History > South Africa > Nelson Mandela   1918-2013

Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela arrives to address a mass rally

a few days after his release from prison on Feb. 25, 1990,

in the town of Bloemfontein.

In 2023,

people around the world marked a decade since his death.

Photograph: Trevor Samson

AFP via Getty Images

2023 was a year of big anniversaries

NPR

DECEMBER 23, 2023    6:00 AM ET

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/23/1218891428/2023-best-history-stories-year-end

SA celebrates 20 years of freedom for Mandela

DAVID SMITH

Mail & Guardian Online

Slideshow > Mandela's release

Relive the historic moment of Nelson Mandela's release,

as he took his first steps as a free man in a new South Africa

following 27 years in prison.

Feb 11 2010    06:42

http://mg.co.za/article/2010-02-11-sa-celebrates-20-years-of-freedom-for-mandela

http://mg.co.za/multimedia/2010-02-11-mandelas-release

http://mg.co.za/uploads/2010/02/11/mandelawinnie.jpg

Nelson Mandela    1918-2013

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
nelson-mandela 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/
nelsonmandela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-obituary

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela_obit.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/10/world/africa/Honoring-Mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002602889/mandelas-enduring-words.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-1992-video

https://www.cagle.com/news/nelson-mandela/

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/1247465446832/nelson-mandela-1918-2013.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-life-quotes

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mandela_nelson.shtml

2024

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2024/jan/12/
to-fight-with-my-camera-to-kill-apartheid-
peter-magubane-south-african-photographer

2023

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/23/
1218891428/2023-best-history-stories-year-end

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2023/may/26/
kissinger-at-100-statesman-or-war-criminal-his-troubled-legacy-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/
world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html

2018

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/22/
men-rivonia-trial-nelson-mandela-1964

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629601956/obama-speaks-up-in-south-africa

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629601956/obama-speaks-up-in-south-africa

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/16/
the-prison-letters-of-nelson-mandela-review

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/14/
lifelines-nelson-mandelas-prison-letters-reveal-his-love-dreams-and-loss

2013

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/20/
nelson-mandela-weapons-training-mossad-agents

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/15/
nelson-mandela-zelda-la-grange-interview

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/
opinion/molefe-mandelas-unfinished-revolution.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/
opinion/cohen-gandhi-and-mandela.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/
nelson-mandela-battle-war-inequality

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/12/
nelson-mandela-long-walk-legacy

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/11/
mandela-sanitised-hypocrites-apologists-apartheid

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/africa/
will-handshake-with-castro-lead-to-headache-for-obama.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/opinion/friedman-why-mandela-was-unique.htm

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23618727 - 11 December 2013

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/10/mandela-coverage-banality-of-goodness

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/world/africa/nelson-mandela-south-africa.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/10/world/africa/after-mandela-a-test-at-the-polls-for-his-party.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/obama-castro-speakers-nelson-mandela-memorial

http://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2013/dec/09/parliament-pays-tribute-nelson-mandela-video

http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/dec/09/nelsonmandela-daily-mirror

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/mandela-memorial-barack-obama-raul-castro-dilma-rousseff

http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-death-davd-cameron-ed-miliband

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-uk-political-delegation-south-africa

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/09/nelson-mandela-1992-video

http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/09/jerry-dammers-free-nelson-mandela

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/world/africa/nelson-mandela-south-africa.html

http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/09/how-mandela-shifted-views-on-freedom-of-markets/

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-funeral-south-africa

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-how-africa-changed

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/08/
prayers-remembrance-nelson-mandela-south-africa-video

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/south-africa-soweto-regina-mundi-church-apartheid-nelson-mandela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-shared-final-moments-graca-machel-winnie-madikizela

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-anti-apartheid-movement

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-death-anc-south-african-democracy

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-favourite-photographer

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/08/opinion/sunday/keller-nelson-mandela-communist.html

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/
100000002591923/a-soweto-church-says-goodbye-to-mandela.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-david-astor-observer

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/video/2013/dec/07/gillian-slovo-nelson-mandela-video

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/what-nelson-mandela-meant-to-me

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/maya-angelou-poem-nelson-mandela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-freedom-fighter-john-carlin

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-robben-island-anc-prisoner

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/world/africa/south-africas-born-frees-move-past-apartheid.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/opinion/nelson-mandela-freedoms-champion.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/opinion/a-lesson-before-dying.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-time-world-statesman

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002587899/born-free.html

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/100000002589043/reflections-from-soweto.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/06/world/africa/mandela-photographers.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/06/world/africa/mandela-obit-music.html

http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/recalling-and-covering-nelson-mandela/

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-in-britain

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-death-giant-among-men

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-remembered-south-africa

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-companions-walk-freedom

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/06/desmond-tutu-nelson-mandela

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/06/
desmond-tutu-leads-prayer-memory-nelson-mandela-video 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-black-president

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/graca-machel-nelson-mandela-wife
 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/qunu-nelson-mandela-home

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-house-london

http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-protest-song-special-aka

http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-in-the-movies

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-aids-south-africa

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-robben-island-prison

http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2013/dec/06/
was-nelson-mandela-the-pinnacle-of-human-psychology

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-blessed-share-lifetime-justice-malala

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/06/barack-obama-tribute-nelson-mandela-video

http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/photographing-outside-apartheids-white-bubble/

https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/nelson-mandela-a-life-in-pictures-
id274812212?chan=9qsux198 

https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/africa-loses-beloved-leader-
id274811787?chan=8gwsyvzx

https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/nelson-mandela-1918-2013-
idUSRTR3BF86#a=1 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela_obit.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/nelson-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/africa/1247465446832/nelson-mandela-1918-2013.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/world/africa/memories-of-mandela-a-hero-everywhere-and-nowhere.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/the-voice-of-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/mandela-memories-obit.html

http://www.nytimes.com/news/minute/2013/12/05/times-minute-nelson-mandela-remembered/

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/obama-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/nelson-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/the-contradictions-of-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/mahama-mandela-taught-a-continent-to-forgive.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-death-long-walk-to-freedom-film-premiere

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/06/follow-nelson-mandela-laugh-rightwing-fawning

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-winnie-mandela-marriage

http://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2013/dec/06/newspapers-national-newspapers

http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-life-in-pictures

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-barack-obama-symbol-justice

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-a-leader-above-all-others

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-south-africa-black-president

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/opinion/the-contradictions-of-mandela.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-south-africa

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-live-updates

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-death-world-reaction

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/fw-de-klerk-nelson-mandela-death

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-barack-obama-symbol-justice

http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-changed-history-south-africa-us

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-funeral-plan

https://witness.theguardian.com/assignment/52a0f50fe4b0a8ed49b80847#contribute

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/nelson-mandela-life-quotes

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-dies-aged-95-live-updates

https://www.thedailybeast.com/
nelson-mandela-was-undeniably-great-but-he-doesnt-need-a-halo 

https://www.thedailybeast.com/
six-defining-moments-from-nelson-mandelas-life-video 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/29/movies/mandela-long-walk-to-freedom-with-idris-elba.html

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/18/nelsonmandela-southafrica

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/17/nelson-mandela-better-95th-birthday

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/12/world/africa/for-mandelas-family-a-wrenching-decision-may-loom.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/opinion/global/roger-cohen-dreaming-of-mandela.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/04/nelson-mandela-grandson-defends-burial

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/04/nelson-mandela-children-graves-exhumed-video

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/africa/obama-visits-prison-where-mandela-was-jailed.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/30/battle-nelson-mandela-legacy-qunu

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/africa/johannesburg-
center-is-helping-to-preserve-the-legacy-of-mandela.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/opinion/sunday/keller-mandela-and-obama.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/africa/obama-mandela.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/29/daughter-mandela-burial

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/29/obamas-south-africa-mandelas-video

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/world/africa/mandela-health-overshadows-visit-by-obama.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/28/nelson-mandela-global-village-loses-elder

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/27/nelson-mandela-daughter-media-vultures-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/27/mandela-family-vultures-foreign-media

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/27/nelson-mandela-condition-improves

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/world/africa/mandela-obama-africa.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/africa/mandelas-condition-now-said-to-be-critical.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/12/nelson-mandela-responding-better-treatment-video

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/08/nelson-mandela-hospital

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/26/nelson-mandela-south-africa-discharged-hospital

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/opinion/keller-south-africa-since-mandela.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/08/nelson-mandela-admitted-hospital-tests

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/dec/07/mandela-bailed-out-zuma-audit

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/world/africa/arthur-chaskalson-south-african-chief-justice-dies-at-81.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/world/africa/alf-kumalo-south-african-photographer-of-apartheid-dies-at-82.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/06/south-africa-clinton-mandela-meeting

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/jul/18/nelson-mandela-birthday-south-africa-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2011/dec/02/
nelson-mandela-observer-south-africa-apartheid-video

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/11/nelson-mandela-conversations-with-myself

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/12/world/robben-island-
journal-with-vivid-palette-mandela-depicts-the-jailhouse-years.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/26/nelson-mandela-death-fear-south-africa

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/04/mandela-tambo-law-offices-museum

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/28/nelsonmandela-southafrica

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/africa/28safrica.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/oct/17/nelson-mandela-conversations-with-myself-review

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jun/10/barack-obama-nelson-mandela-diaries

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/14/nelson-mandela-office-redevelopment-fears

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/africa/09mandela.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/30/nelson-mandela-engagements-health

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1454208.stm

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/12/mandela

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela1

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela2

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/01/southafrica.nelsonmandela

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/09/southafrica.nelsonmandela

http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2004/jul/25/southafrica.theobserver

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jul/12/southafrica.nelsonmandela

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2d3ENhn8Kg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5s8xkjG8bx4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpw8AU3wMsM

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539947.stm

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/12/newsid_3006000/3006437.stm

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/24/
books.southafrica

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/sep/25/
southafrica.davidberesford 

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105573,00.html - 1962

Nelson Mandela    1918-2013

timeline

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mandela-timeline-idUSBRE9B4189
20131205 
 

cartoons > Cagle > Nelson Mandela

https://www.cagle.com/news/nelson-mandela/

The South African president, Jacob Zuma,

announces the death of Nelson Mandela

on Thursday, December 5, 2013.

He claims:

'Even though we knew this day would come',

there is still

'a sense of a profound and enduring loss.'

Mandela died at the age of 95

after suffering from a recurring lung infection

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-at-peace-jacob-zuma-video

Nelson Mandela's

fight against HIV/AIDS

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
nelson-mandela-aids-south-africa

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/
nelson-mandelas-mixed-legacy-on-hivaids/ - December 6, 2013

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/16/southafrica.aids

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/18/aids.nelsonmandela

http://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/apr/16/aids

6 January 2005

Mandela's eldest son dies of Aids

Nelson Mandela today revealed

that his eldest son, Makgatho,

has died of Aids.

Mr Mandela's announcement

challenged the widespread prejudice

against sufferers of the disease

in South Africa,

which has undermined

efforts to tackle the pandemic.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/16/southafrica.aids

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/06/southafrica.aids

1995

Rugby World Cup

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-francois-pienaar-rugby-world-cup

https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/oct/03/
invictus-nelson-mandela-rugby-clint-eastwood-reel-history

By the end of apartheid,

87 percent of South Africa’s land

was in the hands of whites,

who made up less than 10 percent

of the population;

some 19 million nonwhites, most of them poor,

were crowded into the remaining 13 percent.

Shortly after taking office in 1994,

President Nelson Mandela pledged to return

30 percent of white-owned land

to non-whites within 10 years.

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/ 

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

May 10, 1994

Nelson Mandela is sworn in as President

At 75 Nelson Mandela is sworn in as President,

the moment for which he seems to have been born,

before an extraordinary guest list

that includes Al Gore, Yasser Arafat, Fidel castro,

Boutros-Boutros Ghali and Benazir Bhutto.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline

http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-interactive-timeline

https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356024464778/De-Klerk-Mandela-001.jpg

April 27, 1994

First democratic elections

Nineteen parties participated:

Black parties won the majority,

and a government of national unity was formed,

with Nelson Mandela as president.

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/ 

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

1994

Nelson Mandela on the campaign trail

in South Africa's first democratic

general election

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/nelson-mandela-video-obituary

http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/dec/05/
nelson-mandela-video-obituary

1993

A new constitution

restoring blacks’ rights is adopted

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

10 April 1993

South African

Communist Party secretary-general

Chris Hani (1942-1993)

is assassinated outside his Boksburg home

http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/the-assassination-of-chris-hani-1.395979

Born in the small rural town

of Cofimvaba in the Transkei,

he was the fifth child in a family of six,

three of whom died in infancy.

His mother was illiterate.

Her special skill, subsistence farming.

His ever-absent father,

who could barely read,

worked in the mines in the Transvaal.

But Hani did go to school

and, rather bafflingly

for his parents no doubt,

acquired a love for the Classics

and English literature.

A devout Catholic,

he was an altar boy at the age of eight

and at 12 resolved to enter the priesthood,

which he said he would have done

had his father not stood in the way.

Instead,

in a not uncommon leap,

he became a Communist

and a freedom fighter.

In 1957 he joined the ANC Youth League,

two years later went to Fort Hare University

to study English and Latin

and in 1962 he joined  Umkhonto we Sizwe.

The following year he was arrested

and charged under

the Suppression of Communism Act.

But he jumped bail and fled the country

to undertake military training.

He took part in battles alongside

the black liberation forces in Rhodesia in 1967

and seven years later,

now a member of the ANC's

National Executive Committee,

he was instructed to run Umkhonto operations

in the Cape from Lesotho.

After surviving a number of assassination attempts

he returned to ANC headquarters in Zambia in 1982

and in 1984 he was appointed political commissar

and deputy commander of Umkhonto.

In 1987 he became Umkhonto's chief of staff

and in December 1991,

18 months after his legal return to South Africa,

he relinquished that position

after he was unanimously elected

general secretary of the Communist Party.

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-chris-hani-1454898.html

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/
obituary-chris-hani-1454898.html

17 June 1992

Boipatong Massacre

Massacre of forty-six people

at Boipatong in KwaZulu Natal in 1992

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/127498.stm

On 17 June 1992

the Joe Slovo Informal settlement

in Boipatong outside Vereeniging

was attacked by a group

of about 300 armed men

from Kwa Madala Hostel

in nearby Sebokeng Township.

The armed men were affiliated

to the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)

and observers suspected

that the attack was aimed

at undermining the delicate process

of negotiations between

the Nationalist Party (NP government

and the African National Congress (ANC).

In response to the massacre

the ANC withdrew from the negotiations,

blaming the NP government for the attack.

http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/boipatong-massacre-17-june-1992

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/127498.stm

18 March 1992

South Africa votes 'yes' by a huge majority

in a referendum to end apartheid

South Africans on both sides

of the racial and political divides

were stunned last night

by the size of the 'yes' victory

in the country's referendum,

which seemed set to propel it

into an early power-sharing administration.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/mar/19/southafrica.davidberesford

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1992/mar/19/
southafrica.davidberesford

9 July 1991

South Africa is allowed

to rejoin the Olympic community

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1991/jul/10/
southafrica.davidberesford

February 1991

President FW de Klerk announces

the dismantling of the laws behind apartheid,

such as the Land Acts of 1930 and 1936,

which reserved the best land for white people

The biggest repeal

was that of the Population Registration Act [ 1950 ],

which had introduced the compulsory classification

of all babies by racial group at birth.

Right-wing MPs walked out in protest

but, outside the building,

campaigners against apartheid

welcomed the repeals

and called for more reforms.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7222.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7222.shtml

4 July 1990

UK

London

Nelson Mandela meets Margaret Thatcher

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
nelson-mandela-in-britain

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22069896

1990

UK    Wembley

Simple Minds - "Mandela Day" live

"It was 25 years

they take that man away

now the freedom moves in

closer every day..."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-vZgxJIpuc

16 April 1990

UK

Wembley

Mandela release from prison speech

Nelson Mandela receives a hero's welcome

at Wembley

https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356021797579/Mandela-Hugo-Young-001.jpg 

https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990 

"Our first simple and happy task

is to say thank you.

Thank you very much to you all.

Thank you

that you chose to care,

because you could have decided otherwise.

Thank you

that you elected not to forget,

because our fate could have been

a passing concern.

We are here today

because for almost three decades

you sustained a campaign

for the unconditional release

of all South African  political prisoners.

We are here

because you took the humane decision

that you could not ignore

the inhumanity represented

by the apartheid system.

Even through the thickness of the prison walls

at Robben Island, Pollsmoor,

Victor Verster, Pretoria,

Kroonstad, Diepkloof and elsewhere,

we heard your voices demanding our freedom.

During all the days we spent buried

in the apartheid dungeons,

we never lost our confidence

in the certainty of our release

and our victory over the apartheid system.

This was because we knew that not even

the hard-hearted men of Pretoria

could withstand the enormous strength

represented by the concerted effort

of the peoples of South Africa

and the rest of the world. "

https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/
nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990 

https://www.sahistory.org.za/
archive/nelson-mandelas-wembley-speech-london-monday-16-april-1990

How Margaret Thatcher

helped end apartheid – despite herself

Former PM opposed white rule

in South Africa as a sin

against economic liberalism

rather than a crime against humanity

(...)

Margaret Thatcher played a pivotal role

in the ending of apartheid

in spite of herself.

She famously declared

the African National Congress

to be a "terrorist" organisation,

but she gave these "terrorists"

diplomatic protection.

In the mid 1980s

the South African government

blew up the ANC offices

in London and tried to kidnap

its members in London,

including Thabo Mbeki and Oliver Tambo.

She was obliged to provide armed bodyguards

for their most senior officials.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/margaret-thatcher-apartheid-mandela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/
margaret-thatcher-apartheid-mandela

1990

ANC in 'secret talks' with government

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1990/dec/24/
mainsection.fromthearchive

Mandela free after 27 years in prison    Feb. 11, 1990

Nelson Mandela, accompanied by his wife Winnie,

walks out of the Victor Verster prison, near Cape Town,

after spending 27 years in apartheid jails

on Feb. 11, 1990.

Photograph: Juda Ngwenya

Files/Reuters

Boston Globe > Big Picture

The world mourns Mandela

December 6, 2013

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/
the_world_mourns_mandela.html - broken link

Mr. Mandela, now 71,

is freed without conditions,

ending 27 and a half years of imprisonment.

For Mr. de Klerk, enlisting Mr. Mandela

in negotiations over a new constitution

seems to be the surest way

to achieve his stated goal:

to end political domination by the white minority

without replacing it

with domination by the black majority.

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-anti-apartheid-movement

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356020101057/mand3-002.jpg

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/20/
1356021465527/Mandela-Sparks-001.jpg

http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-mandela-freed-urges-step-up-in-pressure-to-end-white-rule.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-in-phone-call-bush-invites-mandela-to-visit-him.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/
world/man-unwavering-opponent-unpredictable-leader-south-africa-nelson-mandela.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/07/nelson-mandela-prison-release-1990

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/
newsid_2539000/2539947.stm

http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-
s-new-era-transcript-mandela-s-speech-cape-town-city-hall-africa-it.html

Aug. 16, 1989

F. W. de Klerk is sworn in

as Acting President of South Africa

https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/16/
world/de-klerk-becomes-pretoria-president.html

1988

Simple Minds & Peter Gabriel

Biko - Live Mandela 70th Wembley

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAjv7QCQkzw 

1986

Abolishment of the pass laws

 http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

Thousands of Students

Protest Afrikaans Language in Soweto

June 16, 1976

INDEPENDENT LENS

The World Witnesses the Soweto Uprising

Aired: 01/12/2012

04:58

Rating: TV-PG

On June 16, 1976,

what began as a non-violent demonstration by students in Soweto

quickly escalated into a violent uprising once the authorities fired

on the unarmed protestors, killing 12-year-old Hector Pieterson.

Don't miss "The New Generation,"

the second episode of the landmark series,

"Have You Heard from Johannesburg," airing January 12, 2012

(check local listings).

https://www.pbs.org/video/independent-lens-the-world-witnesses-the-soweto-uprising/

Tens of thousands of students take to the streets of Soweto

to oppose the use of Afrikaans

as the language of instruction in black schools.

The police fire on the protesters,

setting off months of violence

that will leave more than 570 people dead.

The uprising is considered

a turning point in the history

of black resistance to apartheid.

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7210.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7209.shtml

https://www.pbs.org/video/
independent-lens-the-world-witnesses-the-soweto-uprising/

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1976/jun/17/southafrica.fromthearchive 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/
newsid_2514000/2514467.stm

1970s

More than 3 million people forcibly resettled

in black 'homelands'

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918

September 1966

Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd

[ 1901-1966 ]

is assassinated

Hendrik Verwoerd was the architect behind apartheid,

which built upon earlier colonial legislation

to keep the different racial groups apart.

Verwoerd believed

in the 'separate development' of the different racial groups

as an ideology as much as a political system.

He was born in the Netherlands

but moved to South Africa

due to his sympathy with the Afrikaner people

after the Boer War.

He was native affairs minister

before becoming prime minister in 1958

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7207.shtml

 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/
24-hours-special--verwoerd-assassination/zbf8y9q

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013t15n

Rivona trial (1964), Robben Island jail

16 August 1962

The State v. Mandela

In Johannesburg today

the case is due to open

of the State v. Mandela.

Undoubtedly the court will be crowded out

with supporters of the resistance movement,

just as it was in 1952

when 13 African and Indian leaders, including Mandela,

were tried for organising

the great Defiance Campaign against unjust laws,

and again in 1956

when 156 men and women, including Mandela,

were accused of high treason.

http://century.theguardian.com/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105573,00.html

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105573,00.html

Dec. 16, 1961

Mandela Helps Form Guerrilla Army

Mr. Mandela and other A.N.C. leaders

form a military wing

called Umkhonto we Sizwe,

or Spear of the Nation.

Mr. Mandela becomes the first commander in chief

of the guerrilla army.

He will train to fight,

work to obtain weapons for the group,

and come to be known as the Black Pimpernel,

but he will never see combat.

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/
world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

March 29, 1961

Acquitted of Treason

Mr. Mandela and his co-defendants

are acquitted of treason.

Fearing he will be arrested again,

Mr. Mandela goes underground.

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html

Killings in Sharpeville    March 21, 1960

The Sharpeville Massacre:

Archbishop Tutu discusses events surrounding the massacre

21st of March 1960

when Archbishop Tutu was 28

South Africa exploded in violence.

Police shot down

unarmed protestors "The Sharpeville Massacre".

Taken from The Frost Interview w/Sir David Frost,

Archbishop Tutu describes South Africa

at the time surrounding the massacre.

YouTube >  DesmondTutu PeaceFoundation

Published 25 January 2013

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9dS4pJ8r0E 

The police fire on a demonstration in Sharpeville,

killing 69 people and wounding 181.

After the shooting,

the South African government bans

black political groups and gatherings,

and arrests thousands.

The A.N.C. is among the banned groups.

Its members go underground

and begin planning a campaign

of direct attacks on the apartheid government.

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audioslideshow/2010/mar/19/southafrica

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/19/south-africa-sharpeville-massacre-anniversary

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/19/sharpeville-massacre-south-africa-archive

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/audioslideshow/2010/mar/19/southafrica

https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/21/
world/sharpeville-25-years-later-recalls-a-fateful-day.html 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1960/mar/22/
southafrica.fromthearchive - 1960

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105513,00.html - 1960

http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105520,00.html - 1960

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,6051,105518,00.html - 1960

February 3, 1960

UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's speech

to the South African Parliament

'wind of change' speech

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1960/feb/03/
southafrica.past 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/3/
newsid_2714000/2714525.stm

https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/
tour-of-south-africa--rt-hon-macmillan/zv6gt39 

1960s

The implementation of apartheid

The homelands policy

The ideologues of apartheid created 10 tribal homelands,

planning to groom them to autonomy

and then full independence,

leaving behind a prosperous, white South Africa.

By gerrymandering and forced removals,

17 million blacks were moved

onto these reservations.

Four homelands were persuaded

to accept independence,

a status unrecognized

by any country except South Africa.

https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/28/
world/homeland-apartheid-s-child-is-defying-change.html

In the 1960s,

Dr HF Verwoerd took further steps

to develop apartheid known

as Separate Development.

The Nationalists said

that South Africa, was composed of a white group

and 10 African ones,

based on the particular African language

that a group spoke.

The whites belonged in the areas

where successful mining,

manufacturing and agriculture

were carried out.

Each African person belonged

to one of the small, impoverished

rural ethnic enclaves.

http://teachers.guardian.co.uk/Guardian_RootRepository/Saras/ContentPackaging/UploadRepository/
learnpremium/Lesson/learnpremium/histor~00/keystage4/southa~00/theimp~00/thehom~00/thehom~00/default.htm

http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/a-2d-homeland-is-taken-over-by-south-africa.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/11/world/homeland-leader-in-south-africa-flees-his-capital.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/19/world/south-african-hit-squads-tied-to-homeland.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/28/world/homeland-apartheid-s-child-is-defying-change.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/world/
a-black-homeland-finds-itself-an-orphan-in-post-apartheid-south-africa.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/11/world/south-africa-quells-coup-attempt-in-a-homeland.html

http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/31/world/army-coup-in-south-african-homeland.html

Mandela's first treason trial

During Trial, a Second Marriage    June 14, 1958

Nelson Mandela,

leaves the Pretoria synagogue,

being used as a court,

at the end of the day's proceedings in 1958

during his first treason trial.

He and other defendants

were acquitted on 1961

after a four and half year trial.

The South Africa government

said on Nov. 21

that it will not send the black leader

back to prison

when he completes his hospital stay

but keep him under close guard

at an unspecified location.

Photograph: Associated Press

Boston Globe > Big Picture

The world mourns Mandela        December 6, 2013

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/the_world_mourns_mandela.html - broken link

Moses Kotane (left)

emerges from court in Pretoria with Nelson Mandela

at the end of the first day of their treason trial October 1958.

Photograph: Jurgen Schadeberg

AP

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/23/
anti-apartheid-hero-moses-kotanes-remains-repatriated-russia - broken link

In the midst of Mr. Mandela’s trial

on treason charges, he marries

Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela,

16 years his junior.

The tumultuous union will produce two daughters

and a national drama of forced separation,

devotion, remorse and acrimony.

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html

Mandela Arrested on Treason Charges    Dec. 5, 1956

ANC supporters pray

in front of the courthouse of Johannesburg,

on Dec. 28, 1956,

to support 152 anti-apartheid militants,

including Nelson Mandela, during their trial.

Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

Boston Globe > Big Picture

The world mourns Mandela

December 6, 2013

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/12/
the_world_mourns_mandela.html - broken link

Dec. 5, 1956

Mr. Mandela is arrested at his home

and charged with treason,

along with 155 others

who called for a nonracial state

in South Africa

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/Mandela-Timeline.html

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/12/05/world/africa/
Mandela-Timeline.html

The Public Safety Act

and the Criminal Law Amendment Act,

passed in 1953,

allowed the government

to impose strict punishments

for protesting a law,

including fines,

imprisonment and whippings.

It also allowed the government

to declare “states of emergency”;

individuals detained

during such periods could be held

without a hearing for up to six months.

These states of emergency

were declared often through 1989

and resulted in thousands

dying in custody,

frequently as a result of torture.

Of those who were tried,

many were sentenced to death,

banishment or life in prison.

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/ 

1950

Population classified by race

Group Areas Act passed to segregate

blacks and whites.

Communist Party banned.

ANC responds with campaign

of civil disobedience,

led by Nelson Mandela.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918

In 1950,

the Population Registration Act

classified all South Africans

as either Bantu (black),

white or “coloured” (mixed race).

(A fourth category, Asian

— including Indian

and Pakistani people —

was later added.)

That same year,

the Group Areas Act established in urban areas

residential and commercial sections for each race

and prohibited other races from living,

owning land or operating businesses

in any areas but those designated for them.

Although whites made up less than 10 percent

of the population,

they received more than 80 percent

of South African land

as a result of this and two later acts,

collectively known as the Land Acts.

http://www.pbs.org/pov/promisedland/background.php

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918

http://archive.pov.org/promisedland/background/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyDv7d0Mm-Q 

Apartheid laws in South Africa    1948-1991

South Africa 1974 Dec.

Photograph: Alfred Eisenstaedt

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1206.html

Life Images

http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/9638bb615c68cbad_large

Related

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f75ca0a6387b364f.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0160mtw

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7205.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7208.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7201.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/7217.shtml

Apartheid in South Africa    1948-1991

South Africa 1974 Dec.

Photograph: Alfred Eisenstaedt

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1206.html

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/8a77508f1473beef.html

Living under racial

segregation and discrimination

The political system of apartheid

governed every aspect of life

in South Africa from 1948 to 1991.

In practice,

apartheid enforced a racial hierarchy

privileging white South Africans

and under this system

only they had the vote.

The programmes and documents

illustrate what life was like

for ordinary South Africans

as well as revealing key moments

in the struggle against this political system.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/apartheid/

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0160mtw

https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/south-african-dilemma-1/z6kt8xs

https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--after-soweto/zjcm47h

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--union-of-south-africa/zvp4nrd

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/panorama--south-africa/z6jsqp3

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/11/
mandela-sanitised-hypocrites-apologists-apartheid

April 20, 1964

An ideal

for which I am prepared to die

Mandela made this statement from the dock

at the opening of his trial on charges of sabotage,

Supreme court of South Africa, Pretoria

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/nelsonmandela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/23/
nelsonmandela

April 1960

Africans urged to burn pass books

Africans throughout the country

have been urged by the former Chief Luthuli,

president of the African National Congress,

to burn their pass-books

"in an orderly manner."

It was resentment against

the pass-book system

which led to last Monday's riots

in which some seventy Africans were killed.

The Congress's president's statement was issued

after the South African Government had made known

a change in its policy:

for the present

the police have been told

not to demand to see the passes

or arrest Africans for failing to carry them.

But Mr F.C. Erasmus,

the Minister of Justice,

made it clear that this move is only temporary,

and that Africans will again have to carry the documents

when conditions return to normal.

http://century.theguardian.com/1960-1969/Story/0,,105518,00.html

https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
Story/0,,105518,00.html 

Population Registration Act    1950

English: A certificate issued in 1988

by the South African government

in terms of the Population Registration Act

indicating the registration and racial classification

of a newborn on the Population Register.

Date 18 March 1988

Source Scanned by User:Htonl

Author Government of South Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_registration_certificate_South_Africa_1988.jpg

he Population Registration Act of 1950

required that each inhabitant of South Africa

be classified and registered in accordance

with their racial characteristics

as part of the system of apartheid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Population_Registration_Act,_1950

1913

Land Act introduced to prevent blacks,

except those living in Cape Province,

from buying land outside reserves

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094918

The 1913 Native Land Act

prohibited the sale of white territory

to blacks and vice versa.

http://www.pbs.org/pov/promisedland/background.php

https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-africa-14094918 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Natives_Land_Act,_1913

1912

Native National Congress founded,

later renamed

the African National Congress (ANC)

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094918

Graça Machel

https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2014/jul/18/
nelson-mandela-biographies-graca-machel-dinaw-mengestu-podcast

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/08/
nelson-mandela-shared-final-moments-graca-machel-winnie-madikizela

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/06/
graca-machel-nelson-mandela-wife

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/29/
profile-graca-machel

Nelson Mandela archive

launches digital treasure trove

March 2012

More than 1,900

documents, photographs and films

of South Africa's first black president

available for free online

https://archive.nelsonmandela.org/#!home

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/27/
nelson-mandela-archive-digital-treasure

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2012/mar/27/
inside-nelson-mandela-digital-archive-in-pictures

Mandela was arrested in 1962,

a year before Martin Luther King Jr would give

his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, DC.

After 27 years in prison,

Mandela was released in 1990.

Four years later, he would become

the first democratically elected

president of South Africa.

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/18/
nelson-mandela-birthday-america-racism

Mandela recordings

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica1

The Rivonia Trial

The historical background to Mandela's

final public speech for 27 years

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica2 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/
nelsonmandela.southafrica4

Robben Island prison

William Ernest Henley (1849-1902 / Gloucester / England) > Invictus

https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/invictus/ 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/africa/
obama-visits-prison-where-mandela-was-jailed.html

Documentaire > Photographes contre l'apartheid

Le Bang Bang Club        55mn        WDR        Allemagne

Sous l’apartheid,

le quotidien The Star,

qui prenait clairement position contre le régime raciste,

était le plus puissant organe de presse d’Afrique du Sud.

Dans les années 1990,
il employait une équipe de photojournalistes
dont les clichés spectaculaires ont fait le tour du monde,
et hantent aujourd’hui encore l’inconscient collectif.

Ken Oosterbroek, Greg Marinovich, Kevin Carter et João Silva
formaient le « Bang Bang Club »,
qui couvrit les événements depuis la libération de Nelson Mandela
jusqu’aux élections de 1994.

Quatre années durant lesquelles 20 000 personnes furent tuées
dans des combats rapprochés entre partisans de l’ANC
et de l’Inkatha, le parti adverse.

Persuadés de la nécessité de rendre compte de ces assassinats,
mus par l’ivresse du danger, ces « voyous » de la photographie
ont été jusqu’à accompagner les auteurs des massacres
pour documenter leurs crimes.

Si ces expériences sont profondément traumatiques,
elles suscitent également des controverses d’ordre éthique :
face à la mort d’autrui, comment rester simple spectateur ?

Kevin Carter en a fait les frais :
sa célèbre image couronnée du Prix Pulitzer
– un enfant soudanais épuisé, guetté par un vautour –
essuya un flot de critiques.

Hanté par les horreurs vues
et par la mort de Ken Oosterbroek,
tué dans un échange de tirs,
il se suicide l’année suivante.

Quant à João Silva,
il a perdu ses deux jambes en 2010
après avoir sauté sur une mine en Afghanistan,
l’appareil à la main.

À travers leurs récits et ceux de leurs proches,
ce film propose un portrait saisissant
de ces quatre écorchés vifs,
chroniqueurs d’une histoire sanglante.

http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/048230-000/photographes-contre-l-apartheid - broken link

 https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/29/
twenty-years-after-apartheid/

https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/
joao-silva-looking-back-moving-forward/

Related > Anglonautes > History

South Africa > 20th, early 21st century

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Apartheid

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