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History > UK, British empire, England
Early 21st century, 20th century
20th, 19th centuries > British empire > India
Mahatma Gandi 1869-1948
Crowds lined the railway tracks to pay homage as some of Gandhi’s ashes were carried by train to the Ganges River to be scattered.
Photograph: Henri Cartier-Bresson Magnum Photos
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Gandhi was cremated on the banks of the Yamuna River.
Photograph: Henri Cartier-Bresson Magnum Photos
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
The niece of Mahatma Gandhi places petals on his brow as he lies in state at Birla House, Delhi, in February 1948
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images
India marks 75 years of independence from Britain – in pictures This month marks three-quarters of a century since the creation of the independent state of India after British rule. Here we look back at some of the key events that shaped the country G Mon 15 Aug 2022 12.34 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/aug/15/
Reading the news in London of Gandhi’s assassination by a Hindu extremist on Jan. 30, 1948.
Photograph: Reg Speller Fox Photos/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
January 1948
Assassination of Gandhi
On 30 January 1948, Godse stepped out in front of Gandhi and shot him three times at point-blank range.
A fervent believer in Hindu nationalism, Godse thought Gandhi had betrayed India’s Hindus by agreeing to partition, leading to the creation of Pakistan, and by championing the rights of Muslims.
In 1949, Godse was hanged for Gandhi’s murder.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.
Gandhi meets Lord Mountbatten 1947
Photograph: Rühe/Ullstein bild, via Getty Images
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Gandhi (meets) Lord Mountbatten, the new viceroy of India, and his wife, Lady Edwina Mountbatten, in 1947.
It was the homestretch for colonial rule: India would be independent, and the viceroys no more, within the year.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Gandhi in 1946, next to a spinning wheel. The charkha became a symbol of Indian resistance to Britain’s textile-based mercantilism and British rule generally.
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
1946
Riots between Muslims and Hindus
police in Calcutta using tear gas to break up mobs. 1946.
Hindu-Muslim communal riots lasted five days, with more than 2,000 people killed and 4,000 injured.
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Other article with a cropped photo: Riots that took place in the streets of Calcutta in 1946 between Muslims and Hindus claimed thousands of lives.
Photograph: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone, via Getty Images
India’s Muslims and the Price of Partition NYT AUG. 17, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/
In 1946, just months before independence, carnage unimaginable in ferocity and unprecedented in scale broke out against Hindus in Muslim-dominated East Bengal and against Muslims in Hindu-majority Bihar.
The great campaigner for freedom from Britain’s imperial yoke, Mohandas Gandhi, spent weeks in both theaters of what he described as “almost a civil war.”
He was determined to quell sectarian violence with his own life if need be.
Gandhi never accepted the “Two Nations” theory, which saw a sanctuary for the subcontinent’s Muslims in a future Pakistan and a natural home for its Hindus in a Hindu rashtra, a Hindu nation.
On Aug. 15, 1947, as India won its freedom and the new nation celebrated its new dawn, Gandhi did not join the celebrations in New Delhi.
He was in Calcutta, where sectarian riots had disfigured life, even as bloody carnage had left hundreds of Hindus dead in East Bengal and Muslims, likewise, in Bihar.
Freedom had come with the partition of the country on the basis of religion.
Gandhi described the day as meant for celebration but also for sorrow.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
India
The Muslim League
The Muslim League, a party established by Muslim landlords and the educated middle class, claimed that it alone had the right to represent Muslims and their interests.
This brought it into conflict with the Indian National Congress of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who argued that they represented all Indians.
In 1936-7, the British decided to conduct elections to 11 provincial legislatures.
A large measure of administrative powers was to be transferred to the governments thus elected.
The Congress, the League and a slew of provincial parties participated in the polls.
Despite its claim of representing Muslims’ aspirations, the Muslim League polled less than 5 percent of their votes, which inspired fantasies and fears.
The League began to argue that the Hindu majority of undivided India would swamp Muslims and suppress their religion and culture.
As evidence, the League pointed to Hindu-Muslim riots in the northern states of Bihar and the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), both ruled by the Congress, as an ominous portent.
They argued that the movement to ban the slaughter of cows, led by an assortment of religious leaders, Hindu nationalist groups and some members of the Congress, was aimed at subverting Muslim culture.
Unlike Muslims, Christians, Jews and animists, a segment of Hindus worship the cow and don’t eat its meat.
In 1937, Congress adopted as the national song of India some verses from “Vande Mataram,” or “I praise you, Mother,” a poem written in the 1870s by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, a Bengali poet and novelist, as an ode to the Hindu goddess Durga.
The League objected to its singing as it depicted India as Mother Goddess, which the League construed to promote idolatry, anathema to Muslims.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/
India Leader of India, Mohandas Gandhi.
Location: India
Date taken: November 1942
Photograph: Wallace Kirkland
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=b87c00c36903593e - broken link
1942
Bombay riots
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/10/
1939
Gandhi during a fast in 1939 that ended when the viceroy of India agreed to the release of political prisoners.
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Gandhi in Britain 1931
While in Britain, Gandhi attended the Round Table conference in London and met with King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace.
Photograph: PhotoQuest, via Getty Images
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in London for a conference on Indian constitutional reform in 1931.
Photograph: Associated Press
Why India and the World Need Gandhi The great leader envisioned a world where every citizen has dignity and prosperity. NYT Oct. 2, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/
While in East London, Gandhi met with Charlie Chaplin (...). Chaplin wrote that it was the meeting with Gandh that inspired him to make “Modern Times,” which depicted the dehumanizing effects of mass production.
Photograph: Rühe/Ullstein bild, via Getty Images
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
While in Britain, Gandhi attended the Round Table conference in London and met with King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace.
(...)
While in East London, Gandhi met with Charlie Chaplin (...). Chaplin wrote that it was the meeting with Gandh that inspired him to make “Modern Times,” which depicted the dehumanizing effects of mass production.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
1930 Salt March
Photograph: Popperfoto, via Getty Images
Gandhi’s Life in Photos, 75 Years After His Assassination Known as the father of Indian independence, his concept of nonviolent resistance to fight injustice has inspired political movements around the world. NYT January 30, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Over several weeks, (Gandhi) and his followers walked some 240 miles from his religious retreat on the Sabarmati River in Gujarat to the coast at the town of Dandi, urging Indians to defy colonial laws taxing salt and restricting its production.
The march ignited a major campaign of civil disobedience, and focused international attention on Gandhi and his advocacy of satyagraha, or nonviolent resistance.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
Mahatma Gandi 1869-1948
https://www.theguardian.com/world/ https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-mohandas-k
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2023/jan/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/aug/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/may/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jun/01/
https://www.npr.org/2019/10/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/20/
http://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/18/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/oct/09/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/picture/2013/jan/30/
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2012/jan/30/gandhi-interview-india-1948
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/apr/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/may/02/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/14/gandhi-reel-history
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/05/worldcinema.drama
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/jan/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/
ttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
1947
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/mar/21/
1932
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/22/
1930
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/apr/07/
1926
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/09/
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Arts > Photography > Photographers
Henri Cartier-Bresson France 1908-2004
Margaret Bourke-White USA 1904-1971
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UK, USA > Charlie Chaplin 1889-1977
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