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History > America, English America, USA
17th-20th century > English America, America, USA Slavery, Lynchings, Abolitionists, Civil War, Reconstruction
Slavery > Rebellions, Abolitionists, Reconstruction > Timeline in pictures
Ida B Wells 1862-1931
Ida B Wells (1862–1931)
She was born into slavery in Mississippi but freed during the American civil war.
As a pioneering journalist and editor, she worked tirelessly to expose racial injustice.
She spent months travelling alone around the American south to investigate the horrors of lynching, and campaigned against segregation.
In 1910, she co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Eminent Victorians: 19th-century celebrity portraits – in pictures
As a new picture of Billy the Kid goes on sale for $1m, these photographs showcase some of the most significant people of the 19th century to be captured on camera G Thu 21 Nov 2019 16.32 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
African-American investigative journalist, educator, and an early leader in the civil rights movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells
She was born into slavery in Mississippi but freed during the American civil war.
As a pioneering journalist and editor, she worked tirelessly to expose racial injustice.
She spent months travelling alone around the American south to investigate the horrors of lynching, and campaigned against segregation.
In 1910, she co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross) 1822-1913
Under a proposed redesign of the $20 bill, Harriet Tubman would have replaced Andrew Jackson.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/Getty Images
Harriet Tubman $20 Bill Is Delayed Until Trump Leaves Office, Mnuchin Says NYT May 22, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/
https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/03/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/24/
https://one.npr.org/?sharedMediaId=475161438:475161441 - April 21, 2016
https://www.npr.org/2013/03/06/
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe 1811-1896
From its very first moments, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s debut novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a smashing success.
It sold out its 5,000-copy print run in four days in 1852, with one newspaper declaring that “everybody has read it, is reading, or is about to read it”.
Soon, 17 printing presses were running around the clock to keep up with demand.
By the end of its first year in print, the book had sold more than 300,000 copies in the US alone, and another million in Great Britain.
It went on to become the bestselling novel of the 19th century.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.npr.org/2011/07/04/
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https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio.
A lawyer and staunch abolitionist, he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes - Ovember 7, 2020
With the future of Reconstruction on the ballot, the presidential election of 1876 was hard fought.
Tilden decisively defeated Hayes in the popular vote by about 250,000 votes, but in four states — Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina — both parties claimed to have won electoral votes.
At that point, Tilden needed only one more electoral vote to win, so any of the four would suffice.
However, Republicans still controlled the election canvassing boards and governorships in the three southern states, which led to the manipulation of vote counts and the subsequent awarding of electoral votes to Hayes.
Democrats refused to give up and sent competing slates of electors for Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina to Congress.
In addition, the Democrats challenged the eligibility of one of Oregon’s electors, a fail-safe that would lead to a Tilden win even if Hayes claimed victory in the three Southern states.
In January 1877, Congress convened a special Electoral Commission to resolve the disputes, and the Commission broke 8 to 7 in favor of Hayes in all four of the contested states.
Democrats, undeterred, tried to delay the counting of the electoral votes before the joint session of Congress on Feb. 28, which would deny Hayes a majority and send the election to the House of Representatives.
The inauguration was only four days away, and there was a real danger of both parties trying to have their candidate take the oath of office.
Enter Samuel Randall.
As the newly appointed speaker of the House, Randall refused to allow members of his party to delay the vote count, which they had sought to do by producing yet another competing slate of electors of dubious origins from the state of Vermont.
When Randall rejected these efforts, one of his fellow Democrats tried to physically attack him, and others began reaching for their guns.
Randall had to call the sergeant-at-arms to restore order.
Remarkably, Randall halted the delaying tactics that would have increased the likelihood of dueling inaugurations and subsequent violence.
His actions brought the count to a nonviolent end on March 2, just two days before the inauguration.
Upon becoming speaker, Randall had pledged “absolute fairness to both sides … in exercising the parliamentary powers of the chair.”
With his decisive action in resolving the disputed election of 1876, he kept that promise, even when doing so required decisions not in his party’s interest.
In the end, Democrats acquiesced to the election of the Republican Hayes over their own candidate, Tilden, on the condition that Hayes agree to remove federal troops from the Southern states.
Hayes’s elevation to the presidency effectively ended Reconstruction and changed the trajectory of American history, but in the months between the election and the inauguration, a nonviolent resolution was far from certain. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/us/samuel-randall-1876-election.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes - November 7, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/
Wendell Phillips 1811-1884
one of the nation’s most prominent antislavery leaders
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/
Josiah Henson 1789-1883
An astounding story … Josiah Henson, photographed in Boston, 1876
Josiah Henson: the forgotten story in the history of slavery His life partly inspired Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He was entertained at both Windsor Castle and the White House. He rescued more than 100 enslaved people. But barely anyone has heard of him G Fri 19 Jun 2020 15.27 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.npr.org/templates/
Sojourner Truth (Born Isabella Baumfree) c 1797-1883
Born Isabella Baumfree in New York state, the African American lived in slavery until she escaped with her daughter in 1826.
She then took on a white man in the courts to be reunited with her son, who has been illegally sold into slavery, and won – the first victory of its kind.
Truth dedicated her life to the abolition movement and women’s rights, helping to liberate many slaves, and is renowned for her “Ain’t I a woman?” speech of 1851.
Eminent Victorians: 19th-century celebrity portraits – in pictures
As a new picture of Billy the Kid goes on sale for $1m, these photographs showcase some of the most significant people of the 19th century to be captured on camera G Thu 21 Nov 2019 16.32 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Born Isabella Baumfree in New York state, the African American lived in slavery until she escaped with her daughter in 1826.
She then took on a white man in the courts to be reunited with her son, who has been illegally sold into slavery, and won – the first victory of its kind.
Truth dedicated her life to the abolition movement and women’s rights, helping to liberate many slaves, and is renowned for her “Ain’t I a woman?” speech of 1851.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882
Longfellow, a passionately private man, was, just as passionately and privately, an abolitionist.
His best friend was Charles Sumner, for whom he wrote, in 1842, a slim volume called “Poems on Slavery.”
Sumner, a brash and aggressive politician, delivered stirring speeches attacking slave owners;
Longfellow, a gentler soul, wrote verses mourning the plight of slaves, poems “so mild,” he wrote, “that even a slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast.” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
Charles Sumner 1811-1874
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
Reconstruction
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/
1867
Reconstruction Acts
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 required the former Confederate states to register voters, both Black and white, by having all men sign an oath of allegiance to the United States.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
Ku Klux Klan K.K.K.
Founded in the era of Reconstruction, the KKK used terroristic violence to suppress Black voting and political efforts.
Their brutality paved the way for conservative whites to regain control of southern legislatures, effectively ending Reconstruction.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
Abraham Lincoln February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865
Jan. 31, 1865
Thirteenth Amendment
abolishes slavery throughout the country
ON Jan. 31, 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, banning slavery in America.
It was an achievement that abolitionists had spent decades fighting for — and one for which their movement has been lauded ever since.
But before abolitionism succeeded, it failed.
As a pre-Civil War movement, it was a flop.
Antislavery congressmen were able to push through their amendment because of the absence of the pro-slavery South, and the complicated politics of the Civil War.
Abolitionism’s surprise victory has misled generations about how change gets made.
(...)
It’s hard to accept just how unpopular abolitionism was before the Civil War.
The abolitionist Liberty Party never won a majority in a single county, anywhere in America, in any presidential race.
(...)
In 1860 the premier antislavery newspaper, The Liberator, had a circulation of under 3,000, in a nation of 31 million.
Even among Northerners who wanted to stop the spread of slavery, the idea of banning it altogether seemed fanatical.
On the eve of the Civil War, America’s greatest sage, Ralph Waldo Emerson, predicted that slavery might end one day, but “we shall not live to see it.”
In a deeply racist society, where most white Americans, South and North, valued sectional unity above equal rights, “abolitionist” was usually a dirty word.
One man who campaigned for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 complained: “I have been denounced as impudent, foppish, immature, and worse than all, an Abolitionist.” http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/was-abolitionism-a-failure/
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1865.html
https://guides.loc.gov/13th-amendment
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/
June 19th, 1863 / Juneteenth
What is Juneteenth – and should it be a federal holiday in the US? Video G 18 June 2020
Every 19 June for more than 150 years African Americans across the US have celebrated freedom from slavery.
Guardian US reporter Kenya Evelyn explores the significance of Juneteenth, how celebrations have evolved over the years and looks at whether it is time for the holiday to receive federal recognition G
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az6hJaNEbSU
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.
The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/
Lincoln issues the Emancipation freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion
Lincoln puts forth a reconstruction plan offering amnesty to white Southerners who take loyalty oaths and accept the abolition of slavery.
State government can be formed in those states where at least 10 percent of voters comply with these terms. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/freedom-and-restraint/
1862
Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1862.html
September 22, 1862
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which sets a date for the freedom of more than 3 million black slaves in the United States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
John Brown 1800-1859
On October 16, 1859, John Brown led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/
admits California to the Union as a free state, allows the slave states of New Mexico and Utah to be decided by popular sovereignty, and bans slave trade in D.C.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1850.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html
Black Abolitionists
https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/02/26/
1848
Anti-slavery groups organize the Free Soil Party, a group opposed to the westward expansion of slavery from which the Republican Party will later be born
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1848.html
1837
New York City hosts the first National Anti-Slavery Society Convention
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1837.html
1831
Nat Turner, an enslaved Baptist preacher believing himself divinely inspired, leads a violent rebellion in Southampton, Virginia.
At least 57 whites are killed
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1831.html
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
1829
In Boston, Massachusetts, David Walker publishes his widely read vociferous condemnation of slavery, AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1829.html
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
Denmark Vesey 1767-1822
black abolitionist who was executed in 1822 for leading a failed slave rebellion (Charleston, S.C.) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/opinion/abolitionist-or-terrorist.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/
1820
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line.
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Three years later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1820.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html
1817
The American Colonization Society is founded to help free blacks resettle in Africa
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1817.html
1811
(...) in January of 1811, a group of enslaved people on a plantation on the outskirts of New Orleans rose up, armed themselves and began a long march toward the city.
Hundreds would join them along the way.
Their goal: to free every slave they found and then seize the Crescent City.
The rebellion came to be known as the German Coast Uprising and it's believed to be the largest slave rebellion in United States history.
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
1808
The U.S. bans international slave trading
on January 1st, 1808, the U.S. officially banned the importation of slaves.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h92.html
http://www.npr.org/2015/07/18/
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
1787
The Northwest Ordinance forbids slavery, except as criminal punishment, in the Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin).
Residents of the territory are required to return fugitive slaves
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1787.html
Pennsylvania’s Gradual Abolition Act of 1780
The act began dismantling slavery, eventually releasing people from bondage after their 28th birthdays.
Under the law, any slave who entered Pennsylvania with an owner and lived in the state for longer than six months would be set free automatically. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/opinion/george-washington-slave-catcher.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
1739
Slaves in Stono, South Carolina, rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites.
The colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1739.html
1781
Mum Bett and another Massachusetts slave successfully sue their master for freedom
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1781.html
1731
The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida from Carolina will not be sold or returned
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1731.html
1712
An alleged slave revolt in New York City leads to violent outbreaks.
Nine whites are killed and eighteen slaves are executed
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1712.html
1671
Bacon's Rebellion
In Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1676.html
Related > Anglonautes > History / Historical documents
17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century > America, USA Slavery, Racism, Civil war, Abraham Lincoln
20th century > USA > Civil rights
19th century > USA > Emancipation Proclamation - 1863
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
race relations, racism, civil rights,
Related
The Guardian > Slavery
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/13/
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