|
|
|
History > 19th century > USA > Civil War > Timeline in pictures 1861-1865
Unidentified soldier in Union uniform and forage cap with portraits of Lincoln, Johnson, and an unidentified boy in a book-shaped locket with pages Date Created/Published: [between 1861 and 1865] Medium: 2 photographs in 1 case : gem tintype, hand-colored ; 2.3 x 2.1 cm (case) 2 photographic prints in 1 case ; 2.3 x 2.1 cm (case) Summary: Locket has tintype portraits of soldier and child and photographic print portraits of Johnson and Lincoln on separate pages.
Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/item/2010650790/ Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
[Unidentified sergeant and corporal in Union uniforms in front of painted backdrop showing camp scene] Digital ID: (digital file from original item) ppmsca 32648 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.32648 Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-32648 (digital file from original item) Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/item/2012646973/resource/
[Unidentified soldier in Union great coat] http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.31658 Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-31658 (digital file from original item) Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/item/2011648527/resource/ Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
[Unidentified soldier in Union first lieutenant's uniform next to unidentified woman in dress] Digital ID: (digital file from original item, tonality adjusted) ppmsca 37525 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.37525 Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-37525 (digital file from original item, tonality adjusted) LC-DIG-ppmsca-27525 (digital file from original item) Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/item/2010650865/resource/ Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Reconstruction
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/
the Supreme Court gave the ultimate death knell to Reconstruction civil rights in 1883 by striking down the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and of 1875
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/18/
https://www.npr.org/2019/06/18/
post-civil war 'neo slavery'
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
By some estimates, disease, exposure and combat took the lives of 750,000 troops
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/
How the Civil War Changed the World
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/
John Armor Bingham 1815-1900
He took the lead in framing the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, and he authored its guarantee that no state shall “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
More than any man except Abraham Lincoln, John Bingham was responsible for establishing what the Civil War meant for America’s future.
(...)
The Civil War transformed Bingham from a dissenter into a legislator.
In the 37th Congress, from 1861 to 1863, he was instrumental in drafting bills to support the war effort, including the muster of the state militias, the admission of West Virginia and the suspension of habeas corpus.
He made an impassioned plea for the successful abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, commenting that the legislation “illustrates the great principle that this day shakes the throne of every despot upon the globe, and that is, whether man was made for government or government made for man.”
(...)
Most significantly, Bingham drafted the crucial language of that 14th Amendment.
It is Bingham who is responsible for the words:
“No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
This sentence would be the legal basis for the Supreme Court’s subsequent decisions desegregating the public schools, securing equality for women, and creating the right to sexual privacy.
Bingham also said that his text would also extend all of the protections of the Bill of Rights to the actions of state governments, which is largely, though not completely, the law today.
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/
William Tecumseh Sherman 1820-1891
Sherman, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh; half-length, seated.
111-B-1769. Federal Army Officers Pictures of the Civil War Select Audiovisual Records National Archives and Records Administration Washington, DC 20408 http://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-176.jpg
Sherman fought at the First Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, in which Union troops were beaten badly by the Confederate Army.
Sent to Kentucky to command troops there, he did poorly.
His numerous requests for reinforcements and his generally nervous behavior caused some newspapers to describe him as insane.
But with the support of a new commander, Ulysses S. Grant, Sherman found confidence.
The two forged a bond during the appalling battle of Shiloh.
After the Confederates attacked the unprepared Union troops, Sherman and Grant struggled furiously to prevent a panicked retreat and drive off the Confederate force.
Sherman, who was wounded in the hand and had two horses shot out from under him, performed admirably.
From that point on, the men would work together for Union victory.
At Vicksburg, Mississippi, Sherman helped win Grant one of the greatest victories of the war, breaking the Confederates' grip on the Mississippi River.
When Grant was appointed commander of the entire Union Army and went east to Washington, he left Sherman as commander of the three armies of the Mississippi military division. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-sherman/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-sherman/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/05/27/shermans-march-on-washington/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/who-burned-atlanta/
George Caleb Bingham 1811-1879
Bingham made his fame largely through painting images describing American civil virtues;
his most famous paintings include a series on American electioneering completed before the Civil War – “Stump Speaking,” “The County Election” and “The Verdict of the People” – which capture the essence of democracy in the first half of the 19th century.
Although some commentators have seen a critique of Jacksonian democracy in Bingham’s depiction of drunken voters, the art historian Nancy Rash argued that the election series embodied Bingham’s commitment to democracy as the supreme expression of the people’s will.
Even his frontier scenes, such as “The Jolly Flatboatman” and “Fur Traders Descending the Missouri,” which depict life on the Western rivers, reflect his Whig Party political views.
(...)
Bingham was also a zealous Unionist.
Although his family had owned slaves in Virginia and Missouri, he considered slavery doomed.
But he had no love for the abolitionists either, whom he considered as dangerous to the Union as the Southern fire-eaters.
His election paintings are dominated by whites and show African-Americans only on the periphery, working or serving drinks to the voters. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/an-artists-revenge/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/an-artists-revenge/
1870
The Fifteenth Amendment extends the right to vote to former male slaves
http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html
December 1865
Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Slavery is officially abolished in all areas of the United States
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=40 http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_11.html http://www.historicaldocuments.com/13thAmendment.htm
Close to 180,000 black men served in the Union Army by war’s end.
Most of them were slaves who had fled from the Confederate states.
Three-fourths of all black Northern men volunteered, virtually everyone who was eligible.
But they were segregated in units initially led by white officers and were often assigned the most arduous jobs and the most dangerous combat roles.
To add insult to injury, they were denied equal pay.
This imposed a double burden to fight against enemy forces and to protest against the “friendly fire” of racial prejudice.
These inequities kept at least some men from joining the Army, but more often than not, they eagerly enrolled with a strong commitment to serve their country and rescue their people from bondage.
(...)
Confederates identified black soldiers as slave insurrectionists, regardless of their antebellum status.
They released their wrath on captives in the form of summary executions and re-enslavement, as if they had engaged in high treason against the Southern nation-state.
This was a clear violation of the Lieber Code of conduct in war, which mandated humane treatment of prisoners of war regardless of race. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/a-mothers-letter-to-lincoln/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/a-mothers-letter-to-lincoln/
On April 27, 1865, the steamboat Sultana exploded and sank while traveling up the Mississippi River, killing an estimated 1,800 people.
The event remains the worst maritime disaster in U.S. history (the sinking of the Titanic killed 1,512 people).
Yet few know the story of the Sultana's demise, or the ensuing rescue effort that included Confederate soldiers saving Union soldiers they might have shot just weeks earlier.
http://www.npr.org/2015/04/27/
April 9, 1865
Confederate general Robert Edward Lee surrenders
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr09.html https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/robert-e-lee
April 9, 1865
The Battle of Appomattox Court House
The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War.
It was the final engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.
Lee, having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, after the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to join his army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina.
Union forces pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat at the village of Appomattox Court House.
Lee launched an attack to break through the Union force to his front, assuming the Union force consisted entirely of cavalry.
When he realized that the cavalry was backed up by two corps of Union infantry, he had no choice but to surrender. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House
ON April 9, 1865 — Palm Sunday — Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert E. Lee negotiated their famous “Gentlemen’s Agreement” of surrender.
In the ensuing celebration, a relieved Grant told his men, “The war is over.”
But Grant soon discovered he was wrong.
Not only did fighting continue in pockets for weeks, but in other ways the United States extended the war for more than five years after Appomattox.
Using its war powers to create freedom and civil rights in the South, the federal government fought against a white Southern insurgency that relied on murder and intimidation to undo the gains of the war.
(...)
Grant himself recognized that he had celebrated the war’s end far too soon.
Even as he met Lee, Grant rejected the rebel general’s plea for “peace” and insisted that only politicians, not officers, could end the war.
Then Grant skipped the fabled laying-down-of-arms ceremony to plan the Army’s occupation of the South.
To enforce its might over a largely rural population, the Army marched across the South after Appomattox, occupying more than 750 towns and proclaiming emancipation by military order.
This little-known occupation by tens of thousands of federal troops remade the South in ways that Washington proclamations alone could not.
And yet as late as 1869, President Grant’s attorney general argued that some rebel states remained in the “grasp of war.”
When white Georgia politicians expelled every black member of the State Legislature and began a murderous campaign of intimidation, Congress and Grant extended military rule there until 1871.
Meanwhile, Southern soldiers continued to fight as insurgents, terrorizing blacks across the region.
One congressman estimated that 50,000 African-Americans were murdered by white Southerners in the first quarter-century after emancipation.
“It is a fatal mistake, nay a wicked misery to talk of peace or the institutions of peace,” a federal attorney wrote almost two years after Appomattox.
“We are in the very vortex of war.”
Against this insurgency, even President Andrew Johnson, an opponent of Reconstruction, continued the state of war for a year after Appomattox.
When Johnson tried to end the war in the summer of 1866, Congress seized control of his war powers;
from 1867 to 1870, generals in the South regulated state officials and oversaw voter registration, ensuring that freedmen could claim the franchise they had lobbied for.
With the guidance of military overseers, new biracial governments transformed the Constitution itself, passing the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments.
The military occupation created pockets of stability and moments of order.
Excluded from politics before the war, black men won more than 1,500 office during Reconstruction.
By 1880, 20 percent of black families owned farms.
But the occupation that helped support these gains could not be sustained.
Anxious politicians reduced the Army’s size even as they assigned it more tasks.
After Grant used the military to put down the Ku Klux Klan in the Carolinas in 1871, Congress and the public lost the will to pay the human and financial costs of Reconstruction.
Once white Southern Democrats overthrew Reconstruction between the 1870s and 1890s, they utilized the Appomattox myth to erase the connection between the popular, neatly concluded Civil War and the continuing battles of Reconstruction.
By the 20th century, history textbooks and popular films like “The Birth of a Nation” made the Civil War an honorable conflict among white Americans, and Reconstruction a corrupt racial tyranny of black over white (a judgment since overturned by historians like W. E. B. DuBois and Eric Foner). http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/opinion/sunday/the-dangerous-myth-of-appomattox.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House
http://www.npr.org/2015/04/12/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/opinion/sunday/the-dangerous-myth-of-appomattox.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/us/politics/civil-wars-lessons-resound-150-years-later.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/arts/design/
Union general Ulysses S. Grant 1822-1885
Eighteenth President of the United States 1869-1877
TITLE: Pres. U.S. Grant MEDIUM: 1 negative : glass, wet collodion. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [between 1870 and 1880] http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(cwpbh+03890)) http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpbh.03890
Digital ID: cwpbh 03890 Source: digital file from original neg. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-cwpbh-03890 (digital file from original neg.) Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA TIFF > JPEG by Anglonautes.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/index.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/the-crossroads-at-cold-harbor/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/19/general-grants-infamous-order/
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/17/arts/design/17hist.html
Abraham Lincoln 1809 - April 15, 1865
April 2, 1865
Ulysses S. Grant's army attack Confederate lines at Petersburg, Virginia
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr02.html
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/cwar: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg
1865
Grant's Siege of Richmond
[Richmond, Va. Street in the burned district].
SUMMARY Photograph of the main eastern theater of war, fallen Richmond,
April-June 1865. (Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/cwar:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28cwp+4a39841%29%29 DIGITAL ID (digital file from original neg. of left half) cwpb 02673 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpb.02673 (digital file from original neg. of right half) cwpb 02672 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpb.02672 (digital file from intermediary roll copy film) cwp 4a39841
Shortly before noon on April 3, 1865, a telegraph operator on duty at the War Department in Washington, D.C., received an electrifying message over the wires.
“Here is the first message for you in four years from Richmond,” it read.
Leaping up from his seat, the operator ran to an open window and cried out, “Richmond has fallen!”
The news spread swiftly, and, as one observer later remembered, “Almost by magic, the streets were crowded with hosts of people, talking, laughing, hurrahing, and shouting in the fullness of their joy.”
Fewer people were more relieved at the news than President Abraham Lincoln.
The crushing strains of wartime leadership had left him exhausted and despondent.
With the end of the war in sight, and Lincoln decided to celebrate the moment with a tour of the rebel capital the following day, April 4. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/07/lincolns-triumphant-visit-to-richmond/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr02.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1864.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1865.html http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/v?ammem/cwar:0453-0529:T21
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/07/lincolns-triumphant-visit-to-richmond/
Federal Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer 1839-1876
George Armstrong Custer 1839-1876 Edited picture - Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:G_a_custer.jpg
original picture - NARA http://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-163.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/photos/index.html
Custer's Last Stand The Wild West BBC Documentary 9 March 2019
Custer's Last Stand | The Wild West | BBC Documentary 9 March 2019
In June 1876, 366 men of Custer's men attacked a Sioux Indian village of 2,000 braves.
Two thirds of the soldiers were killed but the latest historical research shows that, against all the odds, Custer was close to pulling off a remarkable victory. YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/custer.htm http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970310/custer.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jun25.html
https://www.youtube.com/
Andrew Johnson 1808-1875
Seventeenth President of the United States 1865-1869
Impeachment Trial
Andrew Johnson half-length portrait, facing left Source: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a53290 Date: circa 1855 and 1865 Author: Mathew Brady http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Andrew_johnson2.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson Primary source http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec29.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwcg-imp.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec29.html
Sept. 2, 1864
Capture of Atlanta by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman
At 7 a.m. on Nov. 16, 1864, Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman accompanied the last corps of his Union army as it left Atlanta to begin a virtually uncontested “March to the Sea,” which would end in Savannah five weeks later.
Three miles outside the city, he stopped for a final look back.
“Behind us lay Atlanta smoldering and in ruins, the black smoke rising high in the air and hanging like a pall over the ruined city,” he recalled.
Presently a nearby infantry band struck up John Brown’s anthem.
“Never … have I heard the chorus of ‘Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!’ done with more spirit.”
The men were proud of what they had done.
A little over six months earlier, Sherman and his men had started a campaign that culminated in the capture of Atlanta on Sept. 2, a victory that probably clinched President Abraham Lincoln’s re-election.
But their most recent accomplishments were the destruction and civilian depopulation of Atlanta and other North Georgia towns.
Under Sherman’s orders, by the end of September nearly all of Atlanta’s residents had been forcibly removed, although most had no place to go. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/who-burned-atlanta/
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/
Battle near Mrs Allsop’s pine forest 19 May 1864
A dead Confederate soldier, after the battle of the 19 May near Mrs Allsop’s pine forest, Virginia, 1864.
Photograph: Timothy H. O'Sullivan
Early American photography – in pictures G Friday 2 March 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2018/mar/02/
May 5-7, 1864
The Battle of the Wilderness
First battle of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1864.html http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/picamer/paCw1864.html
By late spring 1864, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was relentlessly pursuing his advance on the Confederate capital at Richmond, Va.
With his recent appointment as commander of the Union armies, Grant had brought a new approach to the war – one of absolute and brutal attrition.
Knowing that he could replace as many men as he lost, even as the rebel army suffered from a desperate shortage of manpower, he had bulldozed his way across Virginia in what was named the Overland Campaign, throwing tens of thousands of men against the Confederate wall.
At the end of May, after the bloody but inconclusive confrontations of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, the two armies came together at an obscure crossroads just a few miles outside Richmond.
Described as nothing more than “a wide spot in a lonely, dusty road,” it had been named Cold Harbor – after a run-down shelter that supposedly offered travelers a place to sleep but no hot meals. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/the-crossroads-at-cold-harbor/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/02/the-crossroads-at-cold-harbor/
The Fort Pillow Massacre in Tennessee on April 12, 1864, in which some 300 African-American soldiers were killed, was one of the most controversial events of the American Civil War (1861-65).
Though most of the Union garrison surrendered, and thus should have been taken as prisoners of war, the soldiers were killed.
The Confederate refusal to treat these troops as traditional prisoners of war infuriated the North, and led to the Union’s refusal to participate in prisoner exchanges.
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1864/05/03/
Military innovations of the Civil War
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/20/
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/
The Civil War saw a surprising number of experiments with chemical and biological warfare. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/dead-cattle-and-greek-fire/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/
July 1863
New York riots
The deadly riots of July 1863 were about race, class and politics — not just the draft.
(...)
The draft was the immediate cause of the trouble.
As the war went badly for the North in the spring of 1863, Union leaders worried that few of the initially optimistic volunteers would re-enlist when their terms were up in 1864.
So Congress established America’s first conscription system (the Confederacy already had one).
Enrolling officers entered all men between 20 and 35 years old, and unmarried men up to 45, in a lottery.
Those drafted could join the Army, find a substitute or pay $300.
Congress hoped this fee would prevent a bidding war for substitutes, but it was far beyond the means of the average American worker.
Forcing men into combat represented the greatest demand the federal government had ever put on its citizens, and it did not sit well with New York’s immigrant laborers.
They were largely against the war and predominantly Democratic, and they chafed under a Republican-controlled White House, Congress, mayor’s office and, perhaps worst of all, local police force.
White supremacists fanned existing hatred, blaming African-Americans for conscription.
Street-corner demagogues shouted:
“There would have been no draft but for the war — there would have been no war but for slavery, the slaves were black, ergo, all blacks are responsible for the war.”
New York’s black community, centered in Greenwich Village, became a scapegoat for growing anger at Washington.
Working conditions provided the riots’ final cause.
New York was rapidly maturing into an industrial behemoth.
From Lower Manhattan to Midtown, the island was an unbroken cluster of homes and businesses.
Farther north the grid was only partly filled.
Here and there factories and tenements popped up, like pimples on the forehead of the adolescent city. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/opinion/sunday/when-the-civil-war-came-to-new-york.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/nyregion/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2013/07/12/
July 1-3, 1863
One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1-3, 1863
General Robert E. Lee came face to face with a Union army led by General George Meade.
On July 3, Lee sent three divisions, about 15,000 men in all, against the Union. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm095.html
Gettysburg - the battle that many historians cite as a key turning point in the US civil war, which left 50,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead on Pennsylvania farmland.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/jul/01/
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm095.html http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/map12.html http://video.pbs.org/video/1832543409/ http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/gettysburg_address.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/lincolns-sound-bite-have-faith-in-democracy/ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/18/opinion/lincoln-at-gettysburg-long-ago.html http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/07/gettysburg-address-copy-display-library-congress http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/02/gettysburg-civil-war-maine-little-round-top http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/who-won-the-civil-war http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/disunion/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/jul/01/ http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-201_162-10017349.html
April 30 - May 6, 1863
Battle of Chancellorsville
more than 133,000 Union soldiers squared off against more than 60,000 Confederates in the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Though the battle swung back and forth for several days, it ended with a decisive Southern victory.
And yet the war ground on, for another two years.
The war only ended when the devastation spilled off the battlefield, as Sherman and his army took the conflict to the farmland and cities of the South. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/winning-the-field-but-not-the-war/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/03/winning-the-field-but-not-the-war/
22 April 1863
Union raid cuts Mississippi telegraph wires
Colonel Benjamin Grierson’s Union troops bring destruction to Central Mississippi as part of a two-week raid along the entire length of the state.
This action was a diversion in General Ulysses S. Grant’s campaign to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last remaining Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River.
Grant had his army on the western shore of the river, but he was planning to cross the mighty river south of Vicksburg, and move against Vicksburg from the west.
Grierson’s orders were to destroy enemy supplies, telegraph lines, and railroads in Mississippi. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/union-raid-cuts-mississippi-telegraph-wires
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/union-raid-cuts-mississippi-telegraph-wires
How the former slaves along the South Carolina coast celebrated Emancipation Day, 1863.
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/the-grove-of-gladness/
September 17, 1862
Antietam battle
Sharpsburg, western Maryland
In the bloodiest war in American history, the battle of Antietam stands out as the bloodiest single day.
At the end of the battle, 2,108 Union soldiers were confirmed dead, and another 10,293 were missing.
By comparison, on the bloodiest single day of World War II, D-Day, the US forces lost only half as many men.
(In total, Union and Confederate losses were over nine times the number lost on June 6, 1944.)
Though Confederate losses were slightly less; only 10,318 men, Commanding General Robert E. Lee lost a quarter of his army.
More importantly, Lee was repelled in an attempt to invade the North, and hopefully gain recognition of the Confederate government by European powers.
When the battle was finished, nearly twice as many men had died in one single day at Sharpsburg as had fallen in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish-American War combined. http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/classroom/lesson_antietam.html
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/battle-of-antietam http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/classroom/lesson_antietam.html
http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/map7.html http://blogs.loc.gov/picturethis/2012/09/antietam-can-one-picture-tell-the-story/ http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep17.html http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002713085/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/the-dead-of-antietam/ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/17/americas-bloodiest-day/ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/the-most-desperate-battle-ever-fought/ http://www.npr.org/2012/09/17/161248814/antietam-a-savage-day-in-american-history http://www.npr.org/2012/09/17/161167847/re-tracing-the-steps-of-a-civil-war-photographer
http://www.nytimes.com/1862/10/20/news/brady-s-photographs-pictures-of-the-dead-at-antietam.html
27 June 1862 Battles of Gaines’ Mill and Cold Harbor
A burial party, Cold Harbor, Virginia, April 1865.
This gruesome scene shows black men burying the decomposed remains of fallen Union soldiers from the June 1864 battles of Gaines’ Mill and Cold Harbor.
All Photographs: Courtesy of the Getty Museum
Photograph: Alexander Gardner & John Reekie
Early American photography – in pictures G Friday 2 March 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2018/mar/02/
The Battle of Gaines's Mill, sometimes known as the First Battle of Cold Harbor or the Battle of Chickahominy River, took place on June 27, 1862, in Hanover County, Virginia, as the third of the Seven Days Battles (Peninsula Campaign) of the American Civil War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill
April 6 and April 7, 1862
The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing
The Battle of Shiloh began at sunrise on April 6, 1862 — the Sabbath — as 45,000 Confederate soldiers swooped down on an unsuspecting Union army encamped at Pittsburg Landing, a nondescript hog-and-cotton steamboat dock on the Tennessee River.
What followed were two of the bloodiest days of the Civil War, leaving 24,000 men on both sides dead, dying and wounded. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/why-shiloh-matters/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/picamer/paCw1862.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-general/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/grant-sherman/
1862
Sinking of the USS Cumberland
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=17
1862
John Boston An Escape from Slavery
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=9
Confederates and Native Americans
White civilization, as the Confederate vice president, Alexander Stephens, said, depended on the subjection of black people.
He might have added “and the erasure of Indians,” but his audience didn’t need to hear that; they had already done it.
(...)
In Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), the Cherokee tried to remain neutral, but Confederates threatened to foment insurrection if they didn’t join the cause.
Members of the Creek Nation who tried to flee to Kansas were chased down.
Those who made it out of Confederate territory were left to starve by Union troops.
Meanwhile, in Minnesota, the Union furthered the quest for Manifest Destiny by executing Indian resisters.
In Arizona and New Mexico, the Union Army forced Indian men, women and children to march 400 miles to an internment camp.
The Confederacy’s commitment to slavery and the Union’s commitment to expansion were different versions of the same story of imperialism.
Tribes who remained east of the Mississippi approached the war with ambivalence.
Eastern Band Cherokees formed a Confederate Army regiment, but a small group of Lumbee men led a multiracial gang of outlaws to violently resist Confederate assaults.
Known as the Lowry War, this uprising helped send the Confederates packing and continued into Reconstruction.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/
Library of Congress > Civil War
http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_10.html http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_11.html
Mathew B. Brady 1823?-1896 Alexander Gardner 1821-1882
In 1862, Brady shocked America by displaying his photographs of battlefield corpses from Antietam, posting a sign on the door of his New York gallery that read, "The Dead of Antietam."
This exhibition marked the first time most people witnessed the carnage of war.
The New York Times said that Brady had brought "home to us the terrible reality http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwbrady.html
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/brhc/ http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/048.html http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cwp/bradynote.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwbrady.html http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/lessons/brady/student.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/the-civil-wars-brother-artists/ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/the-dead-of-antietam/
http://www.npr.org/2012/09/17/
Library of Congress Selected Civil War Photographs Collection
The Selected Civil War Photographs Collection contains 1,118 photographs.
Most of the images were made under the supervision of Mathew B. Brady, and include scenes of military personnel, preparations for battle, and battle after-effects.
The collection also includes portraits of both Confederate and Union officers, and a selection of enlisted men.
An additional two hundred autographed portraits of army and navy officers, politicians, and cultural figures can be seen in the Civil War photograph album, ca. 1861-65. (James Wadsworth Family Papers). http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html
Library of Congress > Faces of the Civil War
a exhibit opening at the Library of Congress on April 12, offers an haunting view of the Civil War generation through 400 period photographs.
More than 700 ambrotype and tintype photographs highlight both Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
The Liljenquist Family sought out striking images, especially young enlisted men.
The photographs often show weapons, hats, canteens, musical instruments, painted backdrops, and other details that enhance the research value of the collection.
Among the most rare images are sailors, African Americans in uniform, a Lincoln campaign button, and portraits of soldiers with their families and friends. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/
Title: [Unidentified African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters]
Date Created/Published: [between 1863 and 1865]
Medium: 1 photograph : quarter-plate ambrotype ; 13.9 x 16.4 cm. (frame)
Summary: Photograph showing soldier in uniform, wife in dress and hat, and two daughters wearing matching coats and hats. In May 1863, U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton issued General Order No. 143 creating the Bureau of U. S. Colored Troops.
This image was found in Cecil County, Maryland, making it likely that this soldier belonged to one of the seven U.S.C.T. regiments raised in Maryland. (Source: Matthew R. Gross and Elizabeth T. Lewin, 2010) Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-36454 (digital file from original item, tonality adjusted) LC-DIG-ppmsca-26454 (digital file from original item) Call Number: AMB/TIN no. 5001 [P&P] Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsca/36400/36454v.jpg http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/item/2010647216/ http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
[Unidentified soldier in Confederate 1st lieutenant's uniform with wife and baby]
Digital ID: (digital file from original item) ppmsca 33455 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.33455 Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-33455 (digital file from original item) Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/
NARA Pictures of Civil War
http://www.archives.gov/research/military/civil-war/photos/index.html
Library of Congress Civil War photograph album, ca. 1861-65 (James Wadsworth Family Papers)
https://www.loc.gov/item/mm78044297/
Library of Congress daguerreotype collection
more than 725 photographs dating from 1839 to 1864
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/daghtml/daghome.html
July 21, 1861
Union and Confederate troops clash outside Manassas, Virginia, in the first major engagement of the Civil War, the First Battle of Bull Run (outside Manassas, Virginia)
After months of preparation by both the Union and Confederate governments, more than 80,000 soldiers held strategic positions across northern Virginia during the first weeks of July 1861.
The largest army ever fielded by the United States, 35,000 strong and commanded by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, occupied the area around Arlington and Alexandria, just across the Potomac River from Washington (...) .
A second Union force of 18,000 men, led by Brig. Gen. Robert Patterson, guarded the lower Shenandoah Valley, near Harpers Ferry. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/20/where-ignorant-armies-clash/
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul21.html#bullrun http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul21.html http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/placesinhistory/archive/2011/20110721_firstbullrun.html http://www.loc.gov/item/99439226 http://www.loc.gov/item/99439122
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/the-all-seeing-eye/ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/20/where-ignorant-armies-clash/
struggle at Fort Sumter, an almost-bloodless two-day battle that became the start of the Civil War almost by mistake.
"[At Fort Sumter] the Southerners thought that they would be able to drive the Yankees off of Confederate territory, and [they thought that] the North would feel like it wasn't worthwhile to fight to bring the South back into the Union," says Goodheart.
"Suffice to say, they miscalculated hugely."
Goodheart is the author of 1861: The Civil War Awakening, a social history of the earliest days of the Civil War, a time when the country — soon to be two separate nations — was preparing itself for battle. http://www.npr.org/2011/04/12/135246259/looking-at-the-civil-war-150-years-later
http://www.npr.org/2011/04/12/
Who Won the Civil War?
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/who-won-the-civil-war
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/02/
During the Civil War
Although the Civil War began as a conflict over secession, from the start most blacks saw it as an opportunity to free the enslaved with a Union victory – a theme reflected in the robust black press that prospered across the North.
In New York City, the war was closely chronicled by two newspapers, The Anglo-African and The Christian Recorder.
Established in 1859 by the editor Robert Hamilton and his brother Thomas, The Anglo-African reported extensively on the Civil War and the emancipation efforts.
But Anglo-African articles also covered the breadth of African-American life, with a focus on political issues relevant to black Americans, presented by black writer and activists like Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, the Rev. James W.C. Pennington and Martin Delany.
The Christian Recorder, founded in 1848, was a national weekly newspaper published by the African Methodist Episcopal Church, based in Philadelphia, but with correspondents across the country.
The New York area was served by correspondents in Manhattan and Brooklyn, who, along with The Recorder’s editor, provided an unvarnished critique of the war and frequently of New York’s black community. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/the-black-press-during-the-civil-war/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/
American Civil War 1861-1865
The United States of America / The Confederate States of America
Timeline Battles Maps Civil war photographs
Slaves / Slavery
Harper's Weekly Original Civil War Newspapers
Washington during the Civil War: The Diary of Horatio Nelson Taft, 1861-1865
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1861.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1861.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/cwmhtml/cwmhome.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/civilwar/civilwar.html http://www.loc.gov/spcoll/048.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/tafthtml/tafthome.html https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/03/opinion/why-the-civil-war-still-matters.html
Library of Congress
Time Line of The Civil War 1861-1865
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1861.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1862.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1863.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1864.html
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/tl1865.html
New York Times Civil war timeline
An unfolding history of the major events of the Civil War since Lincoln's election using contemporaneous coverage from The Times' article and photo archives.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/opinion/disunion.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/10/29/opinion/20101029-civil-war.html
20 December 1860
South Carolina Ordinance of Secession
"An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of South Carolina and other States,"
On Dec. 20, 1860, 169 men — politicians and people of property — met in the ballroom of St. Andrew’s Hall in Charleston, S.C.
After hours of debate, they issued the 158-word “Ordinance of Secession,” which repealed the consent of South Carolina to the Constitution and declared the state to be an independent country.
Four days later, the same group drafted a seven-page “Declaration of the Immediate Causes,” explaining why they had decided to split the Union.
The authors of these papers flattered themselves that they’d conjured up a second American Revolution.
Instead, the Secession Convention was the beginning of the Civil War, which killed some 620,000 Americans; an equivalent war today [ 2010 ] would send home more than six million body bags. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Ball.html
Document Description: in early November 1860, the South Carolina State Legislature called for elections to a state convention to be held on December 17th.
On December 20th, all 169 delegates to the convention voted for secession against Republican Presidential leadership on matters of race, economics, and politics.
This document states that South Carolina has repealed the Constitution and its amendments and disassociated itself from the United States of America.
“Declaration of Immediate Causes” explaining exactly why the state seceded, and “The Address to the People of South Carolina . . .” outlining the erosion of the Union and calling for a confederacy of southern states.
Citation: South Carolina Ordinance of Secession, 20 December 1860. Constitutional and Organic Papers. S 131053. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, South Carolina.
Transcription: At a Convention of the People of the State of South Carolina, begun and holden at Columbia on the Seventeenth day of December in the year or our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty and thence continued by adjournment to Charleston,
and there by divers adjournments to the Twentieth day of
December in the same year –
with her under the compact entitled “The Constitution of the
United States of America.” and it is herby declared and ordained, That the Ordinance adopted by us in Convention, on the twenty-third day of May in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven hundred and eight eight, whereby the Constitution of the United State of America was ratified, and also all Acts and parts of Acts of the General Assembly of this State, ratifying amendment of the said Constitution, are here by repealed; and that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States,
under the name of “The United States of America,” is hereby
dissolved.
in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty http://www.teachingushistory.org/lessons/documents/Ordinance.pdf
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/21/south-carolina-secession-civil-war
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Ball.html
1859
The Birth of ‘Dixie’
the famous anthem of the Confederacy can trace its origins back to a New York apartment in March 1859. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/31/the-birth-of-dixie/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/31/
Zachary Taylor 1784-1850
Twelfth president of the United States 1849-1850
Northerners and Southerners disputed sharply whether the territories wrested from Mexico should be opened to slavery, and some Southerners even threatened secession.
Standing firm, Zachary Taylor was prepared to hold the Union together by armed force rather than by compromise.
Born in Virginia in 1784, he was taken as an infant to Kentucky and raised on a plantation.
He was a career officer in the Army, but his talk was most often of cotton raising.
His home was in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and he owned a plantation in Mississippi.
But Taylor did not defend slavery or southern sectionalism; 40 years in the Army made him a strong nationalist. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor
Civil war photographs
http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2011/04/10/
Confederate States of America
Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/picamer/paConfed.html
Portraits of Named Civil War Enlisted Men
Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/233_cwsoldiers.html
Photographs of African Americans During the Civil War: A List of Images in the Civil War Photograph Collection
Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/081_cwaf.html
Photographs of Women During the Civil War: Selected Images
Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/107_civw.html
“Broken Bodies, Suffering Spirits”
permanent exhibition on Civil War medicine - Mütter Museum, Philadelphia
A new exhibition at the Mütter Museum focuses in part on Philadelphia’s role in the Civil War.
It was not a battleground, but about 157,000 injured soldiers were transported there for treatment.
Among the images is this one of a soldier who underwent reconstructive surgery for a facial wound in 1864.
Historical Medical Photography Collection, Mütter Museum http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/broken-bodies-suffering-spirits-at-the-mutter-museum.html
Stark Reminders of How Uncivil a War It Was ‘Broken Bodies, Suffering Spirits’ at the Mütter Museum By DENISE GRADY NYT JAN. 20, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/broken-bodies-suffering-spirits-at-the-mutter-museum.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/
Documentaries Ken Burns The Civil War
http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/
The New York Times Disunion
Disunion revisits and reconsiders America's most perilous period -- using contemporary accounts, diaries, images and historical assessments to follow the Civil War as it unfolded. https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/disunion/
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/disunion/
The Enlightenment’s ‘Race’ Problem
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/
Related > Anglonautes > History / Historical documents
17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century > America, USA Slavery, Racism, Civil war, Abraham Lincoln
20th century > 1920s-1970s > Civil rights era
18th, 19th century > America, USA
19th century > USA > Emancipation Proclamation - 1863
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
race relations, racism, civil rights,
|
|
|
