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Vocapedia >
Health > Microbes
Bacteria, Bacterial diseases
Bacteria and viruses
- What is the difference between bacteria
and viruses?
Video Healthchanneltv /
cherishyourhealthtv 12 September 2012
In this animation,
the differences between bacteria and viruses
are explained.
How does a bacterium or virus
enter the body?
And what are typical complaints
of a viral or bacterial
infection?
Finally, the different treatment
for bacterial and viral
infections
are mentioned.
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-HThHRV4uo
Bill Gates Pandemic
TED 3 April 2015
Bill Gates
Video
TED 3 April 2015
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Af6b_wyiwI
germs
microbes
UK
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/may/18/
beautiful-bacteria-encounters-in-the-microuniverse-tal-danino
bacterium USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/08/
466032063/scientists-discover-a-second-bacterium-that-causes-lyme-disease
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/
health/05chanock.html
bacterium > MRSA
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/mar/13/
health.medicineandhealth2
drug-resistant bacteria > Shigella
USA
a highly transmissible bacteria
that causes an infection called shigellosis,
an inflammatory diarrhea.
https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/
1160584630/shigella-antibiotic-resistant-diarrhea
bacterium causing melioidosis,
Burkholderia pseudomallei
USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/11/
462416728/this-germ-can-live-decades-in-distilled-water-
kill-humans-in-48-hours
bacterium >
Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis >
Hansen’s disease, commonly called leprosy
USA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Leprosy
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/21/
obituaries/yvonne-barr-overlooked.html
bacteria UK / USA
The next time you look in a mirror,
think about this:
In many ways
you're more microbe than human.
There are 10 times
more cells
from microorganisms
like bacteria
and fungi
in and on our bodies
than there are human cells.
Scientists increasingly think
that these microorganisms
have a huge influence
on our health.
Without them,
our bodies don't seem
to do as well.
We don't seem to be as healthy
and might actually get sick more often.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/01/
242361826/exploring-the-invisible-universe-that-lives-on-us-and-in-us
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/07/
antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-fightback-amr
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/may/18/
beautiful-bacteria-encounters-in-the-microuniverse-tal-danino
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/
science/bacteria-library-nctc.html
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/22/
723582726/scientists-modify-viruses-with-crispr-
to-create-new-weapon-against-superbugs
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=OL8B1ZVLqSQ
video - NYT - April 8, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/
obituaries/stanley-falkow-who-saw-how-bacteria-cause-disease-dies-at-84.html
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/17/
578610222/strange-weather-triggered-bacteria-that-killed-200-000-endangered-antelope
http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/11/
548926054/can-you-really-not-clean-your-kitchen-sponge
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/08/16/
543920822/probiotic-bacteria-could-protect-newborns-from-deadly-infection
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
479191841/building-an-antibiotic-to-kill-bad-microbes-while-sparing-good-ones
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/11/01/
242361826/exploring-the-invisible-universe-that-lives-on-us-and-in-us
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/apr/07/
antibiotic-resistance-bacteria
good and bad bacteria
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
479191841/building-an-antibiotic-to-kill-bad-microbes-while-sparing-good-ones
probiotic bacteria
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/08/16/
543920822/probiotic-bacteria-could-protect-newborns-from-deadly-infection
superbugs UK
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR),
when pathogens no longer respond to existing drugs
– earning them the nickname superbugs –
is a growing problem that kills
more than a million people a year.
Many of them are children
in poorer countries.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/07/
antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-fightback-amr
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/sep/24/
the-world-is-facing-an-antibiotic-emergency-a-data-led-plan-of-action-is-needed-now
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/07/
antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-fightback-amr
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/13/
what-is-antimicrobial-resistance-
and-how-big-a-problem-is-it-antibiotics
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/13/
superbugs-antibiotics-drugs-antimicrobial-resistance-infections-pandemics-sally-davies
bacterial infection USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
510227493/a-superbug-that-resisted-26-antibiotics
common infections USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
510227493/a-superbug-that-resisted-26-antibiotics
sepsis UK
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/07/
antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-fightback-amr
Helicobacter pylori bacteria > stomach cancer
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/09/
504853185/liver-cancer-is-becoming-a-top-killer-in-poor-countries
bug UK
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/sep/27/
mrsa.medicineandhealth
stomach bug / vomiting virus UK
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jan/04/
health.nhs
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jan/03/
health
outbreak
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/18/
490492860/debate-continues-over-u-n-role-in-bringing-cholera-to-haiti
epidemic USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/18/
opinion/bill-gates-the-ebola-crisis-was-terrible-but-next-time-could-be-much-worse.html
be infected
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
410242929/cholera-surges-in-haiti-as-rain-arrives-early
avoid spreading infections
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
410242929/cholera-surges-in-haiti-as-rain-arrives-early
be committed to eradicating cholera
from N
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/28/
410242929/cholera-surges-in-haiti-as-rain-arrives-early
tuberculosis TB
Tuberculosis (TB)
is a bacterial infection
spread through inhaling tiny droplets
from the coughs or sneezes
of an infected person.
It is a serious condition,
but can be cured
with proper treatment.
TB mainly affects the lungs.
However,
it can affect any part of the body,
including the glands,
bones and nervous system.
- last reviewed: 03/12/2014
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis/pages/Introduction.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/
opinion/if-tuberculosis-spreads.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/
opinion/christmas-seals-and-mass-philanthropy.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/
health/13tuberculosis.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/nov/18/
john-crofton-obituary
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/11/
politics.medicineandhealth
TB scare
UK
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/11/
politics.medicineandhealth
Treponema pallidum /
Syphilis USA
Syphilis
is a bacteria infection
that is most often spread
through sexual contact.
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/syphilis-primary/overview.html
- broken URL
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/23/
sunday-review/coronavirus-contact-tracing.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/24/health/syphilis-std-united-states.html
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/10/
480643381/despite-rise-of-superbugs-syphilis-still-has-a-kryptonite
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
477653310/penicillin-shortage-could-be-a-problem-for-people-with-syphilis
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/
health/irwin-schatz-83-rare-critic-of-tuskegee-study-is-dead.html
syphilis > penicillin USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/10/
480643381/despite-rise-of-superbugs-syphilis-still-has-a-kryptonite
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
477653310/penicillin-shortage-could-be-a-problem-for-people-with-syphilis
syphillis >
wipe out
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
477653310/penicillin-shortage-could-be-a-problem-for-people-with-syphilis
phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is a type of penicillin.
It's an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections,
including ear, chest, throat and skin infections.
It can also be used to prevent infections
if you have sickle cell disease,
or if you have had chorea (a movement disorder),
rheumatic fever, or your spleen removed.
The medicine is only available on prescription.
It comes as tablets or as a liquid that you drink.
- 15 May 2020
https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/phenoxymethylpenicillin/
meningitis UK
Meningitis can be caused
by bacteria or a virus.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/causes/
Legionnaires' disease
USA
Legionnaires' disease
is a
potentially life-threatening form of pneumonia
caused by
Legionella bacteria,
which can
grow in water systems
such as
water storage tanks or pipes.
The elderly
and people
who have
weakened immune systems
because
they are sick are
especially at risk.
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/
531731438/plumbing-in-hospitals-and-nursing-homes-can-spread-legionnaires-disease
Health departments in the United States report
nearly 10,000 cases of Legionnaires’ each year,
but some experts believe
the disease is still underreported
because it can be difficult
to distinguish from other lung infections.
Nearly one out of every 10 people
who gets sick with Legionnaires’ disease dies
because of complications from the illness,
according to the Centers for Disease Control
and
Prevention.
The complications can include respiratory failure,
heart inflammation and extensive muscle damage,
all of which are more likely to occur in people ill
enough
to be admitted to the hospital.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/
well/live/legionnaires-disease.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/06/
nyregion/legionnaires-disease-outbreak-albany.html
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/06/
531731438/plumbing-in-hospitals-and-nursing-homes-can-spread-legionnaires-disease
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/21/
well/live/legionnaires-disease.html
legionella bacteria UK
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/30/
health.healthandwellbeing
What is E. coli?
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
is a type of bacteria common
in human and animal intestines,
and forms part of the normal gut flora
(the bacteria that exist in the bowel).
There are a number
of different types of E. coli
and while the majority are harmless
some can cause serious food poisoning
and serious infection.
For example,
E. coli bacteria
are a common cause of cystitis,
an infection of the bladder
that occurs when there is a spread
of the bacteria from the gut
to the urinary system.
Women are more susceptible
to urinary tract infection by E. coli
because of the close proximity
of the urethra and the anus.
http://www.nhs.uk/news/2009/09September/
Pages/EcoliQA.aspx
E. coli bacteria USA
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/e-coli
E coli outbreak UK
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/10/
health.healthandwellbeing
E coli infection UK
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/sep/14/
e-coli-godstone-childrens-farm
E coli
USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/
health/03beef.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/
health/04meat.html
whooping cough
The symptoms of whooping cough
usually take between six and 20 days
to appear
after infection
with the Bordetella pertussis bacterium.
This delay is known
as the incubation period.
Whooping cough
tends to develop in stages,
with mild symptoms occurring first,
followed by a period
of more severe symptoms,
before improvement begins.
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Whooping-cough/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/whooping-cough/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/aug/31/
whooping-cough-jabs-newborns-outbreak
listeria USA
Listeria monocytogenes
(...)
can cause listeria infections.
Listeriosis
is a foodborne bacterial illness
that can be especially serious
for pregnant people,
those over 65 and people
with weakened immune systems.
Other individuals may experience
short-term symptoms,
including high fever,
severe headache, stiffness,
nausea, abdominal pain
and diarrhea.
https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/
1067345551/fresh-express-dole-recall-salad-products-listeria-concerns
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/30/
science/listeria-outbreak-florida.html
https://www.npr.org/2021/12/23/
1067345551/fresh-express-dole-recall-salad-products-listeria-concerns
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/02/
1077648310/a-listeria-outbreak-linked-to-dole-salads-
has-killed-2-and-sickened-17-the-cdc-s
listeria outbreak USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/30/
science/listeria-outbreak-florida.html
Salmonella USA
Salmonella bacteria are resilient little germs.
They can survive hours to days on surfaces
and cannot be killed by drying or freezing,
according to the FDA.
https://www.propublica.org/article/
protect-yourself-from-salmonella-this-thanksgiving - November 24, 2021
https://www.propublica.org/article/
salmonella-chicken-usda-food-safety - October 29, 2021
Salmonella Typhi bacteria > typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness
caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria.
Paratyphoid fever is a life-threatening illness
caused by Salmonella Paratyphi bacteria.
(...)
These diseases are spread
through sewage contamination
of food or water
and through person-to-person contact.
People who are currently ill
and people who have recovered
but are still passing the bacteria
in their poop (stools)
can spread Salmonella Typhi
or Salmonella Paratyphi.
https://www.cdc.gov/
typhoid-fever/sources.html - Aug.
22, 2018
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/
typhoid-fever/ - 20
September 2021
https://www.cdc.gov/
typhoid-fever/sources.html - Aug.
22, 2018
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
1112810432/typhoid-mutated-to-beat-antibiotics-
science-is-learning-how-to-beat-those-strain
https://www.npr.org/2020/06/23/
882115755/theres-something-about-mary
typhoid > mutate >
antibiotic-resistant strains / superbugs
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
1112810432/typhoid-mutated-to-beat-antibiotics-
science-is-learning-how-to-beat-those-strain
extensively drug-resistant XDR
https://www.npr.org/2023/03/03/
1160584630/shigella-antibiotic-resistant-diarrhea
early 20th century > USA
Drinking animal milk
— a practice as old
as animal domestication itself —
has always presented health risks,
from spoilage or by way of infections
passed down from the animal.
But the density of industrial cities
like New York
had made cow’s milk far deadlier
than it was in earlier times.
In an age without refrigeration,
milk would spoil in summer months
if it was brought in from far-flung pastures
in New Jersey or upstate New York.
Increased participation
from women in the industrial labor force meant
that more infants and young children
were drinking cow’s milk
even though a significant portion of dairy
cows
suffered from bovine tuberculosis,
and unprocessed milk
from these cows could transmit the bacterium
that causes the disease to human beings.
Other potentially fatal illnesses
were also linked to milk,
including diphtheria, typhoid
and scarlet fever.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
be infected with gonorrhea
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/30/
491969011/u-n-health-officials-warn-gonorrhea-is-becoming-untreatable
Vibrio vulnificus USA
Parts of Florida hit hardest by Hurricane Ian
are seeing nearly double the normal number of infections
from a flesh-eating bacteria
that thrives in brackish
floodwaters.
According to the Florida Department of Health,
the state has seen 65 cases of Vibrio vulnificus infections
and 11 deaths from the bacterium in 2022.
Lee County,
where Ian made landfall on Sept 28 as a category 4 storm,
accounts for 45% of the cases.
What is Vibrio vulnificus?
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
says that Vibrio vulnificus lives in warm seawater
and is a type of foodborne
illness-causing bacteria called "halophilic"
because they require salt to survive.
The bacteria population increases
during the warmer summer months
and may also see a boost
after sewage spills into coastal waters,
as it did during Hurricane Ian.
The storm brought more than 17 inches of rain
over West-Central Florida,
leading to surges of up to 12 feet.
Infections can lead to skin breakouts and ulcers
Vibrio vulnificus infections can be caused
by eating undercooked oysters and shellfish.
But in the aftermath of a hurricane,
infections typically start
when open wounds, cuts or scratches
come into direct contact with warm brackish water.
Skin breakdowns and ulcers follow.
Severe illness
from Vibrio vulnificus infections
is rare.
This is the first time the number of cases in Florida
has risen above 50 since 2008,
when the Florida Department of Health
began reporting data on infections.
https://www.npr.org/2022/10/19/
1129865243/flesh-eating-bacteria-florida-floodwater
https://www.npr.org/2022/10/19/
1129865243/flesh-eating-bacteria-florida-floodwater
antibiotics UK
https://www.theguardian.com/society/
antibiotics
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/07/
antimicrobial-resistance-superbugs-fightback-amr
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/oct/23/
dont-ask-gps-for-antibiotics-new-health-campaign-urges
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/oct/13/
antibiotic-resistance-could-spell-end-of-modern-medicine-says-chief-medic
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/dec/30/
bill-gates-world-decade-risk-antibiotic-resistant-diseases
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/20/
un-declaration-antibiotic-drug-resistance
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/26/
uk-doctors-told-to-halve-inappropriate-antibiotic-prescriptions-by-2020
antibiotics USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
1112810432/typhoid-mutated-to-beat-antibiotics-science-is-learning-how-to-beat-those-strain
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/14/
853984869/antibiotic-resistance-is-still-a-top-health-worry-its-a-pandemic-worry-too
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/07/02/
623962753/video-are-we-headed-toward-a-post-antibiotic-world
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/
science/h-boyd-woodruff-dead-antibiotics-researcher.html
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
510227493/a-superbug-that-resisted-26-antibiotics
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/30/
491969011/u-n-health-officials-warn-gonorrhea-is-becoming-untreatable
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
479191841/building-an-antibiotic-to-kill-bad-microbes-while-sparing-good-ones
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/
opinion/how-to-develop-new-antibiotics.html
antibiotic treatment of the bacteria
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/09/
504853185/liver-cancer-is-becoming-a-top-killer-in-poor-countries
antibiotic resistance USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/07/28/
1112810432/typhoid-mutated-to-beat-antibiotics-science-is-learning-how-to-beat-those-strain
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/14/
853984869/antibiotic-resistance-is-still-a-top-health-worry-its-a-pandemic-worry-too
UK >
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
discovers penicillin - 1928
Just as in the case
of Jenner and the smallpox vaccine,
the story of penicillin traditionally centers
on a lone genius
and a moment of surprising
discovery.
On a fateful day in September 1928,
the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming
accidentally left
a petri dish of Staphylococcus
bacteria
next to an open window
before departing for a two-week vacation.
When he returned
to find a blue-green mold
growing in the petri dish,
he was about to throw it away,
when he noticed something strange:
The mold appeared
to have stopped the bacteria’s growth.
Looking at the mold under a microscope,
Fleming saw
that it was literally breaking down
the cell walls of the bacteria,
effectively destroying them.
Seventeen years later,
after the true magnitude of his discovery
had become apparent,
he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/03/
alexander-fleming-late-to-penicillin
https://www.npr.org/2017/03/02/
518197111/old-penicillin-mold-auctioned-for-more-than-14-000
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/01/
517979196/this-tiny-patch-of-mold-cost-one-lucky-buyer-nearly-15-000
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/23/
477653310/penicillin-shortage-could-be-a-problem-for-people-with-syphilis
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/11/
antibiotics-drug-resistance-is-not-theoretical-threat-real-immediate
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jan/08/
guardianobituaries.highereducation
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2013/jun/17/
discover-new-antibiotics-historical-hints
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=128444970 - July 11, 2010
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=3616227&t=1586114823894 - July 25, 2004
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/may/02/
scienceandnature.highereducation1
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/mar/12/
penicillin-fleming-alexander-bacteriology
microbiologist USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/03/
science/h-boyd-woodruff-dead-antibiotics-researcher.html
virologist USA
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/
hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html
professor of infectious diseases medicine
at the University of N
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/01/17/
510227493/a-superbug-that-resisted-26-antibiotics
James Joseph Rahal USA 1933-2011
infectious-disease specialist
who raised early alarms
about the rise
of drug-resistant bacteria
in hospitals,
and who emerged
as a leading expert
in the treatment of West Nile virus
after the Queens community
where he worked
became the epicenter
of a deadly outbreak in 1999
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/nyregion/
dr-james-rahal-infectious-disease-expert-dies-at-77.html
1926
tetanus bacteria
and diptheria bacteria
vaccines
Diphtheria is a highly contagious
and potentially fatal infection
that can affect the nose and throat,
and sometimes the skin.
- April 30, 2020.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diphtheria/
Tetanus is a serious
but rare condition
caused by bacteria
getting into a wound.
- April 30, 2020.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tetanus/
"Vaccines"
against diphtheria and tetanus,
comparable as prophylactics
with Jenner's
vaccine against smallpox,
have been discovered
at the Pasteur Institute here
by a French chemist,
M. G. Ramon.
They are harmless,
do not cause
the slightest reaction,
and confer an immunity
even more lasting
than that of calf-lymph
against small-pox.
It is suggested that all infants
over twelve months' old
should henceforth go through
a second vaccination for diphtheria,
and that all soldiers on active service
should be vaccinated against tetanus,
as they are now against typhus.
- Wednesday 27 January 1926
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/jan/27/
tetanus-diptheria-vaccines-discovery
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/jan/27/
tetanus-diptheria-vaccines-discovery
19th century - early 20th century > USA
pasteurized milk
— originating in 19th-century science
but not implemented at scale
until the early 20th century —
(...)
Drinking animal milk
— a practice as old
as animal domestication itself —
has always presented health risks,
from spoilage or by way of infections
passed down from the animal.
But the density of industrial cities
like New York
had made cow’s milk far deadlier
than it was in earlier times.
In an age without refrigeration,
milk would spoil in summer months
if it was brought in from far-flung pastures
in New Jersey or upstate New York.
Increased participation
from women in the industrial labor force
meant that more infants and young children
were drinking cow’s milk
even though a significant portion of dairy
cows
suffered from bovine tuberculosis,
and unprocessed milk
from these cows could transmit the bacterium
that causes the disease to human beings.
Other potentially fatal illnesses
were also linked to milk,
including diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html
Andy Singer
comment cartoon
No Exit
Cagle / Politicalcartoons.com
18 December 2006
vaccines UK
https://www.theguardian.com/society/
vaccines
Explore more on these topics
Anglonautes > Vocapedia
food
industry / production >
safety, food poisoning
microbes > bacteria
Cholera, E. Coli, Leprosy,
Lyme, Syphilis, Tuberculosis,
Typhus, Bubonic plague
body,
health, medicine, drugs,
viruses, bacteria,
diseases / illnesses,
hygiene, sanitation,
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Related > Anglonautes >
Science >
Medicine > Microbiology >
Penicillin, Antibiotics
Alexander
Fleming UK 1881-1955
Related > Anglonautes >
History
> England > 17th century
The Plague Year 1665-1666
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