Les anglonautes

About | Search | Grammar | Vocapedia | Learning | News podcasts | Videos | History | Arts | Science | Translate and listen

 Previous Home Up Next

 

History > 20th, early 21st century > USA > Timeline in pictures - Warning: graphic

 

 

 

U.S. Service members gather around President George W. Bush

during a visit to Al Asad Air Base, Iraq.

 

Bush was joined

by Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates,

Secretary of State Condolezza Rice,

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace,

U.S. Central Command Commander Adm. William J. Fallon,

Commander of Multinational Forces-Iraq Gen. David Petreaus,

Commander of Multinational Corps-Iraq Lt. Gen. Ray Odierno,

and others.

 

Defense Dept. photo

by Cherie A. Thurlby

Date 3 September 2007 (2007-09-03)

Source

http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/newsstoryPhoto/2007-09/hrs_hires_070903-D-7203T-022a.jpg

Author Defense Dept. photo

by Cherie A. Thurlby



Permission (Reusing this image) PD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_military_personnel_September_2007.jpg

 

Primary source

http://www.defenselink.mil/dodcmsshare/newsstoryPhoto/2007-09/hrs_hires_070903-D-7203T-022a.jpg

 

Related

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/08/bush-memoir-iraq-war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

George W. Bush

 

43rd President of the United States    2001-2009

 

Iraq War        Iraq timeline

 

2004 presidential elections


 

 

 

U.S. President George W. Bush

speaks before signing H.R. 1731,

the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act,

in the Roosevelt Room of the White House

July 15, 2004

 

REUTERS/Larry Downing.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/george-bush 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/george-w-bush  

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/
books/review-bush-a-biography-as-scathing-indictment.html

http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2016/may/10/
george-w-bush-september-11-pictures-gallery

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/
opinion/sunday/dowd-can-44-subtract-43-from-the-equation.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/09/
bush-left-a-trail-of-destruction 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/09/
british-deny-bush-claims-foil-terror 

https://www.economist.com/news/2005/12/16/
bush-arm-twisted-into-a-torture-ban
  

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/13/usa.georgebush  

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/28/usa.julianborger 

http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5099996

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/28/politics/politicsspecial1/28assess.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/usa.jamessturcke 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/iraq.usa 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/07/usa.georgebush 

http://www.nytimes.com/pages/world/worldspecial/index.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/31/usa.suzannegoldenberg

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/21/usa.julianborger 

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/16/national/16abuse.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/15/national/15abuse.html

 

http://www.time.com/time/personoftheyear/2004/photoessay/

http://www.nytimes.com/ref/elections2004/2004President.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/05/politics/campaign/05bush.html

http://www.time.com/time/election2004/electionmap/

http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/bushbubble/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/  

https://www.theguardian.com/uselections2004/0,13918,1047353,00.html 

https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/page/0,12438,793802,00.html  

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/18/uselections2004.usa2 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/27/uselections2004.usa 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/30/uselections2004.usa 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/documentography/ 

http://www.code7r.org/Bintoons/bush01.htm 

http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/dossiers/election2004/

 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

George W. Bush Presidency

 

Vice President Dick Cheney

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/17/
dick-cheney-interview-guantanamo-waterboarding

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/dec/16/
dick-cheney-iraq-war-wmd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Afghanistan war    2001-2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iraq > Saddam Hussein    1937-2006

 

Iraq War    2003-2011

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 2005

 

Hurricane Katrina

 

 

https://www.npr.org/series/429056277/
hurricane-katrina-10-years-of-recovery-and-reflection

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/hurricane-katrina-and-beyond/

 

https://www.npr.org/2015/08/29/
435623921/3-views-on-a-tragedy-reporters-recall-first-days-after-katrina

 

https://www.npr.org/2015/08/28/
435270495/the-survivors-street-ten-years-of-life-after-katrina

 

https://www.npr.org/series/14009721/
katrina-two-years-later

 

https://www.npr.org/2015/08/27/
434385285/swept-up-in-the-storm-hurricane-katrinas-key-players-then-and-now

 

https://www.npr.org/series/5236558/
six-months-after-katrina

 

https://www.npr.org/2005/08/30/
4824333/hurricane-katrina-the-aftermath

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2001

 

Saudi response to terrorist attacks

 

 

Saudi Arabia

issued a statement

on the day

of the terrorist attacks

on the World Trade Center

and the Pentagon,

calling them

"regrettable and inhuman."

 

As of mid-November,

the Bush administration

has continued

to publicly praise

Saudi support for the war

on terrorism.

 

However,

published media reports

have indicated

U.S. frustration

with Saudi inaction.

 

Although 15

of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers

were Saudi nationals,

publicly the Saudis

were not cooperating

with Americans

wanting to look

at background files

of the hijackers

or interview

the hijackers' families.

 

Although the U.S.

might have wanted

to use Saudi bases

for its campaign

in Afghanistan,

the U.S. knew

it couldn't ask the Saudis

to allow American planes

to fly bombing raids

against the Taliban.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/
about-this-collection/ 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11 September 2001 - 9/11

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 2001

 

Strains in U.S.-Saudi relationship

 

 

Frustrated

by the lack of U.S. response

to Israeli-Palestinian violence,

Crown Prince Abdullah

sent President George W. Bush

an angry letter on August 29,

according to

an October 2001 report

in The Wall Street Journal.

 

He warned

that Saudi Arabia

was being put

in an untenable position

and reportedly wrote:

 

"A time comes

when peoples and nations part.

 

We are at a crossroads.

 

It is time

for the United States

and Saudi Arabia

to look at

their separate interests.

 

Those governments

that don't feel

the pulse of their people

and respond to it

will suffer the fate

of the Shah of Iran."

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
saudi/etc/cron.html
 

 

https://www.loc.gov/collections/
country-studies/about-this-collection/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12 October 2000

 

Suicide bomb attack

on a US Navy destroyer

in the Yemeni port of Aden

 

Suicide bombers

attack USS Cole

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/07/
us-airstrike-kills-al-qaida-leader-yemen
 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/
newsid_4252000/4252400.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22 April 2000

 

Federal agents seize Elian Gonzalez from the home of his relatives in Miami

 

 

 

Border Patrol agents searching the Miami home of Lazaro Gonzalez

found Elian Gonzalez, 6, being held by Donato Dalrymple, in April 2000.

 

The boy was returned to his father in Cuba

after a custody battle with Florida relatives.

 

Alan Diaz/Associated Press

 

U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba,

Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility

By PETER BAKER        NYT        DEC. 17, 2014

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/
world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html

 

 

Related

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/
obituaries/alan-diaz-prize-winner-for-photo-of-cuban-immigrant-boy-dies-at-71.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/elian-gonzalez

https://www.theguardian.com/world/elian-gonzalez 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/06/elian-gonzalez-cuba-picture

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/elian-gonzalez-cuba-tug-war

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/
elian-gonzalez-case-scene-police-fire-tear-gas-hundreds-angry-protesters-take.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/
elian-gonzalez-case-overview-cuban-boy-seized-us-agents-reunited-with-his-father.html?pagewanted=all

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/22/news.fromthearchive 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/apr/24/1

https://www.theguardian.com/elian/0,2759,213941,00.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States of America        Death penalty        Capital punishment

 

 

 

A lethal-injection gurney sits ready

at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem.

 

Oregon juries have imposed 73 death sentences

since voters reinstated the death penalty in 1984,

but only two inmates have been executed.

Both volunteered.

 

Thomas Boyd/The Oregonian

 

Can Oregon afford the death penalty?

by Susan Goldsmith, The Oregonian

Saturday April 18, 2009        6:56 PM

http://blog.oregonlive.com/news_impact/2009/04/deth1.jpg
http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/can_oregon_afford_the_death_pe.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/capital-punishment 

https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/  

https://www.amnestyusa.org/issues/death-penalty/abolish-the-death-penalty/  

https://www.thoughtco.com/women-on-death-row-971323

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/history-of-the-death-penalty/

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/timeline.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1998

 

bombings

of the United States embassies

in Kenya and Tanzania

 

 

 

2020

 

Al Qaeda’s No. 2,

Accused in U.S. Embassy Attacks,

is  Killed in Iran

 

Al Qaeda’s second-highest leader

(was) accused of being one

of the masterminds

of the deadly 1998 attacks

on American embassies in Africa,

 

(...)

 

Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah,

who went by the nom de guerre

Abu Muhammad al-Masri,

was gunned down

on the streets of Tehran

by two assassins

on a motorcycle on Aug. 7,

the anniversary

of the embassy attacks.

 

He was killed along

with his daughter, Miriam,

the widow of Osama bin Laden’s son

Hamza bin Laden.

 

(...)

 

Mr. al-Masri, who was about 58,

was one of Al Qaeda’s founding leaders

and was thought to be first in line

to lead the organization

after its current leader,

Ayman al-Zawahri.

 

Long featured

on the F.B.I.’s Most Wanted Terrorist list,

he had been indicted in the United States

for crimes related to the bombings

of the U.S. embassies

in Kenya and Tanzania,

which killed 224 people

and wounded hundreds.

 

The F.B.I. offered a $10 million reward

for information leading to his capture

(...)

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/
world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/13/
world/middleeast/al-masri-abdullah-qaeda-dead.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/world/africa/
Al-Qaeda-Suspect-Wanted-in-US-Said-to-Be-Taken-in-Libya.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/05/world/africa/
06libya-document.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 1996 terrorist attack

on Khobar Towers

in Saudi Arabia (...)

killed 19

United States airmen

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/opinion/a-break-in-the-khobar-towers-case.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/
opinion/a-break-in-the-khobar-towers-case.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1995

 

Oklahoma City bombing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1993

 

World Trade Center Bombing

 

 

the February 1993

truck bombing

(...)

killed six people

and injured more than 1,000

at the World Trade Center

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
515985157/omar-abdel-rahman-radical-cleric-connected-to-1993-world-trade-center-bombing-di

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
515985157/omar-abdel-rahman-radical-cleric-connected-to-1993-world-trade-center-bombing-di

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1993

 

Religious Freedom Restoration Act

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act

 

http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-21B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

George H.W. Bush (1924-2018)

 

41st President of the United States    1989-1993

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1992

 

After the civil war

in El Salvador

ended in 1992,

US immigration policies

hardened

and migrants who had

been convicted of crimes

were sent back

to El Salvador,

bringing gang culture

and violence

to an already struggling state.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/22/
el-salvador-a-nation-held-hostage-a-photo-essay

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/22/
el-salvador-a-nation-held-hostage-a-photo-essay

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rodney King riots        Los Angeles        April-May 1992

 

 

https://www.npr.org/series/525773617/
the-los-angeles-riots-25-years-on

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/
524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots

 

https://www.npr.org/2012/06/18/
155296745/the-lessons-we-learned-from-rodney-king

 

https://www.npr.org/2017/04/30/
526250830/the-los-angeles-riots-race-and-journalism

 

https://www.npr.org/2012/04/27/
151526928/rodney-king-two-wrongs-dont-make-a-right

 

https://www.npr.org/2012/04/23/
150985823/rodney-king-comes-to-grips-with-the-riot-within

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rodney King beating        Los Angeles        March 3, 1991

 

 

 

In June 1991

Mr. King’s car was stopped on a June night

by four white police officers,

who beat and kicked him.

 

A video of the incident

was soon seen throughout the nation;

the officers were found not guilty

of using excessive force at a state trial

but later tried in federal court

for depriving Mr. King of his constitutional rights.

 

Photograph:

George Holliday/Courtesy of KTLA Los Angeles, via Associated Press

 

 

Barry Kowalski, Prosecutor in Rodney King Case, Is Dead at 74

The New York Times

July 5, 2019

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/
us/barry-kowalski-dead.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/05/
us/barry-kowalski-dead.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2017/04/26/
524744989/when-la-erupted-in-anger-a-look-back-at-the-rodney-king-riots

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

First Gulf War        1991

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

October 23, 1983

 

241

U.S. service personnel,

220 Marines

and 21 other

service personnel,

are killed

by a truck bomb

at a Marine compound

in Beirut, Lebanon

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/05/24/
725852841/survivor-of-deadly-1983-beirut-bombing-we-don-t-talk-about-it-much

 

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/13/world/meast/beirut-
marine-barracks-bombing-fast-facts/

 

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/aug/16/
standard-chartered-sued-marines-bombing 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/991023onthisday_big.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AIDS epidemic

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/06/26/
736060834/1st-aids-ward-5b-fought-to-give-patients-compassionate-care-dignified-deaths

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ronald Reagan    1911-2004

 

40th President of the United States    1981-1989

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

USA        Irangate        1980s

 

 

 

Time Covers -The 80S

TIME cover 07-20-1987 Lieut. Col. Oliver North.

 

Date taken: July 20, 1987

 

Photographer: Terry Ashe

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=32b38e333c1b4b19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ronald Reagan

and the 'Iran-Contra' affair

 

Oliver North




Central American conflict

alarmed Washington

 

One of the most

interesting facets

of Ronald Reagan's

presidency was

his apparent obsession

with Central America.

 

President Reagan

became convinced

that the Sandinistas'

1979 victory in Nicaragua

could spark off revolution

throughout the region

and threaten the security

of the United States.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reagan-iran/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/peopleevents/pande08.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/269619.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5/newsid_2772000/2772471.stm 

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973440,00.html

 

 

http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/
behind-the-mask-scenes-from-nicaraguas-sandinista-revolution/

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/26/
movies/jobless-scot-in-nicaragua-discovers-political-insight.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Terrorist attacks on Americans        1979-1988

 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 July 1988

 

US warship shoots down Iranian airliner

 

An American naval warship

patrolling in the Persian Gulf

shoots down

an Iranian passenger jet

after apparently mistaking it

for an F-14 fighter.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/
newsid_4678000/4678707.stm

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/3/
newsid_4678000/4678707.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17 May 1987

 

An Iraqi plane attacks

a US frigate in the Gulf,

killing 37 sailors

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1987/may/19/iraq.
davidhirst

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jan. 28, 1986

 

Space shuttle Challenger

blows up 73 seconds after liftoff

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1986

 

David Jacobsen,

an American hostage

held in Beirut for 17 months

by Islamic fundamentalists,

is released

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/
0,12269,1341554,00.html - 3 November 1986

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On 13 May 1985,

Philadelphia police

moved in to arrest

four members

of a radical black

liberation group

called Move

– but a bungled raid

left 11 people dead.

http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/13/
osage-avenue-bombing-philadelphia-30-years

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2017/09/17/
551481017/-we-shall-not-be-moved-a-new-opera-traces-the-legacy-of-the-1985-move-bombing

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/18/
407665820/why-did-we-forget-the-move-bombing

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/
406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing

http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/13/
osage-avenue-bombing-philadelphia-30-years

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1985

 

PLO militants hijack the Achille Lauro

 

US sets up task force

to handle cruise crisis

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/10/08/
446974565/30-years-after-their-fathers-murder-klinghoffer-daughters-step-onto-their-own-st

 

https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/
0,12269,1321799,00.html - 9 October 1985

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1984

 

Suicide bombers kill 23

in attack on US embassy

in Beirut

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/
story/0,12269,1308697,00.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jimmy Carter

39th President of the United States    1977-1981

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

November 1979 - January 1981

 

Iranian Hostage Crisis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

March 28, 1979

 

Three Mile Island nuclear accident

near Middletown, Pa.

 

 

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/
science/earth/19rating.html  

http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/03/27/27
greenwire-three-mile-island-still-haunts-us-reactor-indu-10327.html 

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9802E2DC1E3FF932A35752C1A9649C8B63

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30 January 1979

 

USA / China        America puts the flag out for Deng

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1979/jan/30/china.usa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Death penalty moratorium

 

U.S. Supreme Court

 

Temporary halt to executions        1967-1977

 

The Supreme Court

reinstates the death penalty in 1976

 

 

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-death-penalty-in-america-3896747  

https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/428/153 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gerald R. Ford    1913-2006

38th president of the United States    1974-1977

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Richard Nixon (1913-1994)        Watergate    1972-1974

 

 

Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994)

37th President of the United States 1969-1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1994

 

OJ Simpson trial

 

 

football player OJ Simpson

is charged with murdering

his wife Nicole Brown

and her friend Ronald Goldman

in Brentwood, California.

 

The eight-month trial

becomes

a national obsession.

 

It spawns mottos

("If the glove doesn't fit,

you must acquit!"),

reality stars (Kato Kaelin,

the Kardashian empire)

and dinner table arguments

across America.

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/o-j-simpson

http://www.theguardian.com/world/simpson

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/17/
oj-simpson-trial-cameras-court-justice-culture

 

http://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/sep/19/
internationalnews

http://www.usatoday.com/news/index/nns0.htm

http://www.usatoday.com/news/index/nns062.htm

http://www.usatoday.com/news/index/nns053.htm

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/07/us/
a-bit-reluctantly-a-nation-succumbs-to-a-trial-s-spell.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/03/us/
simpson-defense-attacks-theory-of-single-assailant.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11 September 1973

 

Chile        Cod war

 

General Augusto Pinochet

ousts Salvador Allende

in CIA-sponsored coup

and proceeds to establish

a brutal dictatorship

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/chile.shtml

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/10/chile.jonathanfranklin 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,,305870,00.html - 8 Nov. 1998 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1973/sep/12/chile.
fromthearchive1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jan. 23, 1973

 

The Supreme Court

strikes down

laws criminalizing abortion

in Roe v. Wade

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/
opinion/roe-v-wade-abortion.html

https://www.npr.org/2018/01/19/
578620266/before-roe-v-wade-the-women-of-jane-provided-abortions-for-the-women-of-chicago

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/18/
515972447/norma-mccorvey-roe-of-landmark-roe-v-wade-ruling-on-abortion-dies-at-69

http://www.npr.org/2017/01/27/
511607945/new-play-about-roe-v-wade-is-a-prism-for-looking-at-the-american-divide

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/01/22/
169637288/roe-v-wade-turns-40-but-abortion-debate-is-even-older

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/24/us/
politics/24nixon.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 20, 1972

 

Wattstax concert

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/08/15/
639001316/wattstax-the-benefit-concert-from-the-past-that-echoes-into-the-present

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

February 1972

 

Richard Nixon

makes historic visit to China

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/
newsid_2728000/2728761.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sept. 9-13, 1971

 

Attica prison riot

 

 

On Sept. 13, 1971,

inmates

at the Attica state prison

in western New York State

surrendered after a raid,

ordered by Gov.

Nelson A. Rockefeller,

that suppressed

a four-day revolt

and killed 29 inmates

and 10 hostages.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/nyregion/
rockefeller-initially-boasted-to-nixon-about-attica-raid.html

 

 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/peopleevents/e_attica.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/
opinion/attica-prison-torture.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/
nyregion/vincent-r-mancusi-attica-warden-during-riots-dies-at-98.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/
nyregion/rockefeller-initially-boasted-to-nixon-about-attica-raid.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/
opinion/the-lingering-injustice-of-attica.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kent State University shootings        Ohio        May 4, 1970

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 15–18, 1969

 

Woodstock

 

music festival

in the Catskill Mountains,

northwest of New York City

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2016/jul/11/
woodstock-in-pictures

 

https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2009/jul/30/
woodstock-unseen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Man on the moon        20 July 1969

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1968

 

Washington black riots

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/04/
1968theyearofrevolt.usa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Martin Luther King Jr.    1929-1968

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy    1925-1968

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jan. 23, 1968

 

North Korea's capture of the USS Pueblo

 

 

Near the end

of Lyndon Johnson’s

presidency,

North Korea undertook

an extraordinary gamble

against the United States,

attacking and capturing

a Navy spy ship, the Pueblo.

 

Six gunboats

and two jets

pounced on the Pueblo

off North Korea’s

rugged eastern coast

as it tried

to pinpoint radar

and other military

installations.

 

One American sailor died

in the Jan. 23, 1968, attack;

82 others were imprisoned.

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/
opinion/korea-spy-ship-pueblo.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/24/
opinion/korea-spy-ship-pueblo.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/01/23/
580076540/looking-at-the-saga-of-the-uss-pueblo-50-years-later

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vietnam War

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


1966

 

U.S. Blocks China’s U.N. Seat

 

http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/16/1966-
u-s-blocks-chinas-u-n-seat/

 

http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/11/30/1966-
un-rejects-red-china/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aug. 1, 1966

 

America's First Modern Gun Massacre

University of Texas at Austin

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/10/14/
497943220/documentary-offers-a-wrenching-look-
at-americas-first-modern-gun-massacre

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Immigration and Nationality Act        Oct. 3, 1965

 

The Immigration and Nationality Act,

signed at the foot

of the Statue of Liberty

on Oct. 3, 1965,

abolished the national

origin quota system,

under which immigrants

were chosen on the basis

of their race and ancestry.

 

The quotas set aside

tens of thousands

of visas each year

for immigrants from Northern

and Western Europe,

while many countries in Asia,

Africa, and the Middle East

were allocated barely

100 slots each.

 

It was a blatantly

discriminatory system.

 

Under the new law,

immigrants were to be selected

on the basis of their family connections

in the United States

and the skills and training

they could offer,

with all nationalities

treated more or less equally.

 

Fifty years after its passage,

it is clear the law definitively altered

the complexion of the U.S. population.

 

In 1965,

the immigrant share

of the population

was at an all-time low.

 

Eighty-five percent

of the population was white,

and 7 out of 8 immigrants

were coming from Europe.

 

By 2010,

the share of the U.S. population

born overseas had tripled,

and 9 out of 10 immigrants

were coming from outside Europe.

https://www.npr.org/2015/10/03/
445339838/the-unintended-consequences-of-the-1965-immigration-act

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2015/10/03/
445339838/the-unintended-consequences-of-the-1965-immigration-act

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voting Rights Act        1965

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1965

 

Immigration and Nationality Act

 

 

The law ended the era

of race-based immigration,

a quota system based

on national origin

that overwhelmingly favored

white European immigrants.

http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/
remembering-a-milestone-for-immigrants-and-america/

 

 

 

The landmark Immigration

and Nationality Act of 1965

eased the path across

the nation's borders

for people

from Asia and Africa

— parts of the world

that previously had

limited opportunity

to immigrate

to the United States.

http://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/
513957928/republican-lawmakers-propose-new-law-to-reduce-legal-immigration

 

 

http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/historians/chapter11.htm

 

 

http://www.npr.org/2017/02/07/
513957928/republican-lawmakers-propose-new-law-to-reduce-legal-immigration

 

http://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/
remembering-a-milestone-for-immigrants-and-america/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 11, 1965

 

Watts Riots

 

 

http://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/times/times_watts.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/15/
newsid_3750000/3750939.stm

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/24/
worlddispatch.usa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

During the Gemini 4 flight in June 1965,

Edward H. White became the first American

to perform a spacewalk.

 

 

 

 

During the Gemini 4 flight in June 1965,

Edward H. White became the first American

to perform a spacewalk.

 

Sarah Wheeler,

the head of photographs at Bloomsbury London,

which is handling the photograph auction,

said the spacewalk photographs resemble scenes from “Gravity.”

 

“They remind me of George Clooney,” she said.

 

James McDivitt/NASA, via Bloomsbury Auctions

 

Rarely Seen Images From Space Including the ‘Best Selfie Ever’

By KENNETH CHANG        NYT        FEB. 23, 2015

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/science/space-photos.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voting Rights Act        6 August 1965
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Malcolm X        1925-1965

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1964

 

Civil Rights Act

 

 

This act,

signed into law

by President Lyndon Johnson

on July 2, 1964,

prohibited discrimination

in public places,

provided for the integration

of schools

and other public facilities,

and made

employment discrimination

illegal.

 

This document

was the most sweeping

civil rights legislation

since Reconstruction.

http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97

 

 

https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97

 

Civil Rights Act    2 July 1964

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alaskan earthquake        March 27, 1964

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lyndon Baines Johnson    1908-1973

 

36th President of the United States    1963-1969

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Fitzgerald Kennedy    1917-1963

 

35th president of the United States    1961-1963

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

March 29, 1961

 

The states

completed ratification

of the 23rd Amendment,

which gave residents

of the District of Columbia

the right to vote

in presidential elections

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/29/
opinion/29masur.html

 

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment23/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Civil rights era

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kennedy dynasty

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 




On Feb. 20, 1962,

John Glenn became

the first American astronaut

to orbit the Earth

on the third of NASA’s

Mercury missions.

 

The previous two

were suborbital

— they went up

and then came

right back down

about 15 minutes later,

more like

a big roller coaster ride.

 

 

 

 

American in Orbit.

 

On Feb. 20, 1962,

John Glenn became the first American astronaut

to orbit the Earth on the third of NASA’s Mercury missions.

 

The previous two were suborbital

— they went up and then came right back down

about 15 minutes later,

more like a big roller coaster ride.

 

NASA, via Bloomsbury Auctions

 

Rarely Seen Images From Space Including the ‘Best Selfie Ever’

By KENNETH CHANG        NYT        FEB. 23, 2015

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/science/space-photos.html



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Fitzgerald Kennedy        1917-1963

 

35th President of the United States        1961-1963  

 

Cuban missile crisis        1962

 

 

 

 

Description: John F. Kennedy meeting with Willy Brandt

at the White House.

 

Source: This image is available from

the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division

under the digital ID cph.3c34151

 

Date: 1961 Mar. 13

 

Author: Marion S. Trikosko

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:John_F._Kennedy_meeting_with_Willy_Brandt%2C_March_13%2C_1961.jpg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://100days.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/
missile-gaps-and-other-broken-promises/

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/
john_fitzgerald_kennedy/index.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/us/19dallas.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/18/usa 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/1963/nov/23/mainsection.fromthearchive

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1963/nov/23/usa.fromthearchive 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1961/jan/20/usa.fromthearchive 

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1962/oct/29/fromthearchive 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/1961/jan/21/mainsection.fromthearchive 

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=14

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pi051.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov22.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep29.html

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=26

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/kennedy_cuban_missile_01.shtml

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/start/keywords/jfkenned.html

http://www.time.com/time/2003/jfk/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mariner 2

was the world's

first successful

interplanetary spacecraft.

 

Launched Aug. 27, 1962,

on an Atlas-Agena rocket,

Mariner 2 passed

within about 34,000 kilometers

(21,000 miles) of Venus,

sending back

valuable new information

about interplanetary space

and the Venusian atmosphere.

 

Mariner 2 recorded

the planet's temperature

for the first time,

revealing its very hot atmosphere

of about 500 degrees Celsius

(900 degrees Fahrenheit).

 

The spacecraft's

solar wind experiment

was the first to measure

the density, velocity,

composition

and variation over time

of the solar wind.

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_964.html

 

 

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_964.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Patrice Lumumba,

the first legally elected

prime minister

of the Democratic

Republic of the Congo (DRC),

was assassinated (...)

on 17 January, 1961.

 

This heinous crime

was a culmination

of two inter-related

assassination plots

by American and Belgian

governments,

which used

Congolese accomplices

and a Belgian execution squad

to carry out the deed.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
patrice-lumumba-50th-anniversary-assassination

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/17/
opinion/17hochschild.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
patrice-lumumba-50th-anniversary-assassination

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/
lumumba-50th-anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

September 26, 1960

 

The First Kennedy-Nixon Presidential Debate

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/
opinion/26sorensen.html

 

http://www.museum.tv/debateweb/html/greatdebate/92660transcript.htm 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Richard Milhous Nixon    1913-1994        Vice Presidency    1953-1961

 

 

 

Vice. Pres. Richard Nixon.

 

Location: US

Date taken: September 1960

 

Photographer: Joseph Scherschel

Life Images

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Richard Nixon (1913-1994)  /  Watergate    1972-1974

 

 

Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-1994)

37th President of the United States 1969-1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cold war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1956

 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

signs the Interstate Highway Act,

authorizing the creation

of ultimately more than

45,000 miles of high-speed roads

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/upshot/the-edsel-a-high-tech-car-undone-by-technology.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/
upshot/the-edsel-a-high-tech-car-undone-by-technology.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)

 

Thirty-Fourth President of the United States    1953-1961

 

 

 

Description: Senior American military officials of World War II.

 

Seated are (from left to right)

Gens. William H. Simpson, George S. Patton, Carl A. Spaatz, Dwight D. Eisenhower,

Omar Bradley, Courtney H. Hodges, and Leonard T. Gerow;

 

standing are (from left to right)

Gens. Ralph F. Stearley, Hoyt Vandenberg,

Walter Bedell Smith, Otto P. Weyland, and Richard E. Nugent.

 

Original image caption:

"This is the brass that did it.

Seated are Simpson, Patton (as if you didn't know),

Spaatz, Ike himself, Bradley, Hodges and Gerow.

Standing are Stearley, Vandenberg, Smith, Weyland and Nugent."

 

NARA FILE #: 208-YE-182 WAR & CONFLICT #: 751

Source: This image is available from the Archival Research Catalog

of the National Archives and Records Administration

under the ARC Identifier 535983.

This version downloaded from

http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/DVIC_View/Still_Details.cfm?SDAN=HDSN9902410&JPGPath=/Assets/1999/DoD/HD-SN-99-02410.JPG

Date: circa 1945

Author Army; part of the collection of the Office of War Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mamie Eisenhower and Dwight D. Eisenhower

on the front steps of St. Louis Hall (St. Mary's University),

San Antonio, Texas

1916

 

This image comes

from the National Archives and Records Administration

Eisenhower Library File No. 77-18-15

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eisenhower_with_Mamie.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/eisenhower_dwight.shtml

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/26/newsid_2988000/2988148.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_3783000/3783245.stm

 

http://www.npr.org/2017/08/20/
544735978/racial-issues-have-often-been-a-test-for-u-s-presidents-with-conflicted-feelings

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/05/opinion/the-permanent-militarization-of-america.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/
world/americas/an-apology-for-a-guatemalan-coup-57-years-later.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
opinion/04schlesinger.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/
world/americas/24guatemala.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/feb/15/terrorism.usa 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/aug/10/martinkettle

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1953/jun/20/usa.fromthearchive

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24 July 1959

 

Nixon-Khrushchev "kitchen debate"

 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2779000/2779551.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/july/24/newsid_3916000/3916851.stm

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/
opinion/24safire.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Joseph McCarthy        1908-1957


 

 

 

MCCARTHY, JOSEPH RAYMOND.

Photograph by United Press.

1954.

 

Library of Congress

Location: Biographical File

Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-71719

http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/235_pom.html
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/235_intr.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Daniel Fitzpatrick

St Louis Post-Dispatch

23rd February, 1947

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyism.htm - borken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/
books/review/Oshinsky-t.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/dec/06/
guardianobituaries.film

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Civil rights        Emmett Till        1941-1955

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

June 1954

 

Guatemala coup

 

 

Washington feared Arbenz

because he tried

to institute agrarian reforms

that would hand over

fallow land

to dispossessed peasants,

thereby

creating a middle class

in a country

where 2 percent

of the population

owned 72 percent

of the land.

 

Unfortunately for him,

most of that territory

belonged to

the largest landowner

and most powerful body

in the state:

the American-owned

United Fruit Company.

 

Though Arbenz was willing

to compensate United Fruit

for its losses, it tried

to persuade Washington

that Arbenz

was a crypto-communist

who must be ousted.

 

Dwight D. Eisenhower,

along with Secretary of State

John Foster Dulles

and his brother, Allen,

the C.I.A.’s director,

were a receptive audience.

In the cold war

fervor of the times,

Eisenhower

and the Dulles brothers

believed a strike

against Arbenz

would roll back communism.

 

And the Dulleses

had their own

personal sympathies

for United Fruit:

they had done legal work

for the company,

and counted executives there

among their close friends.

 

It is true that Arbenz’s

supporters

in the Guatemalan Legislature

did include the Communist Party,

but it was the smallest part

of his coalition.

 

Arbenz had also appointed

a few communists

to lower-level jobs

in his administration.

 

But there was no evidence

that Arbenz himself

was anything more

than a European-style democratic

socialist.

 

And Arbenz’s

land reform program

was less generous to peasants

than a similar venture

pushed by

the Reagan administration

in El Salvador

several decades later.

 

Eisenhower’s

attack on Guatemala

was brilliantly executed.

 

A faux invasion force

consisting of a handful

of right-wing Guatemalans

used fake radio broadcasts

and a few bombing runs

flown by American pilots

to terrorize

the fledgling democracy

into surrender.

 

Arbenz stepped down

from the presidency

and left the country.

 

Soon afterward,

a Guatemalan colonel

named Carlos Castillo Armas

took power and handed back

United Fruit’s lands.

 

For three decades,

military strongmen

ruled Guatemala.

 

The covert American assault

destroyed any possibility

that Guatemala’s fragile political

and civic institutions might grow.

 

It permanently stunted

political life.

 

And the destruction

of Guatemala’s democracy

also set back

the cause of free elections

in Nicaragua, El Salvador

and Honduras — all of which

drew the lesson

that Washington

was more interested

in unquestioning allies

than democratic ones.

 

It was only after the cold war

and a United Nations-negotiated

peace deal

with leftist guerrillas in 1996

that genuine democracy began

to take hold in Guatemala.

 

And even since then,

the cycle of violence

and lawlessness

unleashed by the 1954 coup

has continued.

 

In 1998,

an assassin

bludgeoned to death

the Catholic bishop

Juan Gerardi

shortly after

he issued a damning report

blaming the army

for widespread massacres.

 

In 2007,

Guatemala had

the world’s

third-highest homicide rate,

according to

a United Nations-World

Bank study.

 

In 2009,

more civilians

were murdered in Guatemala

than were killed

in the war zones of Iraq.

 

Washington

took the first step

toward making amends

when President Bill Clinton

visited Guatemala in 1999

and offered a vague apology

for America’s support

of violent and repressive

forces there.

 

This year is an opportunity

for Washington

to fully own up

to its shameful role

in destabilizing Guatemala

and honor Arbenz

for having the courage

to lead one

of Central America’s

first democracies

— and send a signal

that America

has learned to stop placing

its ideological concerns

and business interests

ahead of its ideals.

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
opinion/04schlesinger.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/04/
opinion/04schlesinger.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

August 1953

 

Iran

 

Mohammad Mossadeq

(1882-1967)

is overthrown in a coup

engineered by the British

and American intelligence

services

 

General

Fazlollah Zahedi

is proclaimed

as prime minister

and the Shah returns

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/806268.stm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14542438

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/18/
903505983/coup-53-tells-the-true-story-of-the-cia-s-campaign-to-oust-iran-s-leader

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/07/10/
740510559/four-days-in-august

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/01/31/
690363402/how-the-cia-overthrew-irans-democracy-in-four-days

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/30/
weekinreview/ideas-trends-iran-guatemala-1953-54-revisiting-cold-war-coups-finding-them.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1951

 

U.S. and Saudi Arabia

formalize security relationship

 

 

Under a mutual

defense agreement,

the U.S. established

a permanent

U.S. Military Training Mission

in the kingdom and agreed

to provide training support

in the use of weapons

and other

security-related services

to the Saudi armed forces.

 

The U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers

assisted in the construction

of military installations

in the kingdom.

 

This agreement

formed the basis

of what grew

into a longstanding

security relationship.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1948

 

U.S. Recognition of the State of Israel

 

 

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/us-israel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Henry Ford        1863-1947

 

 

 

Time Covers - The 40S

TIME cover 03-23-1942 ill. of Henry Ford.

 

Date taken: March 23, 1942

 

Photographer: Ernest Hamlin Baker

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=da2dc6ff40c2bf91

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul30.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btford.html

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/henry-ford

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/10/
98702481.pdf 

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/17/
103495469.pdf 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1947

 

Marshall plan

 

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/

http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/featured_documents/marshall_plan/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From 1946 to 1948,

American

public health doctors

deliberately infected

nearly 700 Guatemalans

— prison inmates,

mental patients

and soldiers —

with venereal diseases

in what was meant

as an effort to test

the effectiveness

of penicillin.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/
health/14syphilis.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/
health/research/02infect.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Harry S. Truman    1884-1972

 

Thirty-third President of the United States    1945-1953

 

 

 

Description: President Harry S. Truman

is shown at his desk at the White House

signing a proclaimation declaring a national emergency.

Source:

http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/Assets/Still/1999/DoD/HD-SN-99-03031.JPEG

Date: December 16, 1950

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/harry-s-truman

http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/truman/

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan05.html

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=15

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/
aug/04/harry-truman-grandson-hiroshima-nuclear-atom-bomb

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/
us/the-militarys-discrimination-problem-was-so-bad-in-the-1960s-kennedy-formed-a-committee.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/us/
george-elsey-one-of-the-last-survivors-of-world-war-ii-white-house-dies-at-97.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/us/
16truman.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Saudi Arabia

gains strategic importance

during World War II

 

 

Although

Saudi Arabia

officially maintained

neutrality

through most of the war,

the U.S. began

to court the kingdom

as it realized

the strategic importance

of Saudi oil reserves.

 

In 1943,

President

Franklin Roosevelt

made Saudi Arabia

eligible for

Lend-Lease assistance

by declaring

the defense

of Saudi Arabia

of vital interest

to the U.S.

 

In 1945,

King Abdel Aziz

and President Roosevelt

cemented the tacit

oil-for-security relationship

when they met

aboard the USS Quincy

in the Suez Canal.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_on_quincy.jpg

http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/satoc.html

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9907E6DD1F3BF93BA35751C0A9639C8B63&fta=y

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/820515.stm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

World War Two / WW2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Franklin Delano Roosevelt    1882-1945

32nd President of the United States    1933-1945

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

 

https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/flsa1938.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

(...) vainly fought against

Fascism’s advance into Spain

in the late 1930s

 

(...)

 

nearly 3,000 quixotic

young Americans

(...) volunteered

for the Spanish Civil War

in a bloody prelude

to World War II.

 

About 800

of those who volunteered

were believed

to have been killed.

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/us/
delmer-berg-last-survivor-of-abraham-lincoln-brigade-dies-at-100.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/03/us/
delmer-berg-last-survivor-of-abraham-lincoln-brigade-dies-at-100.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hollywood Cartoons

 

American Animation in Its Golden Age

 

Walt Disney    1901-1966


 

 

 

Walt Disney

Brown Brothers        NYT        January 22, 2006

 

At Disney, a Dealmaker in the Grip of Technological Change

By LAURA M. HOLSON and JOHN MARKOFF        NYT        January 23, 2006

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/23/business/media/23iger.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Walt Disney Productions, Jiminy Cricket,

1940.

Pencil with watercolor and ink. LC-DIG-ppmsca-03346

© Disney Enterprises, Inc. Library of Congress

http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/artwood/aw-animation.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/artwood/aw-animation.html  

https://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0195167295.html

http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Animation#Animation_History:_United_States

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Un-American Activities Committee    HUAC

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/dec/06/
guardianobituaries.film

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Crash of the Hindenburg passenger blimp        May 6, 1937

 

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hindenburg_burning.jpg

Source: Wikipedia - added 2.9.2007

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-hindenburg-disaster

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=5

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8V5KXgFLia4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGCTsqGWoUk

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/
books/review/empires-of-the-sky-alexander-rose.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ohio River flood        1937

 

 

 

Contrasts between the American image of plenty

and the needs of many citizens

have become more glaring in times of crisis.

 

Photograph:

Margaret Bourke-White/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images

[ 1937 ]

 

Straggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis

The coronavirus pandemic has shown

how close to the edge many Americans were living,

with pay and benefits eroding even as corporate profits surged.

NYT

April 16, 2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/
business/economy/coronavirus-economy.html

 

Related

 

First published

in Life Magazine’s February 1937 issue,

World’s Highest Standard of Living

became instantly recognizable

to many Americans during the Great Depression

for its starkly ironic juxtaposition of an idealized America

alongside the grimmer aspects of everyday reality.

 

Often thought to be an unemployment line,

the photo was actually taken in Louisville

after the flooding of the Ohio River,

which killed almost 400 people

and displaced about a million more across four states.

https://www.artic.edu/articles/467/
worlds-highest-standard-of-living

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Ohio River flood of 1937

took place in late January

and February 1937.

 

With damage stretching

from Pittsburgh

to Cairo, Illinois,

385 people died,

one million people

were left homeless

and property losses

reached $500 million

($8.723 billion

when adjusted for inflation

as of January 2019).

 

Federal

and state resources

were strained

to aid recovery

as the disaster occurred

during the depths

of the Great Depression

and a few years

after the beginning

of the Dust Bowl.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1933

 

Saudi Arabi

and Standard Oil

sign

concession agreement

 

 

King Abdel Aziz

granted a concession

to the U.S. company,

Standard Oil,

which allowed them

to explore for oil

in the country's

Eastern Province.

 

The joint enterprise

eventually became known

as the Arabian American

Oil Company (Aramco).

 

The company

granted a loan

of £50,000

to the Saudi government

and paid it

other assorted rental fees

and royalty payments.

 

In exchange,

Aramco received

exclusive rights

to mine, produce

and export oil

from the eastern

part of the country,

free of Saudi taxes

nd duties.

 

In 1938,

efforts were rewarded

with the first discovery

of commercial quantities of oil

at Dammam Well Number 7,

located near Dhahran.

 

The agreement

was modified several times

over the years.

 

In 1950,

Saudi Arabia and Aramco

agreed to a 50-50

profit-sharing arrangement,

and a series of agreements

between 1973 and 1980

resulted in the Saudis'

regaining full control

of the company.

 

In 1988,

King Fahd

issued a royal decree

establishing

the Saudi Arabian Oil Company,

known as Saudi Aramco,

to replace Aramco.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saudi/etc/cron.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-
islam.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/05/09/
477322007/saudi-arabias-surprisingly-assertive-80-year-old-king

 

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=
17188267 - Dec. 13, 2007

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1931

 

The American dream

 

The term was first used

by James Truslow Adams

in his book The Epic of America

which was written in 1931.

 

He states:

 

"The American Dream is

"that dream of a land

in which life should be better

and richer and fuller

for everyone,

with opportunity for each

according to ability

or achievement.

 

It is a difficult dream

for the European upper classes

to interpret adequately,

and too many of us

ourselves have grown

weary and mistrustful of it.

 

It is not a dream

of motor cars

and high wages merely,

but a dream of social order

in which each man

and each woman

shall be able to attain

to the fullest stature

of which they are innately capable,

and be recognized by others

for what they are,

regardless

of the fortuitous circumstances

of birth or position."

(p.214-215)

 

 

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/thedream.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/97/dream/resource.html

http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/hinex/empire/empire.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1929-early 40s

1929 crash / Great depression / New deal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Woodrow Wilson    1856-1924

 

Twenty-eighth President of the United States    1913-1921

 

 

 

Description:

President of the United States Thomas Woodrow Wilson,

head-and-shoulders portrait, facing left.

 

Source:

The Library od Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog

http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html

 

Date: December 2, 1912

 

Author: Pach Brothers, New York

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:President_Woodrow_Wilson_portrait_December_2_1912.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson

Primary source

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec28.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1919/wilson-bio.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec28.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun09.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/
opinion/the-case-against-woodrow-wilson-at-princeton.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/
opinion/readers-weigh-in-woodrow-wilson-cost-my-grandfather-too.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/
opinion/what-woodrow-wilson-cost-my-grandfather.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/10/10/
hating-woodrow-wilson

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

William Howard Taft        1857-1930

 

Twenty-Seventh President of the United States        1909-1913

 

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:William_Howard_Taft.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft

Primary source

http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_timeline/images_chiefs/010.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23 August 1927

 

Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola Sacco's execution

 


Nicola Sacco

and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

were Italian immigrants

and anarchists

who adhered to a movement

that advocated relentless warfare

against a violent

and oppressive government.

 

Sacco, a shoe worker,

and Vanzetti, a fish peddler,

were accused

of the shooting death

of a paymaster and his guard

on April 15, 1920,

during a payroll robbery

at a shoe factory

in Braintree, Mass.

 

Sacco

was arrested

with a .32-caliber Colt automatic,

Vanzetti

with a .38-caliber Harrington

& Richardson revolver.

 

Sacco was charged

with killing the guard,

Vanzetti with being

one of four accomplices.

 

The other three robbers

were never apprehended.

 

Contradictory evidence

in the 1921 trial

(both men had air-tight alibis,

neither man was connected

to the $16,000 in stolen money)

and the pair's

subsequent execution

by the electric chair

elevated them to martyr status

in the Italian anarchist movement,

which had spread west

from its immigrant roots

of artisan and peasant stock

in New York and Chicago.

http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9517/sacco.html

 

http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9517/sacco.html

http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9901/millay.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/23/
opinion/23camillieri.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/17/
books/how-innocent-were-they.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/07/
archives/film-a-moving-sacco-and-vanzettilawyers-statements-have-current.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1927

 

Great Mississippi Flood

 

 

27,000 square miles

(70,000 km2)

inundated up to

a depth of 30 feet (9 m).

 

To try to prevent

future floods,

the federal government

built the world's

longest system

of levees and floodways.

 

Ninety-four percent

of more than 630,000 people

affected by the flood lived

in the states of Arkansas,

Mississippi,

and Louisiana,

most in the Mississippi Delta.

 

More than 200,000

African Americans

were displaced

from their homes

along the Lower

Mississippi River

and had to live

for lengthy periods

in relief camps.

 

As a result

of this disruption,

many joined

the Great Migration

from the south to northern

and midwestern

industrial cities

rather than return

to rural agricultural labor.

 

This massive

population movement

increased from World War II

until 1970.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927

- 17 April 2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/04/22/841997647/aftermath

 

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/
as-mississippi-rises-flood-historian-discusses-great-flood-of-1927

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1924,

the Virginia legislature

passed

the Racial Integrity Act,

which outlawed

interracial marriage,

in part by reclassifying

American Indians

as “colored.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
opinion/confederate-monuments-indians-original-southerners.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
opinion/confederate-monuments-indians-original-southerners.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Indian Citizenship Act, also known as the Snyder Act    1924

 

 

 

President Calvin Coolidge with a Native delegation,

possibly from the Plateau area in the Northwestern United States,

near the South Lawn of the White House in 1925,

the year after the passage of the Snyder Act.

 

Photograph: Library of Congress

 

In 1920, Native Women Sought the Vote. Here’s What’s Next.

The 19th Amendment did not bring the right to vote to all Native women,

but two experts in a conversation said it did usher in the possibility of change.

NYT

Published July 31, 2020

Updated Aug. 11, 2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/
style/19th-amendment-native-womens-suffrage.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924,

also known as the Snyder Act,

(43 Stat. 253, enacted June 2, 1924)

was an Act of the United States Congress

that granted US citizenship

to the indigenous peoples

of the United States,

called "Indians" in the Act.

 

While the Fourteenth Amendment

to the United States Constitution

defines as citizens

any persons born in the United States

and subject to its jurisdiction,

the amendment

had been interpreted by the courts

to not apply to Native peoples.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1924

 

National Origins Act / Immigration Act

 

(Johnson-Reed Act)

 

 

Japanese immigration

to America is banned

 

The Immigration Act of 1924

limited the number of immigrants

allowed entry into the United States

through a national origins quota.

 

The quota provided

immigration visas

to two percent

of the total number of people

of each nationality

in the United States

as of the 1890 national census.

 

It completely excluded

immigrants from Asia.

http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/ImmigrationAct

 

 

 

The main sponsor of the 1924 law

enacting the national origins quotas

was Rep. Albert Johnson, R-Wash.,

chairman of the House Committee

on Immigration.

 

Among Johnson's

immigration advisers

were John Trevor,

the founder of the far-right

American Coalition

of Patriotic Societies,

and Madison Grant,

an amateur eugenicist

whose writings

gave racism a veneer

of intellectual legitimacy.

 

In his 1916 book

The Passing of the Great Race,

Grant separated

the human species

into Caucasoids,

Mongoloids

and Negroids,

and argued

that Caucasoids

and Negroids

needed to be separated.

https://www.npr.org/2018/01/13/
577808792/president-trumps-idea-of-good-and-bad-immigrant-countries-has-a-historical-prece

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/01/13/
577808792/president-trumps-idea-of-good-and-bad-immigrant-countries-
has-a-historical-prece

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Italian immigrants arriving in New York in 1923,

not long before a quota greatly restricting their numbers

was imposed.

 

Photograph:

De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images Plus

 

A Century Ago, America Built Another Kind of Wall

There was a time

when even Ivy League scientists

supported racial restrictions at the border.

NYT

May 3, 2019

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/
opinion/sunday/anti-immigrant-hatred-1920s.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.    1872-1933

 

Thirtieth President of the United States    1923-1929

 

 

 

John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.        1872-1933

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Calvin_Coolidge_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/aug03.html

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/coolidge.htm

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/
style/19th-amendment-native-womens-suffrage.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/
opinion/sunday/anti-immigrant-hatred-1920s.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prosperity and Thrift:

The Coolidge Era

and the Consumer Economy    1921-1929

 

American Variety    1920's

 

 

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/coolhome.html

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bobhope/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1921,

thousands of armed

union coal miners

marched into Logan County

to help striking miners

who were being attacked

by company gunmen.

 

The battle lasted for five days,

and the miners were defeated

after airplanes were used

to bomb their trenches

and federal troops arrived

to suppress the rebellion.

https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
unearthing-americas-hidden-history/

 

 

https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
unearthing-americas-hidden-history/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1920

 

women's suffrage > 19th amendment to the Constitution

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1920

 

Presidential Election

 

First commercial

radio broadcast coverage

of election returns

 

 

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfexpe.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1919

 

Prohibition

 

Congress

passes the Volstead Act

providing for enforcement

of the Eighteenth Amendment

to the Constitution,

ratified nine months earlier.

 

Known as

the Prohibition Amendment, 

it prohibits

the "manufacture, sale,

or transportation

of intoxicating liquors"

in the United States

 

 

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct28.html

http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/keywords/prohibit.html

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act/

http://www.historicaldocuments.com/VolsteadAct.htm

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act/

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/30/
prohibition-google-autocomplete

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prohibition

 

Une expérience américaine

 

Documentaire, USA, 2011

 

 

1 - Une nation d'ivrognes

 

Depuis que les Pères Pèlerins

ont chargé la soute du Mayflower

avec de la bière,

l'alcool et les rituels qui l'entourent

sont au moins aussi américains

que l'Apple Pie.

 

Au milieu du XIXe siècle,

le saloon est le lieu de rendez-vous

des nouveaux arrivants désargentés.

 

Mais alors qu'une vague

de ferveur idéologique

balaie le pays,

beaucoup,

à commencer par les femmes,

commencent à voir l'alcool

comme un fléau.

 

Des campagnes

de tempérance

inspirées par l'Église

au lobby xénophobe

de la Ligue anti-saloon,

les Américains se déchirent.

 

Cette dernière,

emmenée par Wayne Wheeler,

étend son influence politique

et lorsqu'éclate

la Première Guerre mondiale,

elle n'hésite pas à assimiler

les brasseurs et les buveurs de bière

à l'ennemi allemand.

 

L'alcool

est finalement déclaré illégal

le 17 janvier 1920.

 

Mais déjà,

la résistance s'organise...

http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025728.html

 

 

2 - Du whisky aux bières légères

et même au chou fermenté,

tous les produits alcoolisés

sont maintenant illégaux.

 

Des millions d'Américains

se mettent alors à contourner la loi.

 

Tandis que l'ancien policier

Roy Olmstead

se lance dans la contrebande

et approvisionne Seattle

en schnaps canadien,

des milliers de speakeasy

- où l'on commande à voix basse -

ouvrent leurs portes pour permettre

aux New Yorkais d'étancher leur soif.

 

Médecins et pharmaciens,

agents fédéraux

et policiers locaux,

rabbins et directeurs

de pompes funèbres

y trouvent

des occasions de profit.

 

Les deux cents fonctionnaires

chargés de faire appliquer la loi

dans la Grosse Pomme

ne peuvent que constater

leur impuissance.

http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025732.html

 

 

http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025728.html

http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/prohibition-une-experience-americaine--7025732.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Early 20th century

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History

 

20th, early 21st century > USA > Timeline in pictures

 

 

America, USA > 18th, 19th century > Timeline in pictures

 

 

 

home Up