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History > WW2 (1939-1945) > USA, World
Timeline in articles, pictures and podcasts
After WW2
USA > Secret Army intelligence program first known as ''Overcast'' and later ''Paperclip''
Operation Paperclip swept German scientists to the US
Hubertus Strughold, center, with a pressurized chamber for use in eventual space medicine research, at the U.S. Air Force School of Aviation Medicine in the 1950s.
Photograph: AFMS History Office
The Doctor From Nazi Germany and the Search for Life on Mars Astrobiologists have used Mars Jars for decades. Many didn’t know about the controversial Air Force scientist who started them. NYT July 24, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/
Arthur Rudolph Germany 1906-1996
A German-born space official who developed the rocket that carried Americans to the moon has quietly left the United States and surrendered his citizenship rather than face Justice Department charges that he had brutalized slave laborers at a Nazi rocket factory during World War II.
Announcing the action yesterday in a brief statement, the Justice Department said that the official, Arthur Rudolph, as director for production of V-2 rockets at an underground factory attached to the Dora-Nordhausen camp from 1943 to 1945, ''participated in the persecution of forced laborers, including concentration camp inmates, who were employed there under inhumane conditions.''
A third to one half of Dora's 60,000 prisoners died.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which had awarded high awards to Mr. Rudolph for his work for the agency from 1962 from 1969, had no comment on the Justice Department announcement. (Page A13.)
The announcement on Mr. Rudolph, who was brought to the United States in 1945 with Wernher von Braun and more than a hundred other Nazi German technicians and scientists, was negotiated in advance with Mr. Rudolph.
The announcement did not mention his prominent role in the United States space and missile programs.
Nor did it say where he had gone. Investigators said it was West Germany.
Officials said it was unlikely that Mr. Rudolph, who is 77 years old, would face prosecution in West Germany as the statute of limitations has expired.
Mr. Rudolph was not carried on an Allied list of war criminals drawn up after the war
Other officials of the rocket factory were convicted of war crimes and jailed or executed - NYT, Oct. 18, 1984
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/18/
Hubertus Strughold Germany 1898-1986
Dr. Strughold’s work on astronaut physiology and aviation medicine in the U.S. — work he had started in Nazi Germany for the Luftwaffe, and which was tangled up in inhumane experiments.
Dr. Strughold didn’t do these experiments himself, and he wasn’t a member of the Nazi party.
But on his watch, researchers locked prisoners at the Dachau concentration camp in low-pressure chambers, to show what might happen to fliers at high altitude, and dressed them in fighter-pilot uniforms only to submerge them in freezing water.
(...)
After World War II, Dr. Strughold arrived in America as part of the secretive Operation Paperclip, which swept German scientists to the United States.
Wernher von Braun, who had overseen the Nazi V-2 rocket and later became the architect of NASA’s Saturn V rocket, also came to North America through this program, and the two interacted at space conferences.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/
Wernher von Braun Germany 1912-1977
When he died on June 16, 1977, Wernher von Braun, the son of East Prussian aristocrats, had left an indelible, if ambiguous, legacy as a visionary space-travel pioneer.
His boyhood obsession with rocketry elevated him to the position of Nazi Germany’s leading missile scientist and the brains behind the V-2 — Vergeltungswaffe Zwei (Revenge Weapon Two) — perfected in the village of Peenemünde, on the Baltic, where his grandfather had hunted ducks, and then aimed at Britain.
With Soviet forces advancing at the end of World War II, von Braun and more than a hundred of his fellow scientists surrendered to the United States Army.
They were scooped up in Operation Paperclip and transplanted in Alabama, where they formed the vanguard of an American space program that built the Saturn V rocket, which sent nine crews toward the moon.
In addition to Columbus, von Braun liked to invoke the Wright Brothers and Charles Lindbergh.
But he was also often mentioned in the same breath as Faust, for his wartime Devil’s bargain.
He would say later that his chief goal was always space travel — eventually a permanent moon base and a mission to Mars — and that his V-2 rockets had worked perfectly, except that they landed on the wrong planet.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/
https://www.npr.org/2019/10/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jul/04/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/oct/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/nov/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/03/
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/media/1999/jul/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1957/10/20/
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century
Germany > Cold war, Nazi era > War criminals
USA > Apollo 11 > Man on the moon - 20 July 1969
Recruitment of Nazis as spies and informants
20th century > late 1940s - late 1980s
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW1, WW2
Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
conflicts, wars, climate, poverty > asylum seekers, displaced people,
intelligence, spies, surveillance
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