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History > 20th century > WW2 (1939-1945) > USA, World > Timeline in pictures
USA, Canada, Europe, North Africa, Russia, Persia, Asia
Henri-Chapelle Cemetery, Belgium Date taken: November 1946
Photograph: Ralph Morse Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c94836dddafcf8bd
August 15, 1945 "American servicemen and women gather in front of "Rainbow Corner" Red Cross club in Paris to celebrate the unconditional surrender of the Japanese."
By an unknown photographer, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. (111-SC-210241)
NARA > Picturing the Century: One Hundred Years of Photography from the National Archives http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/picturing-the-century-photos/rainbow-corner-club-paris.jpg http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/1930-census-photos/
Mary Louise Rasmuson (born Milligan) 1911-2012
Mary Louise Rasmuson (...) joined the Women’s when it was formed during World War II, rose to be its director under two presidents and later found a new life as a civic leader and philanthropist in the young state of Alaska
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/us/
Les oeuvres volées par Hitler ou l'incroyable sauvetage
Documentaire de Petra Dorrmann 52mn Allemagne-Autriche 2014
Dès 1944, Hitler ordonne de mettre à l’abri les oeuvres d'art pillées.
Plus de 6 500 pièces sont regroupées dans la mine de sel d’Altaussee, en Autriche.
Après son suicide, le 30 avril 1945, et alors que les Alliés approchent, les nazis se préparent à tout faire sauter.
Quand, le 12 mai, les "Monuments men" américains arrivent, les oeuvres d’art sont intactes...
Qui les a sauvées ?
Hitler et Göring avaient en commun leur amour de l’art (sic).
D’où l’énergie déployée par leurs sbires à piller des œuvres, parfois de façon concurrente, dans tous les musées des pays occupés ou à spolier les grands collectionneurs d’origine juive comme la famille Rothschild.
À partir du printemps 1944, Hitler donne l’ordre de mettre les plus précieux trésors à l’abri.
Dans la mine de sel d’Altaussee, en Autriche, sont ainsi regroupées plus de 6 500 pièces choisies par le Führer pour le musée qu’il rêve de créer à Linz, dont la statue de la Madone de Bruges de Michel-Ange ou le retable de Gand des frères Van Eyck.
Après son suicide, le 30 avril 1945, et alors que les Alliés approchent, les responsables du lieu se préparent à tout faire sauter.
Mais une série de personnages - ouvriers et experts au service des nazis, résistants anglais et locaux - s’en mêle.
Quand, le 12 mai, les Monuments men américains arrivent, les œuvres d’art, signées aussi Vermeer, Rubens, Brueghel, Rembrandt, Tintoret, sont intactes.
Elles sont transportées dans un dépôt central à Munich et restituées en partie à leurs propriétaires.
En partie seulement, car l’État autrichien a joué un rôle plus que trouble à ce sujet des décennies durant. http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/050811-000/les-oeuvres-volees-par-hitler-ou-l-incroyable-sauvetage - outdated link
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/
Saudi Arabia gains strategic importance during World War II
Although Saudi Arabia officially maintained neutrality through most of the war, the U.S. began to court the kingdom as it realized the strategic importance of Saudi oil reserves.
In 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt made Saudi Arabia eligible for Lend-Lease assistance by declaring the defense of Saudi Arabia of vital interest to the U.S.
In 1945, King Abdel Aziz and President Roosevelt cemented the tacit oil-for-security relationship when they met aboard the USS Quincy in the Suez Canal. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6 / 9, 1945
Held near Berlin, the Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945) was the last of the World War II meetings held by the “Big Three” heads of state.
Featuring American President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (and his successor, Clement Attlee) and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, the talks established a Council of Foreign Ministers and a central Allied Control Council for administration of Germany.
The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations.
Although talks primarily centered on postwar Europe, the Big Three also issued a declaration demanding “unconditional surrender” from Japan. http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/potsdam-conference
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/potsdam-conference
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jul/24/
Victory in Europe Day / V-E Day Celebrations
7 May 1945
Germany signs unconditional surrender
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7/
5 May 1945
Denmark is liberated
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/05/
Russian soldiers in Berlin at the end of the war.
Photograph: Hulton Getty
Russia hits out at Berlin festival near burial site G Thursday 21 April 2016 15.59 BST Last modified on Thursday 21 April 2016 16.08 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/21/
Allied tanks move into a heavily bombed Munich on April 29, 1945.
Knowing that the American troops were closing in, residents began looting earlier that day, taking food, furniture and parts of Hitler’s art collection.
Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Hitler Looted the Art, Then They Looted Hitler New research is helping the hunt for missing art, largely amassed by Hitler, then re-stolen by desperate Germans in the closing days of the war. NYT July 19, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/19/
21 April 1945
Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_3560000/3560175.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/29/
Japan Tokyo burns under B-29 firebomb assault March 26, 1945
Tokyo burns under B-29 firebomb assault May 26, 1945 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Firebombing_of_Tokyo.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Firebombing_of_Tokyo.jpg
Primary source > Library of Congress > http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c11427 TITLE: Tokyo burns under B-29 fire bomb assault
March 10, 1945
Japan
B-29 missions against Tokyo
At Yalta, the Soviet Union also agreed to join the war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated.
The United States and Britain, shaken by the suicidal defence of Pacific islands, feared that storming Japan would cost up to half a million allied casualties.
At that stage, nobody knew whether the new atomic bomb would work.
In the meantime, General Curtis LeMay stepped up his bombing attacks.
On the night of 9 March, he sent his Superfortress squadrons on a fire-bombing raid against Tokyo.
The mainly wooden houses blazed into an inferno.
It is estimated that 97,000 people died, 125,000 were injured and 1 million left homeless.
On 6 April, US forces landed on Okinawa to seize it as a springboard for the invasion of Japan itself.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/10/
On March 10, 1945, flying in darkness at low altitudes, more than 300 B-29s dropped close to a quarter of a million incendiary bombs over Tokyo. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/pacific-b-29s/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/peopleevents/e_b29s.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/10/
Bombing of Dresden - February 13-15, 1945
Russia Ukraine Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945
Conference of the Big Three at Yalta makes final plans for the defeat of Germany.
L to R: Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Premier Josef Stalin.
February 1945.
111-SC-260486 Pictures of World War II > Leaders US National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-05.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/
WWII allies 3-power conf.
(L-R seated) British PM Churchill, US Pres. Roosevelt, Soviet ldr. Stalin, w. aides (standing L-R) Fleet Adm. Cunningham, Fleet Adm. King, Air Marshal Portal, US Adm. Leahy & unident. Soviets, at Livadia Palace.
Location: Yalta, Ukraine, Russia Date taken: February 1945
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4241863.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4201858.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/7/newsid_3517000/3517236.stm
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/yalta.htm
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/01/documents/yalta.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/second-world-war-germany-yalta
January 1945
German ship Wilhelm Gustloff is sunk by three Russian torpedoes in January 1945.
The ship carried soldiers and thousands of civilians, many of them children from Poland, Latvia and Lithuania.
They were all fleeing the advancing Soviet army.
http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/
http://www.npr.org/2016/02/17/
Ardennes belges et nord du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
December 1944 - January 1945 Bataille des Ardennes / Battle of the Bulge
Rundstedt's offensive against American troops in the Ardennes
December 17, 1944 Germany counter-attacks in Ardennes
Adolf Hitler’s massive surprise attack inflicting heavy casualties as the Allies massed for a push toward Berlin.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/us/
The Germans mount a series of counter-attacks on the Western front allowing them to re-cross the borders of Luxembourg and Belgium.
in December 1944 (...) Hitler mounted his last offensive of the war in the snowy, densely forested Ardennes region of Belgium, France and Luxembourg.
Allied forces, which had been moving toward Germany after the D-Day invasion of France, were caught unaware by the counteroffensive and were initially pushed back.
Hitler had hoped to defeat the British and Americans there so he could concentrate on fighting the Soviet Union on the eastern front. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/us/vernon-mcgarity-medal-of-honor-winner-dies-at-91.html
The bodies of Belgian men, women, and children, killed by the German military during their counter-offensive into Luxembourg and Belgium, await identification before burial.
15 December 1944
Source: National Archives and Records Administration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeadBelgiumcivilians1944.jpg
Author Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Public Domain Photographs Primary source > NARA > ARC Identifier 196543 http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=196543&jScript=true
Troops of the famed 82nd Airborne Div (3rd Batt; 504th Para. Reg.). march through snow behind tanks of the 340th Tank battalion on way to engage Germans nr. town of Herresbach during the Battle of the Bulge.
Location: Herresbach, Belgium Date taken: December 1944
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7e3993069999e7fc
Bodies (marked for identification) of American POW soldiers of Battery B, 285th Field Artillery Observation Battlion murdered in cold blood on Dec. 17, 1944 by a regiment of the Nazi 1st SS Panzer Div. under command of Lt. Col. Jochen Peiper outside the town of Malmedy during the opening days of the Battle of the Bulge.
Location: Malmedy, Belgium Date taken: January 15, 1945
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2e2ddd790a82d179
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bulge/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ff7_bulge.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_bulge_01.shtml http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006178 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/wwii/essay1.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/26/world/europe/augusta-chiwy-forgotten-wartime-nurse-dies-at-94.html http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/20/ardennes-1944-hitlers-last-gamble-antony-beevor-review
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/us/nicholas-oresko-medal-of-honor-recipient-dies-at-96.html http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/us/vernon-mcgarity-medal-of-honor-winner-dies-at-91.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/opinion/23colley.html https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/10/second-world-war-battle-bulge
Oct. 29, 1944
First Jewish Broadcast from Aachen, Germany
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/18/nyregion/18cantor.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZihm6VlYjo
9 - 19 October 1944
Second Moscow Conference
The Allied conference held in Moscow in October 1944 was codenamed Tolstoy.
It involved Stalin, Churchill and their advisors.
America was represented by the US ambassador Averell Harriman, as an observer, and the head of the US military in Moscow, General John Dean.
Outcome:
Decisions about Russia's entry in the war against Japan;
post-war division of the Balkans;
the future of Poland. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144874.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144874.shtml
17-25/26 September 1944
Holland
Battle of Arnhem
Operation Market Garden
US Airborne Divisions take objectives in Holland to open a corridor for the advancing British Army.
British 1st Airborne 10 Division lands at Arnhem but meets strong resistance.
The Allies fail to gain a bridgehead across the lower River Rhine
Airborne troops retreat from Arnhem - 26 September 1944 http://london.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/4/dday/pdfs/DDayAftermath.pdf
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/26/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_arnhem_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_arnhem.shtml
September 12 – 16, 1944
Conferences Quebec, Canada - 1944
(codename Octagon) Franklin D. Roosevelt
Objectives:
Churchill: to ensure that Great Britain received extended U.S. Lend-Lease supplies and to propose dividing Germany into zones of occupation ;
Roosevelt: to discuss the plan on the deindustrialization of Germany created by Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau.
Outcome: They determined Allied military strategy in Europe and the Pacific.
Churchill committed a British fleet to help the U.S. in the Pacific war and received the assurance of continued Lend-Lease aid while Japan remained undefeated.
The men agreed that Germany would be divided into occupation zones after the war.
Despite Churchill’s reservations, they also approved the Morgenthau plan to obliterate German industry and give German machinery to Allied nations; the plan was later abandoned. http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/the-conferences.html#Octagon
http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/the-conferences.html#Octagon
Winston Churchill [ left ] and Franklin Roosevelt sitting together on terrace of The Citadel, Quebec, during the two leaders' conference on war problems.
Location: Quebec City, Canada Date taken: 1944
Photographer: George Skadding Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f724f4053cc353c0.html
France Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944
American troops in tank passing the Arc de Triomphe after the liberation of Paris, August 1944.
208-YE-68. Pictures of World War II US National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-105.jpg
Sign carrying civilians march in parade the day after the liberation of Paris by Allied troops.
Location: Paris, France Date taken: August 26, 1944
Photographer: Frank Scherschel Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2f7515f69abac870
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7984436.stm https://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/photos?template=print#france http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3590542.stm
http://www.lemonde.fr/shoah-les-derniers-temoins-racontent/article/2005/08/01/
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/
http://www.ina.fr/fictions-et-animations/fictions-historiques/video/AFE99000037/
http://www.ina.fr/fictions-et-animations/fictions-historiques/video/AFE00003044/
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/AFE00003140/
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/AFE99000038/
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/AFE01000022/
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/AFE04002049/
25 August 1944
Paris liberation made 'whites only'
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7984436.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/7868913.stm
August - 2 October 1944
Poland Warsaw Uprising
The Warsaw Uprising took place on 1 August 1944, when the Polish resistance attempted to liberate Warsaw from Nazi Germany in occupied Poland.
The uprising lasted for 63 days, ending after massive retaliation by the Nazis http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/aug/07/poland-warsaw-uprising-69th-anniversary
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/aug/07/poland-warsaw-
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/3/newsid_3560000/3560811.stm
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005188
July 1944
German
The Stauffenberg plot to kill Hitler
Count Claus von Stauffenberg 1907-1944
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/
June 1944
Italy Liberation of Rome
http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/11/an-american-garden-in-a-foreign-land/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/5/newsid_3547000/3547329.stm
10 June 1944
France
Nazi massacre of civilians
Six hundred and 42 people, including 247 children, were shot or burnt alive
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/03/
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007840
http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/massacres-de-tulle-et-oradour-70-ans-apres-
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/09/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/03/
9 June 1944
France
Nazi massacre of civilians
Le 9 juin 1944, en représaille à des actions de résistance, les Waffen SS avaient pendu aux balcons et aux lampadaires de la ville 99 Tullois.
Cent quarante-neuf habitants avaient également été déportés au camp de concentration de Dachau, près de Munich (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne), dont 101 ne sont jamais revenus.
http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/topnews/20140609.AFP9202/
France D-Day / Normandy landings June 6, 1944
Alexander Cassie, known as Sandy 1916-2012
It was on the moonless night of March 24 and 25, 1944, that 76 Allied prisoners of war, most of them British, clambered down a 30-foot shaft and crawled through a 340-foot-long tunnel below the supposedly escape-proof Stalag Luft III camp in eastern Germany — the daring breakout that was celebrated in the classic 1963 movie “The Great Escape.”
In their pockets, the escapees carried what looked like officially stamped documents, identification cards, business cards and even letters written in German from purported wives and sweethearts, all of which were intended to make it possible for them to befuddle a hapless guard or police officer stopping them on their way to freedom.
Flight Lt. Alex Cassie, a British bomber pilot, was one of a half-dozen artists who had been forging those documents for months, playing a central role in the larger conspiracy to free hundreds of the nearly 1,000 airmen in the camp.
They called their unit Dean and Dawson, after a well-known London travel agency.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/world/europe/
19 March 1944
The German army invades Hungary
(...) four weeks later, the concentration of Jews began.
Jews from Munkács were forced into two ghettos, and those from the surrounding areas were assembled at two brick factories on the outskirts of town.
On 11 May 1944 the deportations to Auschwitz began, and on 23 May the last deportation train left Munkács. http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/during_holocaust.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/
1944
Life Magazine
Rare Photos From the Allied Invasion of Southern France
http://life.time.com/history/rare-photos-from-the-allied-invasion-of-southern-france-1944/
July - August 1943
Battle of Kursk The largest tank battle in history
German and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front
Georgi Zhukov 1896-1974
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/zhukov_georgi.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk
July 1943
Western Allies invade Sicily
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/10/
1943-1945
Allies Italian campaign
The campaign started in July 1943, when the troops invading Italian territory became the first to liberate Nazi Europe, and did not end until 1945.
However, much of the most critical fighting took place in May and June 1944, leading up to the liberation of Rome, on 5 June 1944 – the day before the Normandy Landings.
(...)
Allied casualties in Italy were more than 312,000 – considerably higher than those in Normandy.
British casualties are thought to have been more than 90,000, during a gruelling advance northwards through what Winston Churchill called the "underbelly of Europe".
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/britainatwar/
11-25 May 1943
Allies Second Washington Conference
The primary focus of the conference was future strategy in the European war.
A major decision was made to delay the invasion of France; a date was set for May the following year.
To establish air bases in the Azores, the Allies also decided to apply to Portugal for assistance. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1142047.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1142047.shtml
Norway
Birger Edvin Martin Stromsheim 1911-2012
There was no Google Earth, no Gore-Tex and only a modest measure of hope on the February night in 1943 when six Norwegians parachuted into the remote and frigid Telemark region of their home country for an outdoor challenge like few others.
They had skis and explosives and a destination: the German-controlled Norsk Hydro facility, high on an isolated and snowy ridge.
The Norwegians intended to destroy equipment inside that the Germans were using to produce what is known as heavy water, a crucial ingredient in making a nuclear weapon and one they feared the Nazis would use to build an atomic bomb.
One of the demolitions experts on the team, Birger Stromsheim, died Nov. 10 in Oslo at 101.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/world/europe/
14-24 January 1943
Allies Casablanca Conference
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1140373.shtml
Russia Battle of Stalingrad August 21, 1942 - February 2, 1943
Winter 1942
Germany Reinhard Hardegen 1913-2018
leading German submarine commander of World War II who brought U-boat warfare to the doorstep of New York Harbor in the winter of 1942
(...)
Soon after the United States went to war with Japan and Germany, Admiral Karl Donitz, the commander of the German submarine service, sent six U-boats to attack oil tankers and freighters in American and Canadian waters before they could head overseas.
The mission, code-named Paukenschlag (Drumbeat), was aimed at further disrupting Britain’s precarious supply lifeline and demoralizing the American home front.
Captain Hardegen provided Drumbeat with some of its most stirring exploits when his U-boat sank two ships off Long Island and brought him close enough to New York City to see the glare from Manhattan’s skyscrapers in the night skies.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/
Algeria-Morocco military campaign
Allied Landings in French North Africa 8 November 1942
19 August 1942
France
Dieppe Raid / Landing
also known as The Battle of Dieppe, Operation Rutter or Operation Jubilee
Most of the 6,000-strong force was made up of Canadians, seeing front line action for the first time, as well as British, American and French soldiers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_3560000/3560309.stm
http://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-the-second-world-war/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/
France
Margival, près de Soisson
la forteresse hitlérienne méconnue
Construit en 1942 par des ouvriers français, le camp de Margival, dans l'Aisne, fut, jusqu'en 1944, le QG d'Hitler en France. http://www.lesechos.fr/info/france/020725082719.htm
https://www.lesechos.fr/12/08/2010/
http://www.dday-overlord.com/en/battle-of-normandy/bridgehead/2/3
Japan
The Japanese military raped and enslaved thousands of Asian and European women in army brothels
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/29/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/
Singapore forced to surrender 15 February 1942
British, Australian, and Indian troops surrender to the Japanese as Singapore falls in 1942.
Photograph: Popperfoto/Getty Images
Into the storm: the horror of the second world war Eighty years ago the worst conflict in history began, killing up to 85 million people. It also shaped modern Britain and its relationship with Europe G Sun 1 Sep 2019 08.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2019/sep/01/
British forces in Singapore surrender unconditionally to the Japanese seven days after enemy troops first stormed the island.
(...)
comes one week after Japanese forces invaded Singapore and only two weeks since their onslaught on the Malay Peninsula forced the British troops' withdrawal to the island.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2019/sep/01/
1942
USA
The Women Airforce Service Pilots - The "WASPs"
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/us/
1942
USA
Prescott Sheldon Bush's company's assets were seized in 1942 under the Trading with the Enemy Act
George W. Bush's grandfather US senator Prescott Sheldon Bush 1895-1972
Steve Bell The Guardian G2 p. 23 10.5.2005
Top > Main character : U.S. President George W. Bush
Top > last image on tle right: Adolf Hitler.
George Bush's grandfather, the late US senator Prescott Bush, was a director and shareholder of companies that profited from their involvement with the financial backers of Nazi Germany.
The Guardian has obtained confirmation from newly discovered files in the US National Archives that a firm of which Prescott Bush was a director was involved with the financial architects *of Nazism.
His business dealings, which continued until his company's assets were seized in 1942 under the Trading with the Enemy Act, has led more than 60 years later to a civil action for damages being brought in Germany against the Bush family by two former slave labourers at Auschwitz and to a hum of pre-election controversy.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/ http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2005/05/10/pages/two22.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/
Europe map 1942
Carte de l'Europe en 1942. Europe map. 1942. Mémorial de la Shoah http://www.enseigner-histoire-shoah.org/outils-et-ressources/chronologie-et-cartes/cartes.html
22 December 1941 - 14 January 1942
Allies Washington Conference
The First Washington Conference, also known as the Arcadia Conference (ARCADIA was the code name used for the conference), was held in Washington, D.C., from December 22, 1941, to January 14, 1942.
It brought together the top British and American military leaders, as well as Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt and their aides, in Washington from December 22, 1941 to January 14, 1942, and led to a series of major decisions that shaped the war effort in 1942–1943.
Arcadia was the first meeting on military strategy between Britain and the United States;
it came two weeks after the American entry into World War II.
The Arcadia Conference was a secret agreement unlike the much wider postwar plans given to the public as the Atlantic Charter, agreed between Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941.
The main policy achievements of Arcadia included the decision for "Germany First" (or "Europe first"—that is, the defeat of Germany was the highest priority);
the establishment of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. based in Washington, for approving the military decisions of both the US and Britain;
the principle of unity of command of each theater under a supreme commander;
drawing up measures to keep China in the war;
limiting the reinforcements to be sent to the Pacific;
and setting up a system for coordinating shipping.
All the decisions were secret, except the conference drafted the Declaration by United Nations, which committed the Allies to make no separate peace with the enemy, and to employ full resources until victory.
In immediate tactical terms, the decisions at Arcadia included an invasion of North Africa in 1942, sending American bombers to bases in England, and for the British to strengthen their forces in the Pacific.
Arcadia created a unified American-British-Dutch Australian Command (ABDA) in the Far East;
the ABDA fared poorly.
It was also agreed at the conference to combine military resources under one command in the European Theater of Operations (ETO). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Conference - 27 April 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Conference
11 December 1941
Germany and Italy declare war on US
Germany and Italy announce they are at war with the United States.
America immediately responds by declaring war on the two Axis powers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_3532000/3532401.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/
25 August - 17 September 1941
Allies Middle East Persia (now Iran)
Anglo-Soviet invasion
Operation Countenance
Persia's strategic importance increased as the war progressed.
In 1940 it produced over eight million tons of oil, essential for the Allied war effort.
Furthermore, Germany's invasion of Russia in June 1941 made Persia critically important for sending American Lend-Lease supplies to the Eastern Front.
While officially neutral, Persia had friendly ties with Germany and was home to many German nationals.
Reza Shah Pahlavi's refusal to expel the German nationals, coupled with their more strategic concerns, prompted an Anglo-Soviet invasion in August 1941.
The invasion and occupation of Persia was swift and undemanding.
The British units invaded Persia from their bases in Iraq, to the south of Iran.
The Russians invaded from the north.
Persian resistance was rapidly overwhelmed and neutralised by Soviet and British tanks and infantry.
Before long, the Shah was exiled to South Africa.
The British and Soviet troops met in Tehran on 17 September and effectively divided the country between them for the rest of the war.
A Tri-Partite Treaty of Alliance between Britain, Russia and Persia, signed in January 1942, committed the Allies to leaving Persia at the end of the war. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1130121.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1130121.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran
August 1941
Allies Secret meetings seal US-Britain alliance
Top-secret meetings between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D Roosevelt
(...)
Details of the meetings only emerged after the announcement of a joint declaration by Britain and America on the basic principles for a post-war world, sealing the alliance between the two countries for the downfall of Hitler.
(...)
The document, known as the Atlantic Charter, consists of a list of eight (?)
undertakings. 1 - Britain and the United States seek no territorial gains from the war
2 - any changes to a country's territory should only happen with the agreement of the people living there
3 - it is the right of everyone to choose the government under which they will live
4 - self-government should be restored to those who have lost it
5 - there should be free trade between all nations
6 - improvements in the economy and in living standards should be available to all
7 - there should be peace following what the Charter calls "the end of Nazi tyranny"
8 - peace should enable freedom of movement around the world
9 - a belief that aggressive nations must be disarmed if the world is to live at peace http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_3536000/3536533.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_3536000/3536533.stm
Allies France Normandie-Niémen unit
Created by de Gaulle in 1942 to help repel Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Normandie-Niémen unit was composed of nearly 100 French fighter pilots, almost half of whom were killed in action.
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/26/
Atlantic Ocean
Contemporary accounts of Atlantic Ocean battles during the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/08/
Soviet-German War 1941-1945
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml
Germans invade the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa 22 June 1941
Air Raid Over Moscow
Overall of central Moscow w. antiaircraft gunners dotting sky over Red Square w. exploding shells w. spires of Kremlin silhouetted by German Luftwaffe flare.
Location: Moscow, Russia Date taken: July 26, 1941
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=eabefc43c9dc43b0
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_russia_invasion_02.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22/newsid_3526000/3526691.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/06/
Greece Axis occupation April 1941 - October 1944
Ragged young Greek children during WWII.
Location: Greece Date taken: October 1944
Photographer: Dmitri Kessel Life Images http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II
The Axis occupation of Greece during World War II began in April 1941 after the German and Italian invasion of Greece, and was carried out together with Bulgarian forces.
The Occupation lasted until the German withdrawal from the mainland in October 1944. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II
Bulgaria joined the Axis alliance and, in April 1941, participated in the German-led attack on Yugoslavia and Greece.
In return, Bulgaria received most of Thrace from Greece, and Macedonia as well as parts of eastern Serbia from Yugoslavia.
Though Bulgaria participated in the Balkan Campaign, it refused to enter the war against the Soviet Union in June 1941 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Hitler/Jaeger File
German troops enter Bulgaria.
Date taken: March 1941
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022 Life images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=79631bc8a3b75742
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Japan, USA Pacific Campaign 1941-1945
USA Japanese-Americans internment camps
Japan, USA Pearl Harbor Sunday, 7 December 1941
The case against American isolationism during the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/07/
Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania on 5 December 1941, following the signing of the Tri-partite Pact and Finland's alliance with Germany
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1138501.shtml
1941-1944
The Continuation War
Finland allied itself with Nazi Germany (...) not to prevent Soviet conquest but to win back territories lost to the USSR
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/23/
The Continuation War was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents, against the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1941 to 1944, during World War II.
In Russian historiography, the war is called the Soviet–Finnish Front of the Great Patriotic War.
Germany regarded its operations in the region as part of its overall war efforts on the Eastern Front and provided Finland with critical material support and military assistance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War - 27 April 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/23/
German conquests in Europe 1939-1942
German conquests in Europe, 1939-1942 > map http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005137&MediaId=363 Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
19 and 20 June 1940
Lyon, France
188 tirailleurs « sénégalais », 6 tirailleurs nord-africains et 2 légionnaires russe et albanais sont massacrés par l’armée allemande au nord de Lyon.
https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/06/16/
https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/06/16/
German occupation of the Channel Islands June 1940- 9 May 1945
Концлагерь на острове Джерси: как британцы прятали беглого советского солдатаКонцлагерь на острове Джерси: как британцы прятали беглого советского солдата BBC News - Русская служба Video 8 May 2020
Британцу Бобу Ле Суеру – 99 лет. Во время Второй мировой войны он помогал некоторым советским военнопленным, бежавшим из концлагеря.
С одним из них, Федором «Биллом» Бурым, у него завязалась дружба на всю жизнь.
Боб рассказал Русской службе Би-Би-Си о том, как сбежавших военнопленных прятали всей деревней, оформляли им поддельные документы и как «казацкая песня» чуть не выдала Федора фашистам. YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/nov/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/mar/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/10/
Netherlands > German occupation 1940-1945
May 1940
France
The Wormhoudt massacre (or Wormhout massacre)
mass murder of 80 British and French POWs by Waffen-SS soldiers from the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler during the Battle of France in May 1940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhoudt_massacre - 4 December 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhoudt_massacre
1940
Russia
Katyn massacre
forest of Katyn, near the city of Smolensk
zbrodnia katyńska, mord katyński
Катынский расстрел
In the spring of 1940 the Soviets proceeded with the “liquidation” of the Polish officer corps, shooting nearly 15,000 men in Katyn Forest http://movies.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/movies/18katy.html
22,000 Polish officers and intellectuals were murdered http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/24/katyn-massacre-poland-president
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/24/
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/5579176/Katyn-review.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8606126.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11845315 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8606126.stm - 7 April 2010
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jun/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/
Romania and Hungary joined the Tri-partite Pact in November 1940, as Hitler prepared his attack against Bolshevism on the Eastern Front. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1138501.shtml - broken URL
October 23, 1940
France Hendaye Adolf Hitler meets Francisco Franco
Smiling German ldr. Adolf Hitler (R) shaking hands w. Spanish leader Generalissimo Francisco Franco (2L) during Hitler's only official meeeting w. Franco.
Location: Hendaye, France Date taken: October 23, 1940
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2bab5be9c6f1bc41
https://www.ina.fr/video/AFE85000178/
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/
also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty, was signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940.
It established the Axis Powers of World War II. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005177
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/triparti.asp
http://www.ina.fr/fresques/jalons/notice/InaEdu00227/
22 June 1940
United Kingdom
BBC rallying call to France
Appel du 22 juin
Il n'y a pas eu d'enregistrement (audio ou film) de l'Appel du 18 juin 1940, contrairement à celui du 22 juin 1940, avec lequel on le confond souvent
http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/dossiers-thematiques/
18 June 1940
United Kingdom
BBC rallying call to France
Appel du 18 juin
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/13/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10339678
15 June 1940
The Soviet Union invades Lithuania
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/04/
France Bataille de Dunkerque / Battle of Dunkirk 20 May - 3 June 1940
Hitler/Jaeger File Dunkirk after British bombardment and retreat.
Location: Dunkirk, France Date taken: June 1940
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/df15c1ca7a20795a.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/4/
The Fall of France May - June 1940
In 1940, refugees fled Paris in anticipation of the German invasion.
FPG/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images
Would You Hide a Jew From the Nazis? Nicholas Kristof NYT SEPT. 17, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/fall_france_01.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/45/a2598645.shtml https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france
Netherlands Rotterdam May 14, 1940
Leveled city of Rotterdam resulting from ignored German ultimatum ordering Dutch commander of city to cease fire delivered to him at 10:30 a.m. on May 14, 1940; at 1:22 p.m., German bombers set whole inner city of Rotterdam ablase, killing 30,000 of its inhabitants.
Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands
Date taken: 1940 http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c35a9c97fcd778ca - broken URL
German bombers set whole inner city of Rotterdam ablaze, killing 30,000 of its inhabitants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz
10 May 1940
Germany invades the Netherlands
On 10 May 1940, the German army invaded the Netherlands. It was the start of five days of fighting that resulted in the occupation of the Netherlands
(...)
The planned attack on the Netherlands was part of a larger plan of attack, of which the code name was Fall Gelb.
The goal of the Germans was to conquer France.
They wanted to bypass the French defence line at the eastern border by going through the Netherlandsand Belgium.
https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/
https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/25/
Avril 1940
Guerre dans le Grand Nord
Occupation of Denmark
En avril 1940, les troupes allemandes lancent une offensive contre la Norvège.
D’abord prises au piège à Narvik, port norvégien au-delà du cercle polaire, elles sont ensuite en première ligne pour attaquer l’Union soviétique.
http://www.arte.tv/fr/content/tv/02__Universes/U1__Comprendre__le__monde/02-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/13/
1940
France War is real, U.S. is told April 4, 1940
France is not fighting a ‘‘phoney’’ war and it will not accept a ‘‘phoney’’ peace, Premier Paul Reynaud declared last night in a radio talk in English to the United States, which was carried on a national hook-up in America.
He said that, once Hitler has been crushed, Europe can return to normal life, eliminating disastrous war budgets and spending billions on social welfare instead of armaments, at the same time returning to a sane conception of exchange and taking up the problem of establishing a federative bond.
Mr. Reynaud’s speech follows in part: ‘‘I am not addressing you tonight to give you advice. You alone can decide what you wish or do not wish to do.
The only thing of which we are sure here is that if wishes were active forces in this world, there are so many Americans who wish the Allies to be victorious, that we would win the war tomorrow morning.’’
— New York Herald Tribune, European Edition, April 4, 1940 http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/1940-war-is-real-u-s-is-told/
http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/
17,000 Jewish Canadians (...) fought in World War II
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/
WWII: (...) catastrophe foretold
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/01/
Russia before the second world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
Rising tension in Asia before the second world war
Declining relations between Russia and Japan
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
America's economy before the second world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
The economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919)
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/versailles_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/outcomes3_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/thetreatyrev1.shtml
Nazi Germany invades Poland September 1, 1939
Nazi soldiers arrive in Gdańsk, Poland, in 1939.
Photograph: AP
Tehran Children: A Holocaust Refugee Odyssey – review G Sun 1 Dec 2019 11.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/dec/01/
Beginning of World War II as the United Kingdom declares war on Germany in response to the invasion.
The Soviet Union invades from the east.
Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland between them and treat Polish citizens with extreme brutality.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005070
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005300
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/wwii/
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7913.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7914.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
23-24 August 1939
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact / Nazi-Soviet Pact
L to R: Stalin and Ribbentrop at the signing of the Pact 23 August 1939 Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv
http://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de/archives/barchpic/search/_1252826541/?
Vyacheslav Molotov (left) signs the pact as Joachim von Ribbentrop (centre) and Joseph Stalin watch.
Photograph: ullstein bild via Getty Images
Molotov-Ribbentrop: why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?
Exhibition about Soviet-Nazi treaty, signed on 23 August 1939, seeks to turn spotlight on west’s behaviour in 1930s
Fri 23 Aug 2019 07.17 BST Last modified on Fri 23 Aug 2019 10.14 BST G
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Third German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8212451.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8214391.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
22 May 1939
Italy and Germany sign the Pact of Steel to help each other in the event of war
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/
Spain Spanish civil war Guernica 1937
The Basque town of Guernica after its devastation by German bombs in 1937.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/UIG via
Eighty years on, Spain may at last be able to confront the ghosts of civil war O Sunday 29 May 2016 08.00 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/29/
Gen Franco wanted to terrorise the people in the Basque region, an area of strong resistance to his nationalist forces in the Civil War.
For Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, it was an opportunity to get some practice with a new form of warfare: strategic, aerial bombing of civilians.
No strictly military objectives were touched.
Factories and bridges were left alone - civilians were the only targets.
(...)
of casualties in the bombing are still disputed, but most historians think between 200 and 250 people were killed and many hundreds wounded. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6583639.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6583639.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcone/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/29/
November 1936
German-Japanese Treaty
Berlin and Tokio announce their pact
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
1936
Germany begins rearming and invades the Rhineland up to the French border
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/
Rise of Fascism in Italy
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/21/
1936
Italy
Mussolini: 'Ethiopia is Italian'
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
Italy's empire building before the second world war
1936
Mussolini's conquest of Abyssinia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
November 1936
recognise the Government of General Franco
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
June 18, 1935
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement
1933
comes to power on a programme to reverse the Versailles Treaty.
He withdraws from the disarmament conference and leaves the League of Nations. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/germany/hitlerconsolidaterev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/germany/hitlerconsolidaterev_print.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/197.shtml?question=197 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/aimsrev1.shtml
The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)
Japanese immigration to America is banned
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924
1920s
U.S. Isolationism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Related > Anglonautes > History
20th century > 1939-1945 > World War II
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
conflicts, wars, climate > civilians > migrants, refugees
Related
The New York Times > Topics > WW2 http://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/world-war-ii-193945
Canada > Canadian War Posters Collection http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/warposters/english/introduction.htm
The Guardian > Second World War
Second world war > Holocaust http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/09/second-world-war Second world war > Stalingrad http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/08/second-world-war Second World War > Liberation http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/10/second-world-war Second World War > Aftermath http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2009/sep/11/second-world-war
BBC Archive http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/index.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7970.shtml
Le Monde Diplomatique > Seconde guerre mondiale 1939-1945 https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/index/sujet/secondeguerremondiale
US “sand pounders” / Coast Guardsmen
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/nyregion/
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