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Bacteria and viruses - What is the difference between bacteria and viruses? Video Healthchanneltv / cherishyourhealthtv 12 September 2012
In this animation, the differences between bacteria and viruses are explained.
How does a bacterium or virus enter the body?
And what are typical complaints of a viral or bacterial infection?
Finally, the different treatment for bacterial and viral infections are mentioned.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-HThHRV4uo
Bill Gates Pandemic TED 3 April 2015
Bill Gates Video TED 3 April 2015
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Af6b_wyiwI
germs
bacterium USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/08/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/
bacterium > MRSA
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/13/
drug-resistant bacteria > Shigella USA
a highly transmissible bacteria that causes an infection called shigellosis, an inflammatory diarrhea.
https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/
bacterium causing melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/11/
bacterium > Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis > Hansen’s disease, commonly called leprosy USA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/21/
bacteria UK / USA
The next time you look in a mirror, think about this: In many ways you're more microbe than human.
There are 10 times more cells from microorganisms like bacteria and fungi in and on our bodies than there are human cells.
Scientists increasingly think that these microorganisms have a huge influence on our health.
Without them, our bodies don't seem to do as well.
We don't seem to be as healthy and might actually get sick more often.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/22/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/17/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/11/
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/08/16/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/01/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/apr/07/
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-12-04
good and bad bacteria USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
probiotic bacteria USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/08/16/
bacterial infection USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
common infections USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
Helicobacter pylori bacteria > stomach cancer USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/09/
bug UK
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/sep/27/
stomach bug / vomiting virus UK
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jan/04/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jan/03/
outbreak USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/18/
epidemic USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/
be infected USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
avoid spreading infections USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
be committed to eradicating cholera from N USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
tuberculosis TB
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
It is a serious condition, but can be cured with proper treatment.
TB mainly affects the lungs.
However, it can affect any part of the body, including the glands, bones and nervous system. - last reviewed: 03/12/2014 http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis/pages/Introduction.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/nov/18/
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-05-29-
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-04-11-
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-03-21-
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/11/
TB scare UK
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/11/
Treponema pallidum / Syphilis USA
Syphilis is a bacteria infection that is most often spread through sexual contact. http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/syphilis-primary/overview.html - broken URL
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/24/health/syphilis-std-united-states.html
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/10/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/
syphilis > penicillin USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/10/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
syphillis > wipe out USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is a type of penicillin. including ear, chest, throat and skin infections.
It can also be used to prevent infections if you have sickle cell disease, or if you have had chorea (a movement disorder), rheumatic fever, or your spleen removed.
The medicine is only available on prescription.
It comes as tablets or as a liquid that you drink. - 15 May 2020 https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/phenoxymethylpenicillin/
meningitis UK
Meningitis can be caused by bacteria or a virus.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/causes/
Legionnaires' disease USA
Legionnaires' disease is a potentially life-threatening form of pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria, which can grow in water systems such as water storage tanks or pipes.
The elderly and people who have weakened immune systems because they are sick are especially at risk.
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/
Health departments in the United States report nearly 10,000 cases of Legionnaires’ each year, but some experts believe the disease is still underreported because it can be difficult to distinguish from other lung infections.
Nearly one out of every 10 people who gets sick with Legionnaires’ disease dies because of complications from the illness, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The complications can include respiratory failure, heart inflammation and extensive muscle damage, all of which are more likely to occur in people ill enough to be admitted to the hospital.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/
legionella bacteria UK
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/30/
What is E. coli?
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a type of bacteria common in human and animal intestines, and forms part of the normal gut flora (the bacteria that exist in the bowel).
There are a number of different types of E. coli and while the majority are harmless some can cause serious food poisoning and serious infection.
For example, E. coli bacteria are a common cause of cystitis, an infection of the bladder that occurs when there is a spread of the bacteria from the gut to the urinary system.
Women are more susceptible to urinary tract infection by E. coli because of the close proximity of the urethra and the anus.
http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/09September/
E. coli bacteria USA
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/e-coli
E coli outbreak UK
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/10/
E coli infection UK
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/sep/14/
E coli USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/
whooping cough
The symptoms of whooping cough usually take between six and 20 days to appear after infection with the Bordetella pertussis bacterium.
This delay is known as the incubation period.
Whooping cough tends to develop in stages, with mild symptoms occurring first, followed by a period of more severe symptoms, before improvement begins. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Whooping-cough/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/whooping-cough/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/aug/31/
listeria USA
Listeria monocytogenes (...) can cause listeria infections.
Listeriosis is a foodborne bacterial illness that can be especially serious for pregnant people, those over 65 and people with weakened immune systems.
Other individuals may experience short-term symptoms, including high fever, severe headache, stiffness, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/30/
https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/02/
listeria outbreak USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/30/
Salmonella USA
Salmonella bacteria are resilient little germs. They can survive hours to days on surfaces and cannot be killed by drying or freezing, according to the FDA.
https://www.propublica.org/article/
https://www.propublica.org/article/
Salmonella Typhi bacteria > typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria.
Paratyphoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by Salmonella Paratyphi bacteria.
(...)
These diseases are spread through sewage contamination of food or water and through person-to-person contact.
People who are currently ill and people who have recovered but are still passing the bacteria in their poop (stools) can spread Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi.
https://www.cdc.gov/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/
https://www.cdc.gov/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
https://www.npr.org/2020/06/23/
typhoid > mutate > antibiotic-resistant strains / superbugs
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
extensively drug-resistant XDR
https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/
early 20th century > USA
Drinking animal milk — a practice as old as animal domestication itself — has always presented health risks, from spoilage or by way of infections passed down from the animal.
But the density of industrial cities like New York had made cow’s milk far deadlier than it was in earlier times.
In an age without refrigeration, milk would spoil in summer months if it was brought in from far-flung pastures in New Jersey or upstate New York.
Increased participation from women in the industrial labor force meant that more infants and young children were drinking cow’s milk even though a significant portion of dairy cows suffered from bovine tuberculosis, and unprocessed milk from these cows could transmit the bacterium that causes the disease to human beings.
Other potentially fatal illnesses were also linked to milk, including diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
be infected with gonorrhea USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/30/
Vibrio vulnificus USA
Parts of Florida hit hardest by Hurricane Ian are seeing nearly double the normal number of infections from a flesh-eating bacteria that thrives in brackish floodwaters.
According to the Florida Department of Health, the state has seen 65 cases of Vibrio vulnificus infections and 11 deaths from the bacterium in 2022.
Lee County, where Ian made landfall on Sept 28 as a category 4 storm, accounts for 45% of the cases.
What is Vibrio vulnificus? says that Vibrio vulnificus lives in warm seawater and is a type of foodborne illness-causing bacteria called "halophilic" because they require salt to survive.
The bacteria population increases during the warmer summer months and may also see a boost after sewage spills into coastal waters, as it did during Hurricane Ian.
The storm brought more than 17 inches of rain over West-Central Florida, leading to surges of up to 12 feet.
Infections can lead to skin breakouts and ulcers
Vibrio vulnificus infections can be caused by eating undercooked oysters and shellfish.
But in the aftermath of a hurricane, infections typically start when open wounds, cuts or scratches come into direct contact with warm brackish water.
Skin breakdowns and ulcers follow.
Severe illness from Vibrio vulnificus infections is rare.
This is the first time the number of cases in Florida has risen above 50 since 2008, when the Florida Department of Health began reporting data on infections.
https://www.npr.org/2022/10/19/
https://www.npr.org/2022/10/19/
antibiotics UK
https://www.theguardian.com/society/antibiotics
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/oct/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/oct/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/20/
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/26/
antibiotics USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/14/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/07/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/30/
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/
antibiotic treatment of the bacteria USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/09/
antibiotic resistance USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/14/
UK > Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovers penicillin - 1928
Just as in the case of Jenner and the smallpox vaccine, the story of penicillin traditionally centers on a lone genius and a moment of surprising discovery.
On a fateful day in September 1928, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally left a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria next to an open window before departing for a two-week vacation.
When he returned to find a blue-green mold growing in the petri dish, he was about to throw it away, when he noticed something strange: The mold appeared to have stopped the bacteria’s growth.
Looking at the mold under a microscope, Fleming saw that it was literally breaking down the cell walls of the bacteria, effectively destroying them.
Seventeen years later, after the true magnitude of his discovery had become apparent, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/03/
https://www.npr.org/2017/03/02/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/01/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jan/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/jun/17/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/mar/12/
microbiologist USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/
virologist USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/
professor of infectious diseases medicine at the University of N USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
James Joseph Rahal USA 1933-2011
infectious-disease specialist who raised early alarms about the rise of drug-resistant bacteria in hospitals, and who emerged as a leading expert in the treatment of West Nile virus after the Queens community where he worked became the epicenter of a deadly outbreak in 1999
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/nyregion/
1926
tetanus bacteria and diptheria bacteria
vaccines
Diphtheria is a highly contagious and potentially fatal infection that can affect the nose and throat, and sometimes the skin. - April 30, 2020. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diphtheria/
Tetanus is a serious but rare condition caused by bacteria getting into a wound. - April 30, 2020. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tetanus/
"Vaccines" against diphtheria and tetanus, comparable as prophylactics with Jenner's vaccine against smallpox, have been discovered at the Pasteur Institute here by a French chemist, M. G. Ramon.
They are harmless, do not cause the slightest reaction, and confer an immunity even more lasting than that of calf-lymph against small-pox.
It is suggested that all infants over twelve months' old should henceforth go through a second vaccination for diphtheria, and that all soldiers on active service should be vaccinated against tetanus, as they are now against typhus. - Wednesday 27 January 1926
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/jan/27/
19th century - early 20th century > USA
pasteurized milk — originating in 19th-century science but not implemented at scale until the early 20th century —
(...)
Drinking animal milk — a practice as old as animal domestication itself — has always presented health risks, from spoilage or by way of infections passed down from the animal.
But the density of industrial cities like New York had made cow’s milk far deadlier than it was in earlier times.
In an age without refrigeration, milk would spoil in summer months if it was brought in from far-flung pastures in New Jersey or upstate New York.
Increased participation from women in the industrial labor force meant that more infants and young children were drinking cow’s milk even though a significant portion of dairy cows suffered from bovine tuberculosis, and unprocessed milk from these cows could transmit the bacterium that causes the disease to human beings.
Other potentially fatal illnesses were also linked to milk, including diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
Andy Singer comment cartoon No Exit Cagle / Politicalcartoons.com 18 December 2006
vaccines UK
https://www.theguardian.com/society/vaccines
Explore more on these topics Anglonautes > Vocapedia
lifestyle / health > exercise,
Related > Anglonautes > Science > Medicine > Microbiology > Penicillin, Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming UK 1881-1955
Related > Anglonautes > History > England > 17th century
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