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History >
South Africa > Nelson Mandela 1918-2013
Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela arrives
to address a mass rally
a few days after his release from prison on
Feb. 25, 1990,
in the town of Bloemfontein.
In 2023,
people around the world marked a decade
since his death.
Photohgraph:
Trevor Samson
AFP via Getty Images
2023 was a year of big anniversaries
NPR
DECEMBER 23, 2023 6:00 AM
ET
https://www.npr.org/2023/12/23/1218891428/2023-best-history-stories-year-end
SA celebrates 20 years of freedom for
Mandela
DAVID SMITH
Mail & Guardian Online
Slideshow > Mandela's release
Relive the historic moment of Nelson
Mandela's release,
as he took his first steps as a free man in
a new South Africa
following 27 years in prison.
Feb 11 2010 06:42
http://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-11-sa-celebrates-20-years-of-freedom-for-mandela
http://mg.co.za/multimedia/2010-02-11-mandelas-release
http://mg.co.za/uploads/2010/02/11/mandelawinnie.jpg
Nelson Mandela
1918-2013
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/nelson-mandela
https://www.theguardian.com/world/nelsonmandela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-obituary
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela_obit.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/10/world/africa/Honoring-Mandela.html
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/the_world_mourns_mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002602889/mandelas-enduring-words.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-1992-video
https://www.cagle.com/news/nelson-mandela/
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/1247465446832/nelson-mandela-1918-2013.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-life-quotes
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mandela_nelson.shtml
2024
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2024/jan/12/
to-fight-with-my-camera-to-kill-apartheid-
peter-magubane-south-african-photographer
2023
https://www.npr.org/2023/12/23/
1218891428/2023-best-history-stories-year-end
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2023/may/26/
kissinger-at-100-statesman-or-war-criminal-his-troubled-legacy-
in-pictures - Guardian pictures gallery
2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/
world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html
2018
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/
men-rivonia-trial-nelson-mandela-1964
https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629601956/obama-speaks-up-in-south-africa
https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629601956/obama-speaks-up-in-south-africa
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/16/
the-prison-letters-of-nelson-mandela-review
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/14/
lifelines-nelson-mandelas-prison-letters-reveal-his-love-dreams-and-loss
2013
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/
nelson-mandela-weapons-training-mossad-agents
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/
nelson-mandela-zelda-la-grange-interview
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/
opinion/molefe-mandelas-unfinished-revolution.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/
opinion/cohen-gandhi-and-mandela.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/
nelson-mandela-battle-war-inequality
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/12/
nelson-mandela-long-walk-legacy
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/11/
mandela-sanitised-hypocrites-apologists-apartheid
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/africa/
will-handshake-with-castro-lead-to-headache-for-obama.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/opinion/friedman-why-mandela-was-unique.htm
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23618727 - 11 December 2013
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/10/mandela-coverage-banality-of-goodness
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/world/africa/nelson-mandela-south-africa.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/world/africa/after-mandela-a-test-at-the-polls-for-his-party.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/obama-castro-speakers-nelson-mandela-memorial
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2013/dec/09/parliament-pays-tribute-nelson-mandela-video
http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/dec/09/nelsonmandela-daily-mirror
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/mandela-memorial-barack-obama-raul-castro-dilma-rousseff
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-death-davd-cameron-ed-miliband
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-uk-political-delegation-south-africa
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-1992-video
http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/09/jerry-dammers-free-nelson-mandela
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/world/africa/nelson-mandela-south-africa.html
http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/how-mandela-shifted-views-on-freedom-of-markets/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-funeral-south-africa
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-how-africa-changed
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/08/prayers-remembrance-nelson-mandela-south-africa-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/south-africa-soweto-regina-mundi-church-apartheid-nelson-mandela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-shared-final-moments-graca-machel-winnie-madikizela
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-anti-apartheid-movement
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-death-anc-south-african-democracy
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-favourite-photographer
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/opinion/sunday/keller-nelson-mandela-communist.html
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/
100000002591923/a-soweto-church-says-goodbye-to-mandela.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-david-astor-observer
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/dec/07/gillian-slovo-nelson-mandela-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/what-nelson-mandela-meant-to-me
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/maya-angelou-poem-nelson-mandela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-freedom-fighter-john-carlin
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-robben-island-anc-prisoner
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/world/africa/south-africas-born-frees-move-past-apartheid.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/opinion/nelson-mandela-freedoms-champion.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/opinion/a-lesson-before-dying.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-time-world-statesman
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002587899/born-free.html
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002589043/reflections-from-soweto.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/06/world/africa/mandela-photographers.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/06/world/africa/mandela-obit-music.html
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/recalling-and-covering-nelson-mandela/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-in-britain
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-death-giant-among-men
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-remembered-south-africa
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-companions-walk-freedom
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/06/desmond-tutu-nelson-mandela
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/06/
desmond-tutu-leads-prayer-memory-nelson-mandela-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-black-president
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/graca-machel-nelson-mandela-wife
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/qunu-nelson-mandela-home
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-house-london
http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-protest-song-special-aka
http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-in-the-movies
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-aids-south-africa
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-robben-island-prison
http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2013/dec/06/
was-nelson-mandela-the-pinnacle-of-human-psychology
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-blessed-share-lifetime-justice-malala
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/06/barack-obama-tribute-nelson-mandela-video
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/photographing-outside-apartheids-white-bubble/
https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/nelson-mandela-a-life-in-pictures-
id274812212?chan=9qsux198
https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/africa-loses-beloved-leader-
id274811787?chan=8gwsyvzx
https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/nelson-mandela-1918-2013-
idUSRTR3BF86#a=1
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela_obit.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/1247465446832/nelson-mandela-1918-2013.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/world/africa/memories-of-mandela-a-hero-everywhere-and-nowhere.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/the-voice-of-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/mandela-memories-obit.html
http://www.nytimes.com/news/minute/2013/12/05/times-minute-nelson-mandela-remembered/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/obama-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/nelson-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/the-contradictions-of-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/mahama-mandela-taught-a-continent-to-forgive.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-death-long-walk-to-freedom-film-premiere
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/06/follow-nelson-mandela-laugh-rightwing-fawning
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage
http://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2013/dec/06/newspapers-national-newspapers
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-life-in-pictures
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-barack-obama-symbol-justice
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-a-leader-above-all-others
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-black-president
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/the-contradictions-of-mandela.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-south-africa
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-live-updates
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-death-world-reaction
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/fw-de-klerk-nelson-mandela-death
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-barack-obama-symbol-justice
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-changed-history-south-africa-us
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-funeral-plan
https://witness.theguardian.com/assignment/52a0f50fe4b0a8ed49b80847#contribute
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-life-quotes
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-live-updates
https://www.thedailybeast.com/
nelson-mandela-was-undeniably-great-but-he-doesnt-need-a-halo
https://www.thedailybeast.com/
six-defining-moments-from-nelson-mandelas-life-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/29/movies/mandela-long-walk-to-freedom-with-idris-elba.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/18/nelsonmandela-southafrica
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/17/nelson-mandela-better-95th-birthday
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/12/world/africa/for-mandelas-family-a-wrenching-decision-may-loom.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/opinion/global/roger-cohen-dreaming-of-mandela.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/04/nelson-mandela-grandson-defends-burial
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/04/nelson-mandela-children-graves-exhumed-video
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/africa/obama-visits-prison-where-mandela-was-jailed.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/30/battle-nelson-mandela-legacy-qunu
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/africa/johannesburg-
center-is-helping-to-preserve-the-legacy-of-mandela.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/opinion/sunday/keller-mandela-and-obama.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/africa/obama-mandela.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/29/daughter-mandela-burial
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/29/obamas-south-africa-mandelas-video
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/world/africa/mandela-health-overshadows-visit-by-obama.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/28/nelson-mandela-global-village-loses-elder
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/27/nelson-mandela-daughter-media-vultures-video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/27/mandela-family-vultures-foreign-media
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/27/nelson-mandela-condition-improves
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/world/africa/mandela-obama-africa.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/africa/mandelas-condition-now-said-to-be-critical.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/12/nelson-mandela-responding-better-treatment-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/08/nelson-mandela-hospital
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/26/nelson-mandela-south-africa-discharged-hospital
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/opinion/keller-south-africa-since-mandela.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/08/nelson-mandela-admitted-hospital-tests
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/07/mandela-bailed-out-zuma-audit
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/world/africa/arthur-chaskalson-south-african-chief-justice-dies-at-81.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/africa/alf-kumalo-south-african-photographer-of-apartheid-dies-at-82.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/06/south-africa-clinton-mandela-meeting
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/jul/18/nelson-mandela-birthday-south-africa-video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/dec/02/
nelson-mandela-observer-south-africa-apartheid-video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/11/nelson-mandela-conversations-with-myself
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/12/world/robben-island-
journal-with-vivid-palette-mandela-depicts-the-jailhouse-years.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/26/nelson-mandela-death-fear-south-africa
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/04/mandela-tambo-law-offices-museum
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/28/nelsonmandela-southafrica
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/africa/28safrica.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/oct/17/nelson-mandela-conversations-with-myself-review
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jun/10/barack-obama-nelson-mandela-diaries
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/14/nelson-mandela-office-redevelopment-fears
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/africa/09mandela.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/30/nelson-mandela-engagements-health
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1454208.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/12/mandela
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela1
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela2
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/01/southafrica.nelsonmandela
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/09/southafrica.nelsonmandela
http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2004/jul/25/southafrica.theobserver
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jul/12/southafrica.nelsonmandela
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2d3ENhn8Kg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s8xkjG8bx4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpw8AU3wMsM
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539947.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/12/newsid_3006000/3006437.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/24/
books.southafrica
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/sep/25/
southafrica.davidberesford
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105573,00.html - 1962
Nelson Mandela 1918-2013
timeline
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-timeline-idUSBRE9B4189
20131205
cartoons > Cagle > Nelson
Mandela
https://www.cagle.com/news/nelson-mandela/
The South African president,
Jacob Zuma, announces
the death of
Nelson Mandela
on Thursday, December 5, 2013.
He claims:
'Even though we
knew this day
would come', there is still
'a sense of a
profound
and enduring loss.'
Mandela died at the age of
95
after suffering from a
recurring
lung infection
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video
Nelson Mandela's
fight against HIV/AIDS
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
nelson-mandela-aids-south-africa
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/
nelson-mandelas-mixed-legacy-on-hivaids/ - December 6, 2013
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/16/southafrica.aids
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/18/aids.nelsonmandela
http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/apr/16/aids
6 January 2005
Mandela's eldest son dies of
Aids
Nelson Mandela today
revealed
that his eldest son,
Makgatho,
has died of Aids.
Mr Mandela's announcement
challenged the widespread prejudice
against sufferers of the disease
in South Africa,
which has undermined
efforts to tackle the pandemic.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/16/southafrica.aids
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids
1995
Rugby World Cup
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup
https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/oct/03/
invictus-nelson-mandela-rugby-clint-eastwood-reel-history
By the end of apartheid,
87 percent
of South Africa’s land
was in the hands
of whites, who made up
less than 10
percent
of the population;
some 19 million nonwhites,
most of them poor,
were crowded
into the
remaining 13 percent.
Shortly after taking office in 1994,
President Nelson Mandela
pledged to return
30 percent of white-owned
land
to non-whites within 10
years.
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
May 10, 1994
Nelson Mandela
is sworn in as President
At 75 Nelson Mandela
is
sworn in as President,
the moment for which
he
seems to have been born,
before an extraordinary
guest list
that includes Al Gore,
Yasser Arafat, Fidel castro,
Boutros-Boutros Ghali
and
Benazir Bhutto.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline
https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356024464778/De-Klerk-Mandela-001.jpg
April 27, 1994
First
democratic elections
Nineteen parties participated:
Black parties won the
majority,
and a government of national
unity
was formed,
with Nelson Mandela as
president.
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
1994
Nelson Mandela on the
campaign trail
in South Africa's first
democratic
general election
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-video-obituary
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-video-obituary
1993
A new constitution
restoring
blacks’ rights is adopted
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
10 April 1993
South African
Communist
Party secretary-general
Chris Hani (1942-1993)
is
assassinated
outside his Boksburg home
http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/the-assassination-of-chris-hani-1.395979
Born in the small rural town
of Cofimvaba in the Transkei,
he was the fifth child
in a
family of six,
three of whom died
in infancy.
His mother was illiterate.
Her special skill,
subsistence farming.
His ever-absent father,
who
could barely read,
worked in the mines
in the
Transvaal.
But Hani did go to school
and, rather bafflingly
for his
parents no doubt,
acquired a love for the
Classics
and English literature.
A devout Catholic,
he was an altar boy
at the
age of eight
and at 12 resolved
to enter the priesthood,
which he said
he would have
done
had his father
not stood in
the way.
Instead,
in a not uncommon
leap,
he became a Communist
and a
freedom fighter.
In 1957 he joined
the ANC
Youth League,
two years later went
to Fort
Hare University
to study English and Latin
and in 1962 he joined
Umkhonto we Sizwe.
The following year
he was
arrested
and charged under
the Suppression
of
Communism Act.
But he jumped bail
and fled
the country
to undertake
military training.
He took part
in battles
alongside
the black liberation forces
in Rhodesia in 1967
and seven years later,
now a
member of the ANC's
National Executive Committee,
he was instructed to run
Umkhonto operations
in the Cape from Lesotho.
After surviving a number
of
assassination attempts
he returned
to ANC
headquarters
in Zambia in 1982
and in 1984
he was appointed
political commissar
and deputy commander
of
Umkhonto.
In 1987 he became
Umkhonto's chief of staff
and in December 1991,
18 months after his legal return
to South Africa,
he relinquished that
position
after he was unanimously elected
general secretary
of the Communist Party.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-chris-hani-1454898.html
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/
obituary-chris-hani-1454898.html
17 June 1992
Boipatong Massacre
Massacre of forty-six people
at Boipatong in KwaZulu
Natal
in 1992
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/127498.stm
On 17 June 1992
the Joe Slovo
Informal
settlement
in Boipatong
outside Vereeniging
was attacked by a group
of
about 300 armed men
from Kwa Madala Hostel
in
nearby Sebokeng Township.
The armed men were
affiliated
to the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)
and observers suspected
that
the attack was aimed
at undermining the delicate
process
of negotiations between
the Nationalist
Party (NP
government
and the African National
Congress (ANC).
In response to the massacre
the ANC withdrew
from the
negotiations,
blaming the NP government
for the attack.
http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/boipatong-massacre-17-june-1992
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/127498.stm
18 March 1992
South Africa votes 'yes'
by a huge majority
in a referendum
to end apartheid
South Africans on both sides
of the racial and political divides
were stunned
last night
by the size of the 'yes' victory
in the country's referendum,
which seemed
set to propel it
into an early power-sharing
administration.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/mar/19/southafrica.davidberesford
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/mar/19/
southafrica.davidberesford
9 July 1991
South Africa is
allowed
to rejoin the Olympic community
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1991/jul/10/
southafrica.davidberesford
February 1991
President FW de Klerk
announces
the dismantling of
the laws
behind apartheid,
such as the Land Acts
of
1930 and
1936,
which reserved the best land
for white people
The biggest repeal
was that
of the
Population
Registration Act
[ 1950 ],
which had introduced
the
compulsory classification
of all babies by racial
group
at birth.
Right-wing MPs
walked out in
protest
but, outside the building,
campaigners against apartheid
welcomed the repeals
and
called for more reforms.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7222.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7222.shtml
4 July 1990
UK
London
Nelson Mandela meets
Margaret
Thatcher
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
nelson-mandela-in-britain
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22069896
1990
UK
Wembley Simple Minds - "Mandela Day"
live
"It was 25 years
they take
that man away
now the freedom moves in
closer every day..."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-vZgxJIpuc
16 April 1990
UK
Wembley
Mandela release from prison
speech
Nelson Mandela
receives a hero's welcome
at
Wembley
https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356021797579/Mandela-Hugo-Young-001.jpg
https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990
"Our first simple
and happy
task
is to say thank you.
Thank you very much
to you
all.
Thank you
that you chose to
care,
because you could have
decided otherwise.
Thank you
that you elected not to forget,
because our fate
could have
been
a passing concern.
We are here today
because
for almost
three decades
you sustained a campaign
for
the unconditional release
of all South African
political prisoners.
We are here
because you took
the humane decision
that you could not ignore
the inhumanity represented
by the apartheid system.
Even through the thickness
of the prison walls
at Robben Island, Pollsmoor,
Victor Verster, Pretoria,
Kroonstad, Diepkloof
and elsewhere,
we heard your voices
demanding our freedom.
During all the days
we spent buried
in the apartheid dungeons,
we never lost our confidence
in the certainty of our release
and our victory
over the
apartheid system.
This was because
we knew that not even
the
hard-hearted men of Pretoria
could withstand
the enormous strength
represented by
the concerted effort
of
the peoples of South Africa
and the rest of the world. "
https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990
https://www.sahistory.org.za/
archive/nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990
How
Margaret Thatcher
helped end apartheid – despite herself
Former PM
opposed white rule
in South Africa
as a sin against
economic
liberalism
rather than a crime
against
humanity
(...)
Margaret Thatcher
played a
pivotal role
in the ending of apartheid
in spite of herself.
She famously declared
the
African National Congress
to be a "terrorist"
organisation,
but she gave these
"terrorists"
diplomatic protection.
In the mid 1980s
the South African government
blew up the ANC offices
in London and tried to kidnap
its
members in London,
including Thabo Mbeki
and
Oliver Tambo.
She was obliged to provide
armed bodyguards
for their most
senior
officials.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/margaret-thatcher-apartheid-mandela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/
margaret-thatcher-apartheid-mandela
1990
ANC in 'secret
talks' with government
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1990/dec/24/
mainsection.fromthearchive
Mandela free after 27 years
in prison
Feb. 11, 1990
Nelson Mandela, accompanied by his wife
Winnie,
walks out of the Victor Verster prison, near
Cape Town,
after spending 27 years in apartheid jails
on Feb. 11, 1990.
Photograph: Juda Ngwenya
Files/Reuters
Boston Globe > Big Picture
The world
mourns Mandela
December 6, 2013
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/the_world_mourns_mandela.html -
broken link
Mr. Mandela, now 71,
is
freed without conditions,
ending 27 and a half years
of imprisonment.
For Mr. de Klerk,
enlisting Mr. Mandela
in
negotiations
over a new constitution
seems to be the surest way
to achieve his stated goal:
to end political domination
by the white minority
without replacing it
with
domination
by the black majority.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-anti-apartheid-movement
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356020101057/mand3-002.jpg
http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356021465527/Mandela-Sparks-001.jpg
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-mandela-freed-urges-step-up-in-pressure-to-end-white-rule.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-in-phone-call-bush-invites-mandela-to-visit-him.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/
world/man-unwavering-opponent-unpredictable-leader-south-africa-nelson-mandela.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-prison-release-1990
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/
newsid_2539000/2539947.stm
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-transcript-mandela-s-speech-cape-town-city-hall-africa-it.html
Aug. 16, 1989
F. W. de Klerk is sworn in
as Acting
President of South Africa
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/16/
world/de-klerk-becomes-pretoria-president.html
1988
Simple Minds & Peter Gabriel
Biko - Live Mandela 70th Wembley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAjv7QCQkzw
1986
Abolishment of the pass laws
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
Thousands of Students
Protest Afrikaans Language in Soweto
June 16, 1976
INDEPENDENT LENS
The World Witnesses the Soweto Uprising
Aired: 01/12/2012
04:58
Rating: TV-PG
On June 16, 1976,
what began as a non-violent demonstration by students in Soweto
quickly escalated into a violent uprising once the authorities fired
on the unarmed protestors, killing 12-year-old Hector Pieterson.
Don't miss "The New Generation,"
the second
episode of the landmark series,
"Have You Heard from Johannesburg," airing January 12, 2012
(check local
listings).
https://www.pbs.org/video/independent-lens-the-world-witnesses-the-soweto-uprising/
Tens of thousands of
students
take to the streets of Soweto
to oppose the use of
Afrikaans
as the language of
instruction
in black schools.
The police fire on the
protesters,
setting off months of
violence
that will leave more
than
570 people dead.
The uprising is considered
a
turning point in the history
of black
resistance to apartheid.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7210.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7209.shtml
https://www.pbs.org/video/
independent-lens-the-world-witnesses-the-soweto-uprising/
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1976/jun/17/southafrica.fromthearchive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/
newsid_2514000/2514467.stm
1970s
More than 3 million people
forcibly resettled
in black
'homelands'
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918
September 1966
Prime Minister Hendrik
Verwoerd
[ 1901-1966 ]
is assassinated
Hendrik Verwoerd
was the
architect
behind apartheid,
which built upon
earlier colonial legislation
to keep the different
racial
groups apart.
Verwoerd believed
in the
'separate development'
of the different racial
groups
as an ideology as much as
a
political system.
He was born
in the
Netherlands
but moved to South Africa
due to his sympathy
with the
Afrikaner people
after the Boer War.
He was native affairs
minister
before becoming
prime
minister in 1958
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7207.shtml
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/
24-hours-special--verwoerd-assassination/zbf8y9q
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013t15n
Rivona trial (1964), Robben Island jail
16 August 1962
The State v. Mandela
In Johannesburg today
the
case is due to open
of the State v. Mandela.
Undoubtedly the court
will
be crowded out
with supporters
of the
resistance movement,
just as it was in 1952
when
13 African
and Indian leaders,
including Mandela,
were tried for organising
the great Defiance Campaign
against unjust laws,
and again in 1956
when 156 men and women,
including Mandela,
were accused of high
treason.
http://century.theguardian.com/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105573,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105573,00.html
Dec. 16, 1961
Mandela Helps Form Guerrilla
Army
Mr. Mandela
and other A.N.C.
leaders
form a military wing
called
Umkhonto we Sizwe,
or Spear of the Nation.
Mr. Mandela becomes
the
first commander in chief
of the guerrilla army.
He will train to fight,
work
to obtain weapons
for the group,
and come to be known
as the
Black Pimpernel,
but he will never
see
combat.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/
world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
March 29, 1961
Acquitted of Treason
Mr. Mandela
and his
co-defendants
are acquitted of treason.
Fearing he will be arrested
again,
Mr. Mandela goes underground.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html
Killings in Sharpeville March 21, 1960
The Sharpeville Massacre:
Archbishop Tutu
discusses events surrounding the massacre
21st of March 1960
when Archbishop Tutu was 28
South Africa exploded in
violence.
Police shot down
unarmed protestors "The
Sharpeville Massacre".
Taken from The Frost Interview w/Sir David
Frost,
Archbishop Tutu describes South Africa
at
the time surrounding the massacre.
YouTube > DesmondTutu PeaceFoundation
Published 25 January 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9dS4pJ8r0E
The police fire on a
demonstration
in Sharpeville,
killing 69 people and
wounding 181.
After the shooting,
the
South African government
bans black political groups
and gatherings,
and arrests thousands.
The A.N.C.
is among the
banned groups.
Its members go underground
and begin planning a campaign
of direct attacks
on the
apartheid government.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audioslideshow/2010/mar/19/southafrica
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/19/south-africa-sharpeville-massacre-anniversary
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/19/sharpeville-massacre-south-africa-archive
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audioslideshow/2010/mar/19/southafrica
https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/21/
world/sharpeville-25-years-later-recalls-a-fateful-day.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1960/mar/22/
southafrica.fromthearchive - 1960
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105513,00.html - 1960
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105520,00.html - 1960
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105518,00.html - 1960
February 3,
1960
UK Prime
Minister
Harold
Macmillan's speech
to the South African Parliament
'wind of change' speech
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1960/feb/03/
southafrica.past
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/3/
newsid_2714000/2714525.stm
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/
tour-of-south-africa--rt-hon-macmillan/zv6gt39
1960s
The implementation of apartheid
The homelands policy
The ideologues of apartheid
created 10 tribal
homelands,
planning to groom
them to autonomy
and then full independence,
leaving behind a prosperous,
white South
Africa.
By gerrymandering
and forced removals,
17 million blacks were moved
onto these
reservations.
Four homelands were persuaded
to accept independence,
a status unrecognized
by any country except South Africa.
https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/28/
world/homeland-apartheid-s-child-is-defying-change.html
In the 1960s,
Dr HF Verwoerd
took further
steps
to develop apartheid known
as Separate Development.
The Nationalists
said that South Africa,
was composed
of a white group
and 10 African
ones,
based on the particular
African language
that
a group spoke.
The whites
belonged in the areas
where successful mining,
manufacturing and
agriculture
were carried out.
Each African person
belonged to one
of the small, impoverished
rural ethnic
enclaves.
http://teachers.guardian.co.uk/Guardian_RootRepository/Saras/ContentPackaging/UploadRepository/
learnpremium/Lesson/learnpremium/histor~00/keystage4/southa~00/theimp~00/thehom~00/thehom~00/default.htm
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/a-2d-homeland-is-taken-over-by-south-africa.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/11/world/homeland-leader-in-south-africa-flees-his-capital.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/19/world/south-african-hit-squads-tied-to-homeland.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/28/world/homeland-apartheid-s-child-is-defying-change.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/world/
a-black-homeland-finds-itself-an-orphan-in-post-apartheid-south-africa.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/11/world/south-africa-quells-coup-attempt-in-a-homeland.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/31/world/army-coup-in-south-african-homeland.html
Mandela's
first treason trial
During Trial, a Second
Marriage June 14, 1958
Nelson Mandela,
leaves the Pretoria
synagogue,
being used as a court,
at the end of the day's proceedings in 1958
during his first treason trial.
He and other defendants
were acquitted on
1961
after a four and half year trial.
The South Africa government
said on Nov. 21
that it will not send the black leader
back to prison
when he completes his hospital stay
but keep
him under close guard
at an unspecified location.
Photograph: Associated Press
Boston Globe > Big Picture
The world
mourns Mandela December 6, 2013
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/the_world_mourns_mandela.html -
broken link
Moses Kotane (left)
emerges from court in
Pretoria with Nelson Mandela
at the end of the first day of their treason
trial October 1958.
Photograph: Jurgen Schadeberg
AP
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/23/
anti-apartheid-hero-moses-kotanes-remains-repatriated-russia
- broken link
In the midst
of Mr.
Mandela’s trial
on treason charges, he marries
Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela,
16 years his junior.
The tumultuous union
will
produce two daughters
and a national drama
of
forced separation,
devotion, remorse and
acrimony.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html
Mandela Arrested on Treason
Charges Dec. 5, 1956
ANC supporters pray
in front of the
courthouse of Johannesburg,
on Dec. 28, 1956,
to support 152 anti-apartheid militants,
including Nelson Mandela, during their trial.
Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
Boston Globe > Big Picture
The world
mourns Mandela
December 6, 2013
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/the_world_mourns_mandela.html -
broken link
Dec. 5, 1956
Mr. Mandela
is arrested at
his home
and charged with treason,
along with 155 others
who called for
a nonracial
state
in South Africa
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html
The Public Safety Act
and
the Criminal Law Amendment Act,
passed in 1953,
allowed the government
to
impose strict punishments
for protesting a law,
including fines,
imprisonment and whippings.
It also allowed the
government
to declare “states of emergency”;
individuals detained
during
such periods could be held
without a
hearing
for up to six months.
These states of emergency
were declared often through 1989
and resulted in thousands
dying in custody,
frequently as a result of
torture.
Of those who were tried,
many were sentenced to
death,
banishment or life in
prison.
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
1950
Population classified by
race
Group Areas Act
passed to
segregate
blacks and whites.
Communist Party banned.
ANC responds with campaign
of civil disobedience,
led by Nelson Mandela.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918
In 1950,
the
Population Registration Act
classified all South
Africans
as either Bantu (black),
white or “coloured” (mixed
race).
(A fourth category,
Asian
— including Indian
and
Pakistani people —
was later added.)
That same year,
the Group
Areas Act
established in urban areas
residential and commercial
sections for
each race
and prohibited other races
from living, owning land
or operating
businesses
in any areas
but those
designated for them.
Although whites
made up less than 10 percent
of the population,
they received more than 80
percent
of South African land
as a result of this
and two
later acts,
collectively known
as the
Land Acts.
http://www.pbs.org/pov/promisedland/background.php
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918
http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyDv7d0Mm-Q
Apartheid laws in South Africa 1948-1991
South Africa 1974 Dec.
Photographer:
Alfred Eisenstaedt
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1206.html
Life Images
http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/9638bb615c68cbad_large
Related
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f75ca0a6387b364f.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0160mtw
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7205.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7208.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7201.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7217.shtml
Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1991
South Africa 1974 Dec.
Photographer:
Alfred Eisenstaedt
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1206.html
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/8a77508f1473beef.html
Living under racial
segregation and discrimination
The political system of
apartheid
governed every aspect of
life
in South Africa from 1948 to 1991.
In practice,
apartheid
enforced
a racial hierarchy
privileging white South Africans
and under this system
only
they had the vote.
The programmes and documents
illustrate what life was like
for ordinary South Africans
as well as revealing key moments
in the struggle against
this political system.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0160mtw
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/south-african-dilemma-1/z6kt8xs
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--after-soweto/zjcm47h
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--union-of-south-africa/zvp4nrd
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--south-africa/z6jsqp3
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/11/
mandela-sanitised-hypocrites-apologists-apartheid
April 20, 1964
An ideal
for which I am
prepared to die
Mandela made this statement
from the dock
at the opening of his trial
on charges of sabotage,
Supreme court
of South
Africa, Pretoria
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/
nelsonmandela
April 1960
Africans urged to burn pass
books
Africans
throughout the
country
have been urged
by the
former Chief Luthuli,
president of the African
National Congress,
to burn their pass-books
"in
an orderly manner."
It was resentment against
the pass-book system
which led to last Monday's
riots
in which some seventy
Africans
were killed.
The Congress's
president's
statement
was issued
after the South
African Government
had made known
a change in
its policy:
for the present
the police have been told
not to demand to see the
passes
or arrest Africans
for
failing to carry them.
But Mr F.C. Erasmus,
the
Minister of Justice,
made it clear that this move
is only temporary,
and that Africans
will again
have to carry
the documents
when conditions
return to
normal.
http://century.theguardian.com/1960-1969/Story/0,,105518,00.html
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,,105518,00.html
Population Registration Act 1950
English: A certificate issued in 1988
by the South African government
in terms of
the Population Registration Act
indicating the registration and racial
classification
of a newborn on the Population Register.
Date 18 March 1988
Source Scanned by User:Htonl
Author Government of South Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg
The Population
Registration
Act of 1950
required that each inhabitant
of South Africa
be classified and registered
in accordance
with their racial characteristics
as part of the system of apartheid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Population_Registration_Act,_1950
1913
Land Act introduced
to
prevent blacks,
except those living
in Cape
Province,
from buying land
outside
reserves
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918
The 1913 Native Land
Act
prohibited the sale
of white
territory
to blacks and vice versa.
http://www.pbs.org/pov/promisedland/background.php
https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-africa-14094918
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Natives_Land_Act,_1913
1912
Native National Congress
founded,
later renamed
the African
National Congress
(ANC)
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918
Graça Machel
https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2014/jul/18/
nelson-mandela-biographies-graca-machel-dinaw-mengestu-podcast
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-shared-final-moments-graca-machel-winnie-madikizela
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
graca-machel-nelson-mandela-wife
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/29/
profile-graca-machel
Nelson Mandela archive
launches digital
treasure trove March 2012
More than 1,900
documents, photographs and films
of South Africa's first black president
available for free online
https://archive.nelsonmandela.org/#!home
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/27/
nelson-mandela-archive-digital-treasure
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2012/mar/27/
inside-nelson-mandela-digital-archive-in-pictures
Mandela was arrested in 1962,
a year before Martin Luther King Jr would give
his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, DC.
After 27 years in prison,
Mandela was released
in 1990.
Four years later,
he would become
the first democratically elected
president of South Africa.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/18/
nelson-mandela-birthday-america-racism
Mandela recordings
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica1
The Rivonia Trial
The historical background to Mandela's
final public speech for 27 years
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica2
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica4
Robben Island prison
William Ernest Henley (1849-1902 / Gloucester /
England) > Invictus
https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/invictus/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/africa/
obama-visits-prison-where-mandela-was-jailed.html
Documentaire > Photographes contre l'apartheid
Le Bang Bang Club
55mn WDR
Allemagne
Sous l’apartheid,
le quotidien The Star,
qui prenait clairement position contre le régime raciste,
était le plus puissant organe de presse d’Afrique du Sud.
Dans les années 1990,
il employait une équipe de photojournalistes
dont les clichés spectaculaires ont fait le tour du monde,
et hantent aujourd’hui encore l’inconscient collectif.
Ken Oosterbroek, Greg Marinovich, Kevin Carter
et João Silva
formaient le « Bang Bang Club »,
qui couvrit les événements depuis la libération de Nelson Mandela
jusqu’aux élections de 1994.
Quatre années durant lesquelles 20 000
personnes furent tuées
dans des combats rapprochés entre partisans de l’ANC
et de l’Inkatha, le parti adverse.
Persuadés de la nécessité de rendre compte de
ces assassinats,
mus par l’ivresse du danger, ces « voyous » de la photographie
ont été jusqu’à accompagner les auteurs des massacres
pour documenter leurs crimes.
Si ces expériences sont profondément
traumatiques,
elles suscitent également des controverses d’ordre éthique :
face à la mort d’autrui, comment rester simple spectateur ?
Kevin Carter en a fait les frais :
sa célèbre image couronnée du Prix Pulitzer
– un enfant soudanais épuisé, guetté par un vautour –
essuya un flot de critiques.
Hanté par les horreurs vues
et par la mort de
Ken Oosterbroek,
tué dans un échange de tirs,
il se suicide l’année suivante.
Quant à João Silva,
il a perdu ses deux jambes
en 2010
après avoir sauté sur une mine en Afghanistan,
l’appareil à la main.
À travers leurs récits et ceux de leurs
proches,
ce film propose un portrait saisissant
de ces quatre écorchés vifs,
chroniqueurs d’une histoire sanglante.
http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/048230-000/photographes-contre-l-apartheid -
broken link
https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/29/
twenty-years-after-apartheid/
https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/
joao-silva-looking-back-moving-forward/
Related > Anglonautes >
History
South
Africa > 20th, early 21st century
Related > Anglonautes >
Vocapedia
Apartheid
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Videos
documentaries >
South Africa
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Photographers > South Africa
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David Goldblatt 1930-2018
Ernest Cole 1940-1990
Related > Anglonautes > Arts /
Photojournalism >
Photographers > USA
Grey Villet Australia, UK, USA 1927-2000
Alfred Eisenstaedt 1898-1995
Margaret Bourke-White 1904-1971
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