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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
énoncés en be + -ing
sens et valeurs énonciatives
present perfect en -ing ≠ present perfect simple
present perfect en -ing
have been + -ing
caractéristique habituelle, attendue du Nsujet
développement prévisible, logique
≠
present perfect simple actif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
caractéristique inattendue du Nsujet
information inédite
They've been watching that TV all day.
Traduction explicative : Comme d'hab / comme on pouvait s'y attendre, rien de neuf, la routine, ils ont regardé la télé toute la journée.
For Better or For Worse Lynn Johnston GoComics January 12, 2014 http://www.gocomics.com/forbetterorforworse#.UtJJEfTuK_8
A homeless vagrant who has been sleeping rough on the streets of Paris has been hailed as a painter of genius, reports Matthew Campell in The Sunday Times.
Answering only to the name of Joseph, the softly spoken man - who is in his thirties, has a fondness for whisky and speaks good English - was discovered when lawyer Alex Ursulet trod on him. "I looked down", said Ursulet, "and saw he was painting as he lay there. I looked at the painting and was mesmerised. It was new. I had incredible strength." Ursulet bought the work for £300 and since then the Dubuffet Foundation, an organisation dedicated to promoting avant-garde art, has acquired its own small collection. The Pompidou Centre's Museum of Modern Art is also said to be interested in acquiring a canvas. But tragically, it is unlikely that Joseph will be able to enjoy his success for long. He is now in hospital suffering from cancer. Paris's street-dwelling genius, TW, 4.10.2003.
La première phrase de ce texte montre bien que -ing n'est pas un marqueur temporel.
Le sans-abri - A homeless vagrant who has been sleeping rough on the streets of Paris - ne passe plus ses nuits dans la rue : He is now in hospital suffering from cancer.
sleeping rough on the streets of Paris est une caractéristique passée du sujet.
Il s'agit d'un attribut logique, sans relation avec le temps chronologique.
Un sans-abri dort souvent dans la rue : A homeless vagrant = sleeping rough on the streets of Paris
L'énonciateur développe un GN en lui donnant une suite en -ing logique, attendue, prévisible.
-ing est ici la marque de cette relation anaphorique et logique (anaphore : lien vers du déjà dit).
L'ensemble forme un GN complexe - A homeless vagrant who has been sleeping rough on the streets of Paris - sujet du Groupe Verbal (GV) au present perfect simple passif has been hailed.
A l'inverse de have been + -ing, le present perfect simple est la forme verbale de l'information ( -> valeur informative du present perfect / présent simple).
A la différence du développement prévisible véhiculé par has been sleeping rough, le groupe verbal au present perfect passif has been hailed annonce un développement inattendu : as a painter of genius.
Le changement de perspective est complet :
A homeless vagrant = a painter of genius
Orientation sujet / objet ou attribut :
A homeless vagrant <- sleeping rough on the streets of Paris
A homeless vagrant -> a painter of genius
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
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