay Talese on the Legacy of Selma Video The New York Times 8 March 2015
Gay Talese reflects on how events in Selma, Alabama, fifty years ago (March 7, 2015, marks the 50th anniversary of "Bloody Sunday," a turning point in the civil rights movement) affected race relations in the United States.
Produced by: Colin Archdeacon and Natalia V. Osipova Read the story here: http://nyti.ms/1GePGHB Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFfr81lILjw
Bloody Sunday veterans in Selma, Alabama, 50 years on – video G Monday 9 March 2015 11.19 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2015/mar/09/
Anthony Dominick Benedetto 1926-2023 known professionally as Tony Bennett
Tony Bennett used his celebrity to promote civil rights
The singer witnessed racism in the military and in the music industry, experiences that informed his decision to join the Selma-to-Montgomery march in 1965.
(...)
In 1965, Belafonte asked him to attend the march to Montgomery, explaining that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. hoped that entertainers could help rally media attention, he recalled in the book.
Bennett agreed, traveling with the singer and bandleader Billy Eckstine.
He said in his autobiography that the march reminded him of fighting his way into Germany at the end of the war, comparing the hostility of the Germans
to that of the white state
troopers.
The day before the marchers reached the Alabama State Capitol, Bennett was among the performers at a rally in a field where the marchers were camping for the night, singing from a makeshift stage built from coffin crates and plywood.
When Bennett and Eckstine left the march, Viola Liuzzo, a volunteer from Michigan, drove them to the airport.
She was murdered later that day by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/
Amelia Boynton Robinson 1911-2015
Mrs. Boynton Robinson with a fellow marcher in 1965 after being knocked unconscious by Alabama troopers at the bridge.
Photograph: Pictorial Parade/Archive Photos/Getty Images
Amelia Boynton Robinson, a Pivotal Figure at the Selma March, Dies at 104 NYT AUG. 26, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/27/us/
[ on 'Bloody Sunday", March 7 1965 ] the sight of Amelia Robinson (above) being hit during a demonstration in Selma shocked the nation.
Sheriff Jim Clark’s hated volunteer posse was reported to have clubbed protesters during the day.
Photograph: Topfoto/AP
The Guardian p. 43 9 June 2007 http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/jun/09/guardianobituaries.usa
Related
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/26/434925503/
Born in Savannah, Ga., Boynton Robinson was a pioneer in the voting rights movement who took part in the event that came to be known as "Bloody Sunday," when she and other activists were attacked by state troopers as they tried to march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/26/434925503/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/27/us/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/26/
James Bonard Fowler 1933-2015
Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old laborer and church deacon, was shot to death in Mack’s Cafe in Marion, Ala., on the night of Feb. 18, 1965, and the killing proved historic:
It provoked the fateful voting-rights march from Selma to Montgomery, turning the tide for the civil rights movement.
For more than four decades, though, the crime itself was largely ignored.
Justice for Mr. Jackson was deferred, largely because of what distinguished his case from those of other black Americans killed at the hands of Southern whites back then.
In his case, the suspect was not only white but also a law-enforcement officer.
It was not until March 6, 2005, in an interview with The Anniston Star, that the officer, Bonard Fowler, by then a former Alabama state trooper, acknowledged publicly that he had fired the shot that felled Mr. Jackson.
He insisted that he had acted in self-defense.
Two years later, a grand jury convened by Alabama’s only black district attorney indicted Mr. Fowler on charges of murder.
He pleaded guilty to misdemeanor manslaughter, apologized and served five months in jail.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/
Viola Gregg Liuzzo 1925 - March 25, 1965
Mrs. Liuzzo, a 39-year-old wife of a Detroit teamsters official and mother of four, who had come to Alabama to help in the Selma-to-Montgomery civil rights march in the spring of 1965.
On March 25, the day after the procession, as she drove a young black volunteer home, she was shot to death on a desolate stretch of road.
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/08/12/
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/
On 25 March 1965, Martin Luther King led thousands of nonviolent demonstrators to the steps of the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, after a 5-day, 54-mile march from Selma, Alabama, where local African Americans, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) had been campaigning for voting rights.
King told the assembled crowd:
‘‘There never was a moment in American history more honorable and more inspiring than the pilgrimage of clergymen and laymen of every race and faith pouring into Selma to face danger at the side of its embattled Negroes’’ (King, ‘‘Address at the Conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March,’’ 121).
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/03/20/
http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/bigpicture/2015/03/09/
James Reeb 1927 - March 11, 1965
American Unitarian Universalist minister, pastor and civil rights activist in Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts.
While participating in the Selma Voting Rights Movement actions in Selma, Alabama, in 1965, he was murdered by white segregationists, dying of head injuries in the hospital two days after being severely beaten. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reeb
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/09/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/21/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/13/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/18/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/30/
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/30/
https://www.npr.org/2019/04/30/
https://apps.npr.org/white-lies/ - June 2019
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/us/
7 March 1965
"Bloody Sunday"
March from Selma to Montgomery
In 1965, at the height of the modern civil rights movement, activists organized a march for voting rights, from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, the state capital.
On March 7, some 600 people assembled at a downtown church, knelt briefly in prayer, and began walking silently, two-by-two through the city streets.
With Hosea Williams of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leading the demonstration, and John Lewis, Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), at his side, the marchers were stopped as they were leaving Selma, at the end of the Edmund Pettus Bridge, by some 150 Alabama state troopers, sheriff ’s deputies, and possemen, who ordered the demonstrators to disperse.
One minute and five seconds after a two-minute warning was announced, the troops advanced, wielding clubs, bullwhips, and tear gas.
who suffered a skull fracture, was one of fifty-eight people treated for injuries at the local hospital.
The day is remembered in history as “Bloody Sunday.” http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=2
peaceful protesters seeking voting rights for disenfranchised blacks tried to march from Selma to Montgomery, the Alabama capital, but were mercilessly clubbed and tear-gassed by white men with badges.
That state-sanctioned violence on March 7, 1965 — Bloody Sunday — sickened the nation.
More marches followed, ultimately under the protection of federal troops, and that summer, Congress passed a Voting Rights Act to sweep away practices that had long deprived blacks of equal partnership in the American democracy.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/03/20/
http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/09/us/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2015/mar/09/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/09/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/03/08/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/us/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/08/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/08/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/08/
http://www.nbcnews.com/watch/live-video/
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/08/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/03/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/06/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/06/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/03/06/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/06/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2015/03/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/civil-rights-history/ - Jan 15, 2007
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/01/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/
James Gardner Clark Jr 1922-2007
US sheriff who used violence against civil rights protesters http://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/jun/09/guardianobituaries.usa
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/jun/09/
February 1965
Civil rights activist Jimmy Lee Jackson 1938-1965
On the night of 18 February 1965, an Alabama state trooper shot Jimmie Lee Jackson in the stomach as he tried to protect his mother from being beaten at Mack’s Café.
Jackson, along with several other African Americans, had taken refuge there from troopers breaking up a night march protesting the arrest of James Orange, a field secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Marion, Alabama.
Jackson died from his wound eight days later.
Speaking at his funeral, King called Jackson, “a martyred hero of a holy crusade for freedom and human dignity” (King, 3 March 1965).
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/
https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/05/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/us/
movies > 2014 > Ava DuVernay's 'Selma'
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/feb/05/
https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/09/
Related > Anglonautes > History
Lyndon Baines Johnson 1908-1973 36th President of the United States 1963-1969
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gun violence > police shootings > USA
Anglonautes > Arts > Photographers > 20th century > USA > Civil rights
James "Spider" Martin 1939-2003
Ralph Waldo Ellison USA 1913-1994
Related
Documenting Selma, From the Inside
A timely new show at the Steven Kasher Gallery in New York, “Selma March 1965,” reminds us that not all civil rights photographs were created equal.
Commemorating the 50th anniversary this month of the historic Selma-to-Montgomery marches, the exhibition features the work of three documentarians of the protests: James Barker, Spider Martin and Charles Moore. By Maurice Berger NYT Mar. 2, 2015
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/
Freedom Journey 1965: Selma to Montgomery March in pictures G Wednesday 17 December 2014
http://www.theguardian.com/film/gallery/2014/dec/17/
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