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History > 20th century > USA > Civil rights > Timeline in pictures > late 1960s - 1980s
Black Power movement - Black Panther Party for Self-Defense - Black Liberation Army
The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution (2015) Video Documentary HD DIRECTOR/WRITER: Stanley Nelson YouTube > Movieclips Film Festivals & Indie Films https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXbYLdpD6h0
Black Panthers Revisited NYT 23 January 2015
Black Panthers Revisited Video Op-Docs | The New York Times 23 January 2015
This short documentary explores what we can learn from the Black Panther party in confronting police violence 50 years later.
This is part of a series of videos produced by Independent filmmakers, who are supported in part by the nonprofit Sundance Institute.
Produced by: Stanley Nelson and Laurens Grant Read the story here: http://nyti.ms/1BMFR57 Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGZpDt6OYnI
Black Power movement > Stokely Carmichael, Angela Davis, Eldridge Cleaver
The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975 Video Movie Trailer (2011) HD
mobilizes a treasure trove of 16mm material shot by Swedish filmmakers, after languishing in a basement of a TV station for 30 years, into an irresistible mosaic of images, music, and narration chronicling the evolution one of our nation's most indelible turning points, the Black Power movement.
Featuring candid interviews with the movement's most explosive revolutionary minds, including Angela Davis, Bobby Seale, Stokely Carmichael, and Kathleen Cleaver, the film explores the community, people and radical ideas of the movement.
Music by Questlove and Om'Mas Keith, and commentary from and modern voices including Erykah Badu, Harry Belafonte, Talib Kweli, and Melvin Van Peebles give the historical footage a fresh sound and make
THE BLACK POWER MIXTAPE 1967-75 an exhilarating, unprecedented account of an American revolution. MOVIECLIPS Trailers YouTube > MOVIECLIPS Trailers 11 August 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFWHNpfjByQ
Related http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/black-power-mixtape-danny-glover
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/08/
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense - founded 1966
In the late 1960s, black protesters show a new militancy, very different from the nonviolence activists originally adopted.
In 1966, the Black Panther Party forms in Oakland, California.
Armed with law books, breakfast programs, and guns, the group aggressively monitors police actions in the black community, serves the poor and needy, publishes a newspaper, and earns a following.
Its founders, Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, present a ten-point program for improving social and economic conditions for African Americans.
Soon, their movement spreads to 25 cities across the nation.
As they question and monitor police actions, the Panthers' boldness and militancy make many in the white and the law enforcement communities nervous.
Carrying loaded weapons in public is legal in California, where Ronald Reagan is governor.
But the Panthers' appearance, fully armed, makes lawmakers rush to ban the practice.
In 1969, the F.B.I. names the group the number one threat to the nation's internal security.
Some law enforcement officials feel this gives them justification to break the law and destroy the Panther organization.
In Chicago in December 1969, two Black Panther Party leaders are killed in a pre-dawn raid by police acting on information supplied by an FBI informant, William O'Neal.
The men, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, are executed and four of the seven other people in the apartment are wounded.
All surviving Panthers are charged with assault and attempted murder.
Though the police insist they shot in self-defense, a controversy grows when activists present evidence that the sleeping Panthers put up no resistance.
Although the police are never tried, the charges against the Panthers are dropped, and later the families of the dead win a $1.8 million settlement from the government.
The extent of the FBI's counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO, will be uncovered by activists in 1971. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/17_panthers.html
https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/dec/05/
https://www.mediapart.fr/studio/documentaires/international/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/sep/15/
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2016/mar/10/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/12/usa2
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3508022 - July 19, 2004
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/us/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFWHNpfjByQ
The Black Panthers' History in 10 photos
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
1960s
FBI’s Cointelpro program
The FBI used similar tactics to disrupt, discredit and neutralize leaders of the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960s.
The FBI’s Cointelpro program targeting civil rights leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael was specifically designed to “[p]revent the rise of a ‘messiah’ who could unify and electrify the militant black nationalist movement” rather than to prevent any violent acts they might perpetrate.
The methods included informant-driven disinformation campaigns designed to spark conflict within the movement, discourage donors and supporters, and even break up marriages.
Overt investigative activity was also used, as one stated goal of the Cointelpro program was to inspire fear among activists by convincing them that an FBI agent lurked behind every mailbox.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/26/
Children walking by Panther graffiti.
Photograph: Stephen Shames/Long Shot Factory [ Undated ]
Review: ‘The Black Panthers’ Captures a Militant Movement’s Soul and Swagger The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution NYT SEPT. 1, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
Joanne Chesimard / Assata Shakur
A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/
leader of the black radical movement who escaped in 1979 from a New Jersey prison where she was serving a life term for murdering a state trooper
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/may/09/
http://www.npr.org/2015/04/13/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/
http://www.npr.org/2013/05/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/02/nyregion/
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/
Two women with bags of food at the People’s Free Food Program, one of the Panther’s survival programs, Palo Alto, California, USA, 1972
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
Officers Waverly Jones and Joseph Piagentini are shot dead in Harlem May 21, 1971
The NYPD officers Joseph Piagentini, left, and Waverly Jones, who were murdered by Herman Bell and others in Harlem in 1971.
Photograph: New York State Senate
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free?
Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US.
As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Herman Bell was captured in 1973 in New Orleans, more than two years after he and two other men killed two New York City police officers.
Now 70 years old, he has been granted parole.
Photograph: Associated Press
Nearly 5 Decades Later, Man Who Killed New York Officers Wins Parole NYT March 14, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/
Jailed for 46 years over police deaths Video G 20 July 2018 YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
After the New York City police officers Joseph A. Piagentini and Waverly M. Jones were fatally shot outside a housing project in Harlem in 1971, the Black Liberation Army, an offshoot of the Black Panther Party, took credit for the killings.
Within months, arrests were made.
The suspects claimed at their trial that the violence was part of their war against the United States.
A jury convicted three men — Herman Bell, Anthony Bottom and Albert Washington — and each received a sentence of 25 years to life in prison. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/nyregion/herman-bell-nypd-parole.html
https://www.npr.org/2020/09/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/08/
Members of the Black Panthers, including Leonard Hayes holding a flag inscribed “Blood,” marching on Centre Avenue near Elmore Street. Hill District.
Circa 1970-75.
Photograph: Charles (Teenie) Harris Teenie Harris Archive, Carnegie Museum of Art
Past and Present Collide in Pittsburgh NYT Jun. 2, 2015 http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/past-and-present-collide-in-pittsburgh
Ericka Huggins
Ericka Huggins is released from prison after the case against her for the murder of Alex Rackley was dismissed, May 1971.
Photograph: Dave Pickoff/AP
Black power’s coolest radicals (but also a gang of ruthless killers) O Sunday 18 October 2015 09.30 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Muhammad Ali gives a Black Power salute before entering Madison Square Garden to fight Oscar Bonavena in 1971.
Photograph: Santi Visalli Inc./Getty Images
From Muhammad Ali to Colin Kaepernick, the proud history of black protest in sport G Thu 2 Jul 2020 14.00 BST Last modified on Thu 2 Jul 2020 16.44 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/02/
Attica inmate revolt New York September 1971
In Brooklyn in 1971, people honor the six black prisoners killed at Attica Correctional Facility with the black power salute.
Photograph: Jean-Pierre Laffont
Looking Back on the Grit and Glamour of New York NYT Nov. 7, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/
On Sept. 10, 1971, striking inmates at the Attica State Prison protested brutal treatment they had endured at the hands of corrections officials.
Three days later, the authorities stormed the prison with deadly consequences.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/attica-inmate-revolt-1971 https://www.nytimes.com/topic/organization/attica-correctional-facility
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/
https://www.npr.org/2017/02/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/22/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.npr.org/templates/
Attica! - Dog Day Afternoon (3/10) Movie CLIP (1975) HD
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/15/
George Lester Jackson 1941-1971
George Jackson’s funeral at St. Augustine’s Church, Oakland, California, 1971
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
George Lester Jackson (...) was an African-American author.
While serving a sentence for armed robbery in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the Maoist-Marxist Black Guerrilla Family.
In 1970, he was charged, along with two other Soledad Brothers, with the murder of prison guard John Vincent Mills in the aftermath of a prison fight.
The same year, he published Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, a combination of autobiography and manifesto addressed to a black American audience.
The book would become a best-seller and earn Jackson personal fame.
In 1971, Jackson took several guards and two inmates hostage in a bid to escape from San Quentin Prison.
However, the incident ended with Jackson being shot and killed by a guard, in addition to the deaths of 5 hostages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)
Jonathan Peter Jackson 1953-1970
A memorial mural for Jonathan Jackson, who was killed on 7 August 1970, during an attempt to kidnap California superior court judge Harold Haley and three others in exchange for the freedom of his brother, George Jackson, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1970
Photograph: Stephen Shames
From Black Panthers to Black Lives Matter – in pictures G Thursday 15 September 2016 13.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/sep/15/
Jonathan Peter Jackson (...) initiated the armed kidnapping of Superior Court judge Harold Haley, prosecutor Gary Thomas, and three jurors from a courtroom in Marin County, California, in August 1970, when he was 17.
Fleeing with the hostages, Jackson demanded the Soledad Brothers' release from prison.
Black activists for prisoner rights and for civil rights, the three Soledad Brothers, none in the courtroom that day, included Jackson's elder brother George Jackson. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_P._Jackson
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_P._Jackson
A rally in support of the Connecticut Black Panthers in 1970.
Sostre’s activism would make him an international symbol for prisoners’ rights.
Photograph: David Fenton/Getty Images
Overlooked No More: Martin Sostre, Who Reformed America’s Prisons From His Cell
The lawsuits he filed from behind bars in the 1960s and ’70s challenging harsh prison conditions laid the groundwork for prisoners to defend their rights even today. NYT April 24, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/
Huey Newton Speaks At Revolutionary People’s Party Constitutional Convention in 1970.
Photograph: David Fenton/Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free?
Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US.
As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
1970s
blaxploitation / blaxploitation pictures
The 1970s produced the genre that would later come to be known as 'Blaxploitation'.
The film genre emerged during this decade as films were made specifically with an urban black audience in mind.
The term 'Blaxploitation' emerges from a fusion of the words black and exploitation.
These movies were larger-than-life, action-packed, and full of funk and soul music.
Known not only for their exciting nature, these films also involved progressive social and political commentary.
From Pam Grier to Bill Cosby, check out who delved into this genre and what the actors have been doing since the '70s ... http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/watn-photos/blaxploitation-stars-gallery-1.51536
http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/watn-photos/
http://film.guardian.co.uk/quiz/questions/0,,345846,00.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/movies/16mcgee.html
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/oct/04/is.this.it.pam.grier
Armed members of the Seattle chapter of the Black Panther Party standing on the state Capitol steps protesting a proposed law limiting the ability to carry firearms in a “manner manifesting an intent to intimidate others.”
Olympia, Wash. February 1969.
Photographer Unknown/Washington State Archive
Photographing Civil Rights, Up North and Beyond Dixie NYT Oct. 18, 2016
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/
Black Panthers protest outside the New York City courthouse in 1969.
Photograph: David Fenton/Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Members of the Black Panther party stand behind tables ready to distribute free clothing to the public in New Haven, Connecticut, 1969.
Photograph: David Fenton/Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
“Trial: The City and County of Denver vs. Lauren R. Watson”
a six-hour documentary (...) produced for public television in 1970.
The film followed the criminal proceedings against Mr. Watson, a Black Panther Party member charged with resisting arrest and interfering with a police officer after a Denver patrolman stopped his speeding car in 1968.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/
http://www.examiner.com/article/
https://digital.denverlibrary.org/digital/collection/p15330coll22/id/64672
Eldridge Cleaver Black Panther minister of information
Eldridge Cleaver, the party’s minister of information and author of the best-selling prison memoir “Soul on Ice.”
Jeffrey Blankfort/Long Shot Factory
[ Undated ]
Review: ‘The Black Panthers’ Captures a Militant Movement’s Soul and Swagger The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution NYT SEPT. 1, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
The Black Panther minister of information, Eldridge Cleaver, addresses an estimated 7,500 students at UCLA in 1968.
Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive
Erased from utopia: the hidden history of LA's black and brown resistance G Wed 15 Apr 2020 11.00 BST Last modified on Wed 15 Apr 2020 11.02 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/
Kathleen Neal Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver, photographed in Oakland, 1968.
Now a professor of law, she was the wife of Eldridge Cleaver.
Photograph courtesy of Jeffrey Blankfort
Black power’s coolest radicals (but also a gang of ruthless killers) O Sunday 18 October 2015 09.30 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Kathleen Cleaver, communications secretary and the first female member of the party’s decision-making central committee, talks with Black Panthers from Los Angeles at the Free Huey rally in DeFremery Park. Oakland, California, July 28, 1968
Photograph: Copyright Stephen Shames Courtesy Steven Kasher Gallery
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/feb/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Black Panthers salute during a rally in support of jailed member Huey Newton, in Provo Park, Berkeley, California, 1968.
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
Black Panthers line up at a Free Huey rally in DeFremery Park in west Oakland in 1968
Photograph: Stephen Shames/courtesy Stephen
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
On May 2, 1967, Black Panthers amassed at the Capitol in Sacramento brandishing guns to protest a bill before an Assembly committee restricting the carrying of arms in public.
Self-defense was a key part of the Panthers' agenda.
This was an early action, a year after their founding.
Related
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/
Walt Zeboski/AP
The Black Panthers' History in 10 photos Did Man Who Armed Black Panthers Lead Two Lives? NPR October 03, 2012 4:38 PM http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/161408561/did-man-who-armed-black-panthers-lead-two-lives
Mumia Abu-Jamal
https://www.npr.org/2018/12/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Jalil Muntaqim
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Bobby Seale
Bobby Seale with Marlon Brando [ right ] in Oakland in 1968.
PBS Distribution
Review: ‘The Black Panthers’ Captures a Militant Movement’s Soul and Swagger The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution NYT SEPT. 1, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
Black Panther Professor: Bobby Seale and D'Angelo in Oakland NYT 26 June 2015
Black Panther Professor: Bobby Seale and D'Angelo in Oakland Video The New York Times 26 June 2015
Bobby Seale co-founded the Black Panther Party.
The R&B star D’Angelo speaks out on racial injustice in his new album.
The two met in Oakland, Calif.
Produced by: Zackary Canepari and Ora DeKornfeld Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72Dfp-PzOLE
Bobby Seale was the co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense along with Huey P. Newton.
After serving for three years in the US Air Force, he was court-martialed and received a bad conduct discharge.
He soon entered Merritt College in Oakland, California where he met Newton.
It was in October 1966 when Seale and Newton created the BPP and wrote the Ten-Point Program. http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_seale.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
Elbert Howard 1938-2018
Mr. Howard speaking at a sidewalk news conference in Washington in 1970.
Photograph: Charles W. Harrity/Associated Press
Elbert Howard, a Founder of the Black Panthers, Dies at 80 NYT July 26, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
a founder of the Black Panther Party and, as its spokesman, in the thick of some of the most tumultuous events of the late 1960s and early ’70s — but who was most enthusiastic about its social-service and community-organizing work —
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
Leo Branton Jr. 1922-2013
California lawyer whose moving closing argument in a racially and politically charged murder trial in 1972 helped persuade an all-white jury to acquit a black communist, the activist and academic Angela Davis
(...)
Mr. Branton, a black veteran of World War II who served in a segregated Army unit, represented prominent black performers, including Nat King Cole and Dorothy Dandridge, argued cases on behalf of the Black Panthers and the Communist Party, and filed numerous cases alleging police abuse.
But the case with which he was most closely associated was that of Ms. Davis.
(...)
Ms. Davis, a 28-year-old former instructor at the University of California, Los Angeles, was accused of murder, kidnapping and conspiracy in the 1970 death of a state judge who was shot with one of several weapons she had bought.
The year before, Ms. Davis had lost her teaching job after she expressed support for the Communist Party.
After the charges were filed, she became a fugitive, one of the F.B.I.’s 10 most wanted.
She said the weapons had been stolen from her.
Her flight had been an important part of the prosecution’s case.
But Mr. Branton, who had argued numerous cases of police abuse in the 1950s, urged jurors to view her behavior in the context of centuries of slavery, racism and abuse against blacks.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/us/
Kwame Ture / Stokely Carmichael 1941-1998
From right, Floyd McKissick of the Congress of Racial Equality; the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.; and Carmichael, leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, in 1966.
Associated Press He Cried Out ‘Black Power,’ Then Left for Africa Peniel E. Joseph on His Biography of Stokely Carmichael NYT MARCH 3, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/books/peniel-e-joseph-on-his-biography-of-stokely-carmichael.html
flamboyant civil rights leader known to most Americans as Stokely Carmichael
(...)
(he) is best remembered for his use of the phrase ''black power,'' which in the mid-1960's ignited a white backlash and alarmed an older generation of civil rights leaders, including the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
(...)
Though his active participation in the struggle for civil rights lasted barely a decade, he was a charismatic figure in a turbulent time, when real violence and rhetoric escalated on both sides of the color line.
Stokely Carmichael was inspired to participate in the civil rights movement by the bravery of those blacks and whites who protested segregated service with sit-ins at lunch counters in the South.
''When I first heard about the Negroes sitting in at lunch counters down South,'' he told Gordon Parks in Life magazine in 1967, ''I thought they were just a bunch of publicity hounds.
But one night when I saw those young kids on TV, getting back up on the lunch counter stools after being knocked off them, sugar in their eyes, ketchup in their hair -- well, something happened to me.
Suddenly I was burning.''
(...)
As a SNCC [ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ] field organizer in Lowndes Count in Alabama, where blacks were in the majority but politically powerless, he helped raise the number of registered black voters to 2,600 from a mere 70, or 300 more than the number of registered whites.
Displeased by the response of the established parties to the success of the registration drive, he organized the all-black Lowndes County Freedom Organization, which, to fulfill a state requirement that all parties have a logo, took a black panther as its symbol.
The panther was later adopted by the Black Panther Party.
The young Mr. Carmichael was radicalized by his experiences working in the segregated South, where peaceful protesters were beaten, brutalized and sometimes killed for seeking the ordinary rights of citizens.
He once recalled watching from his hotel room in a little Alabama town while nonviolent black demonstrators were beaten and shocked with cattle prods by the police.
Horrified, he said that he screamed and could not stop.
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/us/
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4508288 https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/carmichael-stokely
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/
Huey Percy Newton 1942-1989
Huey Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in 1966 in Oakland, California, with Bobby Seale.
This 1970 photo shows Newton in Philadelphia.
Photograph: Rusty kennedy/AP
The Black Panthers' History in 10 photos Did Man Who Armed Black Panthers Lead Two Lives? by Richard Gonzales NPR October 03, 2012 4:38 PM http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/161408561/did-man-who-armed-black-panthers-lead-two-lives
Huey Newton, centre, on his return from China, with Elaine Brown on the left.
Photograph: Bettmann/Corbis [ Undated ]
Black power’s coolest radicals (but also a gang of ruthless killers) O Sunday 18 October 2015 09.30 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
The lawyer and civil rights activist Mark Lane, left, with the Black Panther leaders Huey Newton, center, and David Hillard, at a news conference in Jane Fonda’s East Side apartment.
Photograph: Leonard Detrick/New York Daily News Archive via Getty Images [ Undated ]
Review: ‘The Black Panthers’ Captures a Militant Movement’s Soul and Swagger The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution NYT SEPT. 1, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
co-founder of the Black Panther Party and a leader of a generation of blacks in the 1960's
(...)
Dr. Newton, who founded the Black Panther Party with Bobby Seale, became one of the most charismatic symbols of black anger in the late 1960's.
After his conviction in 1967 in the death of an Oakland police officer, radicals and many college students took up the rallying cry ''Free Huey.''
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/us/
With the most vivid image of him a poster - the Black Panther defense minister poised on a throne-like rattan chair, a spear in one hand, a rifle in the other - it would be easy to see Huey Newton living and dying by the gun.
A fuller picture is more complex.
Huey Newton, the son of a Louisiana sharecropper who had also been a rebel, was, in his own words, ''a street kid with an education.''
And as hard-won as his street wisdom had been, so too had come his book learning.
Illiterate when he graduated from high school, Dr. Newton taught himself to read, went to college and attended law school.
Nine years ago, after a decade as one of the nation's most charismatic symbols of black anger, he earned a Ph.D. degree in social philosophy from the University of California at Santa Cruz.
His dissertation was titled: ''War Against the Panthers: a Study of Repression in America.''
But somehow Dr. Newton never escaped the streets.
And after years in which he battled drug and alcohol abuse, after many encounters with the law, he was shot to death early yesterday at the age of 47 on a street in Oakland, Calif.
(...)
Huey Percy Newton, who was named after the populist governor of Louisiana, Huey Long, was born in New Orleans on Feb. 17, 1942, the son of Armelia and Walter Newton.
His father was a sharecropper and Baptist minister who once was almost lynched for talking back to white bosses.
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/feb/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/us/
Black Power movement Angela Davis
The activist Angela Davis with the actor Jane Fonda during a demonstration against the Vietnam war at UCLA.
Photograph: Ullstein Bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images
Erased from utopia: the hidden history of LA's black and brown resistance G Wed 15 Apr 2020 11.00 BST Last modified on Wed 15 Apr 2020 11.02 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/profile/angela-davis
https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2020/dec/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/15/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiHtKWrQ-7I - France Culture - 6 June 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/sep/15/
http://www.theguardian.com/global/2014/dec/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/us/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/08/
1968
Life with the Black Panthers
With their guns, uniforms and talent for political theatre, the Black Panthers topped the FBI's list of 'threats to national security' in the 60s.
In 1968 Howard Bingham spent six months trailing and photographing them
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/oct/25/
Black Power activist H. Rap Brown / Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin
https://apnews.com/article/4b7c47601f12469aa02c716f01a80f3f
Emory Douglas
minister of culture and in-house artist for the Black Panthers
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/
https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/oct/25/
Richard Aoki 1938-2009
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/09/
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