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History > 20th century > Cold War > USA, Vietnam
Vietnam war opponents
Protesters against the Vietnam war marching in Washington DC in November 1969.
Photograph: JP Laffont Sygma/Corbis
Vietnam war: your stories, photographs and memories G Tuesday 14 April 2015 09.01 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/14/
A protest march against the war in Vietnam by students from the University of Mississippi on Oct. 15, 1969.
Photograph: D. Gorton
Photographing the White South in the Turbulence of the 1960s Doy Gorton, a son of the Mississippi Delta who joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, returned to Mississippi to embark on a project photographing his fellow white Southerners. NYT Sept. 13, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/
University of Wisconsin students in 1967.
Photograph: Neal Ulevich Associated Press
In Campus Protests Over Gaza, Echoes of Outcry Over Vietnam The war in Vietnam ignited a protest movement that helped define a generation. Is the war between Israel and Hamas doing the same thing? NYT Dec. 24, 2023 Updated 9:31 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/24/
A protest against the Vietnam War at Harvard University in 1967.
The antiwar movement was overwhelmingly white, like most campuses of the 1960s.
Photograph: .Ed Farrand The Boston Globe, via Getty Images
In Campus Protests Over Gaza, Echoes of Outcry Over Vietnam The war in Vietnam ignited a protest movement that helped define a generation. Is the war between Israel and Hamas doing the same thing? NYT Dec. 24, 2023 Updated 9:31 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/24/
Angela Davis
Campaigning against the Vietnam war with Jane Fonda.
Photograph: Ullstein Bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images
Angela Davis on George Floyd: 'As long as the violence of racism remains, no one is safe' G Mon 15 Jun 2020 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/15/
Vietnam peace protests
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/27/
Bob Fass 1933-2021
Bob Fass (...) hosted the influential New York City radio show Radio Unnameable for more than 50 years
(...)
His late night show introduced dozens of major folk artists and served as a megaphone for the emerging 1960s counterculture.
At the height of its popularity, Radio Unnameable ran five hours and aired five nights a week.
Fass left New York in 2019 and continued to do the show from his home in North Carolina, though it was on just one night a week for three hours.
But Fass continued to begin each broadcast with his signature greeting, "Good morning, cabal!"
The cabal, as he called it, was comprised of his countercultural "conspirators" who opposed the Vietnam War and marched for civil rights.
And his show on WBAI-FM, the listener-supported Pacifica Radio station in New York, served as their broadcast meeting house.
"Bob Fass more or less invented what we call live radio," said Larry Josephson, one of the other WBAI live radio personalities who followed in Fass' footsteps.
"No structure, no script, all improvised.
And there was nothing like Bob's program on the radio at the time."
https://www.npr.org/2021/04/25/
Cornelius Mahoney Sheehan 1936-2021
His exhaustive coverage of the Vietnam War (...) led to the book “A Bright Shining Lie,” which won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd 1919-2017
radical economics professor and author who was in the vanguard of early teach-ins and other demonstrations against the Vietnam War
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/us/
Thomas Emmet Hayden 1939-2016
Tom Hayden (...) burst out of the 1960s counterculture as a radical leader of America’s civil rights and antiwar movements, but rocked the boat more gently later in life with a progressive political agenda as an author and California state legislator
(...)
During the racial unrest and antiwar protests of the ’60s and early ’70s, Mr. Hayden was one of the nation’s most visible radicals.
He was a founder of Students for a Democratic Society, a defendant in the Chicago Seven trial after riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and a peace activist who married Jane Fonda, went to Hanoi and escorted American prisoners of war home from Vietnam.
As a civil rights worker, he was beaten in Mississippi and jailed in Georgia.
In his cell he began writing what became the Port Huron Statement, the political manifesto of S.D.S. and the New Left that envisioned an alliance of college students in a peaceful crusade to overcome what it called repressive government, corporate greed and racism.
Its aim was to create a multiracial, egalitarian society.
Like his allies the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who were assassinated in 1968, Mr. Hayden opposed violent protests but backed militant demonstrations, like the occupation of Columbia University campus buildings by students and the burning of draft cards.
He also helped plan protests that, as it happened, turned into clashes with the Chicago police outside the Democratic convention.
In 1974, with the Vietnam War in its final stages after American military involvement had all but ended, Mr. Hayden and Ms. Fonda, who were by then married, traveled across Vietnam, talking to people about their lives after years of war, and produced a documentary film, “Introduction to the Enemy.” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/25/us/tom-hayden-dead.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/25/us/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/24/
Horace Julian Bond 1940-2015
former chairman of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, (...) charismatic figure of the 1960s civil rights movement, (...) lightning rod of the anti-Vietnam War campaign and (...) lifelong champion of equal rights for minorities
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/17/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/17/us/
Richard Pierce Havens 1941-2013
Mr. Havens embodied the spirit of the ’60s — espousing peace and love, hanging out in Greenwich Village and playing gigs from the Isle of Wight to the Fillmore (both East and West) to Carnegie Hall.
He surfaced only in the mid-1960s, but before the end of the decade many rock musicians were citing him as an influence.
His rendition of “Handsome Johnny” became an anti-Vietnam War anthem. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/arts/music/richie-havens-guitarist-and-singer-dies-at-72.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/
Donald Walter Duncan Canada 1930-2009
Mr. Duncan, who as a Green Beret had been decorated for his service in Vietnam, wrote an article published in Ramparts in 1966 saying he had witnessed atrocities there.
Ramparts
Donald W. Duncan, 79, Ex-Green Beret and Early Critic of Vietnam War, Is Dead NYT MAY 6, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/us/
Green Beret master sergeant who came home from Vietnam a disillusioned hero in 1965
(...)
In an America torn by protests against the war in the late 1960s and early ’70s, Mr. Duncan was often in the news, although not as prominently as the pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock, or the actress Jane Fonda, who was photographed laughing and applauding on an antiaircraft gun in Hanoi.
(...)
But in 1966, well before the Tet offensive and the My Lai massacre stirred national discontent, Mr. Duncan was one of the first returning veterans to portray the war as a moral quagmire that had little to do with fighting the spread of Communism, as American leaders were portraying it.
Sergeant Duncan, who went to war convinced it was an anti-Communist crusade, ended his Special Forces duty a changed man.
A 10-year veteran, he rejected an offer of an officer’s commission and left the Army.
Back home, he became a fierce critic of the war, writing articles and a memoir and speaking at rallies across the country with the singer Joan Baez, the writer Norman Mailer and the comedian Dick Gregory.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/us/
Gerald Gold 1927-2012
an editor for The New York Times who helped supervise the herculean task of combing through a secret 2.5-million-word Defense Department history of the Vietnam War, later known as the Pentagon Papers, to produce articles showing that officials had lied about the war
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/
George William Webber 1920-2010
Over the years, Mr. Webber protested the Vietnam War and other American policies and was arrested several times.
In 1974, these activities provoked the United States ambassador to Vietnam, Graham A. Martin, to write a four-page letter to Mr. Webber after Mr. Webber led a group of antiwar activists to Vietnam. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/us/13webber.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/us/
1971
The Harrisburg Seven
anti-war activists accused of plotting to kidnap Henry Kissinger
March On Harrisburg
Anti-war demonstrators marching in support of the Harrisburg 6, anti-war activists accused of plotting to kidnap Henry Kissinger.
Location: Harrisburg, PA, US
Date taken: 1971
Photographer: Bill Ray
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=dbae4b243826e530
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/us/
https://news.google.com/newspapers
https://news.google.com/newspapers
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=1558e84a88709539 - broken link
Dwight Alan Armstrong 1951-2010
College building bombing Aug. 24, 1970
one of four young men who in 1970 bombed a building on the University of Wisconsin campus in Madison, killing one person and injuring several others, during a time of intense agitation against the Vietnam War.
The center, which operated under a contract with the United States Army, had been the target of many nonviolent protests since it opened in the 1950s. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/us/27armstrong.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/us/
Carl Preston Oglesby 1935-2011
Carl Oglesby led Students for a Democratic Society as it publicly opposed the Vietnam War but who was later expelled by a radical faction that became the Weather Underground http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/us/carl-oglesby-antiwar-leader-in-1960s-dies-at-76.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/us/
Early Sunday morning, August 22, 1971, then-FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and Nixon Attorney General John Mitchell announced that 20 antiwar activists had been arrested the previous night attempting to break in and vandalize a Camden, New Jersey draft board office.
Five days later, eight more plotters were indicted.
Charged with conspiracy to remove and destroy files from draft, FBI and Army intelligence offices, destruction of government property and interfering with the Selective Service system, members of the "Camden 28" faced up to 47 years in federal prison.
Who were these dangerous radicals that America's premier law enforcement agency so proudly took down?
They included four Catholic priests, a Lutheran minister and 23 members of the "Catholic Left." http://www.pbs.org/pov/camden28/film_description.php - broken link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mngS24z-STE
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
CITATION 393 US 503 (1969)
ARGUED Nov 12, 1968 DECIDED Feb 24, 1969
In December 1965, a group of students in Des Moines held a meeting in the home of 16-year-old Christopher Eckhardt to plan a public showing of their support for a truce in the Vietnam war.
They decided to wear black armbands throughout the holiday season and to fast on December 16 and New Year's Eve.
The principals of the Des Moines school learned of the plan and met on December 14 to create a policy that stated that any student wearing an armband would be asked to remove it, with refusal to do so resulting in suspension.
On December 16, Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt wore their armbands to school and were sent home.
The following day, John Tinker did the same with the same result.
The students did not return to school until after New Year's Day,
the planned end of the protest.
Through their parents, the students sued the school district for violating the students' right of expression and sought an injunction to prevent the school district from disciplining the students.
The district court dismissed the case and held that the school district's actions were reasonable to uphold school discipline.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed the decision without opinion.
(...)
The Supreme Court held that the armbands represented pure speech that is entirely separate from the actions or conduct of those participating in it.
The Court also held that the students did not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they stepped onto school property.
In order to justify the suppression of speech, the school officials must be able to prove that the conduct in question would "materially and substantially interfere" with the operation of the school.
In this case, the school district's actions evidently stemmed from a fear of possible disruption rather than any actual interference. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1968/21
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1968/21
https://www.npr.org/2018/01/03/
1969 Chicago, Illinois The Chicago Seven Riot Conspiracy Trial
The Chicago Seven in 1969.
Standing from left are John Froines, Tom Hayden, Jerry Rubin, Lee Weiner and Abbie Hoffman.
Seated are Mr. Davis (left) and David Dellinger.
Photograph: Chicago Tribune, via Associated Press
Rennie Davis, ‘Chicago Seven’ Antiwar Activist, Dies at 80 The trial arising from the “police riot” at the 1968 convention thrust him into the spotlight. He later became an unlikely spokesman for a teenage guru NYT Feb. 3, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/
From left: Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and Rennie Davis speak to the press during a break in the trial in 1970.
Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive
'I was hit and knocked to the ground': the true story of The Trial of the Chicago 7 G Tue 13 Oct 2020 08.05 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/oct/13/
Rennie Davis in August 1968 in Chicago.
He was there as an organizer of protests at the Democratic National Convention and was later tried as a member of the Chicago Seven.
Photograph: Julian Wasser The LIFE Images Collection, via Getty Images
Rennie Davis, ‘Chicago Seven’ Antiwar Activist, Dies at 80 The trial arising from the “police riot” at the 1968 convention thrust him into the spotlight. He later became an unlikely spokesman for a teenage guru NYT Feb. 3, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/
Yippie & Black Panther confronting each other at the riot conspiracy trial of the Chicago Eight.
Location: Chicago, IL, US
Date taken: September 1969
Photographer: Lee Balterman
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=58a4ab7a0f5e80ea
Riot Conspiracy Trial - Chicago, Illinois
Date taken: 1969
Photographer: Lee Balterman
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6e73d45d01af4d72
The Chicago Seven (also Conspiracy Seven, originally Eight) were seven defendants - Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, and Lee Weiner - charged with conspiracy, inciting to riot, and other charges related to protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois on the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Seven
https://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/crime-law-justice/
https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/chicago10/trial.html https://www.theguardian.com/film/the-trial-of-the-chicago-7
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/oct/13/
http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/
https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/
1968
Anti-Vietnam war protests at the Democratic Convention in Chicago
‘It was during that march and later the same evening that we got a glimpse of democracy-in-action, Machiavelli/Gestapo-style,’ Terry Southern wrote.
Left to right: Jean Genet, William S Burroughs, and Terry Southern
When the photographer who shot the Beatles captured the moment the Vietnam war came home
Michael Cooper was most famous for shooting candid moments with the Rolling Stones and the cover of the Beatles’ 1967 album Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.
But in the summer of 1968 he found himself in Chicago to witness ‘America’s crack-up’ – as a police riot filled television screens and an inter-generational conflict opened up over the Vietnam war G Sun 26 Aug 2018 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2018/aug/26/
Protesters clashed with National Guard members outside the Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago in August 1968.
Photograph: Barton Silverman
‘The Whole World Is Watching’: The 1968 Democratic Convention, 50 Years Later
On Aug. 28, 1968, violent clashes in Chicago between demonstrators and police produced one of the most polarizing showdowns of the 1960s.
People are still debating what it all meant.
The New York Times Aug. 28, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/
A tumultuous season of assassinations, riots and war, 1968 was the year that changed America, in ways that still unfold today.
And part of that momentous drama played out on summer nights in Chicago when blood ran in the streets and police orchestrated a riot as anti-war protesters tried to march upon the Democratic national convention calling for an end to the Vietnam war.
After four days and nights of violence, 668 people had been arrested, 425 demonstrators were treated at temporary medical facilities, 200 were treated on the spot, 400 given first aid for tear gas exposure and 110 went to hospital.
A total of 192 police officers were injured.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/aug/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2018/aug/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/aug/19/
co-founder and chairman of the Black Panther Party, selling Mao’s Red Book to raise money at the first San Francisco peace march against the Vietnam War.
April 15, 1967.
Photograph: Stephen Shames Courtesy of Steven Kasher Gallery
Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos By Maurice Berger NYT Sep. 8, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/09/08/
Anti-Vietnam War rally in New York. 1967.
Photograph: LeRoy Henderson
Photographing Ordinary Life in Passing LeRoy W. Henderson Jr. has traveled up and down the East Coast, stopping alongside rural roads in his native Virginia, at rallies on the National Mall and on bustling New York City street corners. NYT June 19, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/
A Vietnam War protest in New York. 1967.
Photograph: LeRoy Henderson
Photographing Ordinary Life in Passing LeRoy W. Henderson Jr. has traveled up and down the East Coast, stopping alongside rural roads in his native Virginia, at rallies on the National Mall and on bustling New York City street corners. NYT June 19, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/
April 4, 1967
Martin Lurther King delivers his first public antiwar speech, “Beyond Vietnam,” at New York’s Riverside Church
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/chronologyentry/
The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at an antiwar demonstration in New York in April 1967, with Dr. Benjamin Spock to his right.
When Martin Luther King Came Out Against Vietnam David J. Garrow VIETNAM '67 NYT APRIL 4, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/
Dr. King delivered the address, known variously as “Beyond Vietnam” and “A Time to Break Silence,” at Riverside Church in Manhattan on April 4, 1967.
“A time comes when silence is betrayal,” he said.
“And that time has come for us in relation to Vietnam.”
He added: “If we continue, there will be no doubt in my mind and in the mind of the world that we have no honorable intentions in Vietnam.
If we do not stop our war against the people of Vietnam immediately, the world will be left with no other alternative than to see this as some horrible, clumsy and deadly game we have decided to play.”
The speech, which articulated what was then a relatively unpopular position, touched off a firestorm.
In an editorial titled “Dr. King’s Disservice to His Cause,” Life magazine called it “a demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi.”
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People described the address as “a serious tactical error.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/us/
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/us/
Anti Vietnam war demonstrations
Anti-war demonstrators sitting amongst pink flowers.
Location: Washington, DC, US
Date taken: 1970
Photographer: John Olson
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=5c3ef0f0aaedf265
October 1967
March on the Pentagon
tens of thousands of people gathered in Washington to protest the Vietnam War
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/20/
A protester faces soldiers near the Pentagon on October 21, 1967.
Photograph: Marc Riboud Magnum Photos
The March on the Pentagon: An Oral History NYT OCT. 20, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/20/
Young men burn their draft cards at an anti-Vietnam war demonstration outside the Pentagon in 1967.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive
How civil rights activists risked their lives to change America in 'freedom summer' G Friday 1 July 2016 12.58 BST Last modified on Friday 1 July 2016 16.55 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/01/
Young men burning their draft cards. New York. 1967.
Photograph: Hiroji Kubota Magnum Photos
Hiroji Kubota, Photographer By Misha Erwitt NYT Nov. 18, 2015 http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/18/hiroji-kubota-photographer/
Lt. Col. J. Edwin McKee escorting Clay from the armed forces examining station in Houston on April 28, 1967, after he refused to be drafted into the army, requesting conscientious objector status.
Clay was stripped of his title by boxing commissions and was convicted of draft evasion.
He did not fight for three and a half years.
Muhammad Ali, Titan of Boxing and the 20th Century, Dies at 74 By ROBERT LIPSYTE NYT JUNE 4, 2016 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/sports/muhammad-ali-dies.html
A group of top black athletes gather to give support to Muhammad Ali give his reasons for rejecting the draft during the Vietnam War at a meeting of the Negro Industrial and Economic Union, held in Cleveland in June 1967.
Seated in the front row, from left to right: Bill Russell, Ali, Jim Brown and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
Standing behind them are: Carl Stokes, Walter Beach, Bobby Mitchell, Sid Williams, Curtis McClinton, Willie Davis, Jim Shorter and John Wooten.
Photograph: Robert Abbott Sengstacke/Getty Images G Friday 8 December 2017 18.26 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/dec/08/
Ali's boldest move — and most controversial — came in 1967.
At the height of the Vietnam War, he refused induction into the U.S. military, saying, "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong."
"My intention is to box, to win a clean fight. But in war, the intention is to kill, kill, kill, kill and continue killing innocent people," he said.
Some called him a traitor.
For those in a growing anti-war movement, Ali was a hero who paid a significant price.
He was convicted of draft evasion, and though he avoided jail time, he was stripped of his heavyweight title and banned from boxing at the age of 25, just as he was entering his prime.
It would be more than three years before Ali returned to the ring.
http://www.npr.org/2016/06/04/
http://www.npr.org/2016/06/10/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/
http://www.npr.org/2016/06/04/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/
Spring Mobilization Vietnam protestors carrying anti-war signs during march from dowtown Market Street to Golden Gate Park's Kezar Stadium for rally called "Spring Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam".
Location: San Francisco, CA, US
Date taken: April 1967
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7d9765e5567a2103
Georgia legislature’s refusal to seat Julian Bond, the black civil rights leader, for opposing American involvement in Vietnam and supporting draft resisters.
His exclusionwas overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1966, and Mr. Bond served 20 years in the legislature.
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/14/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1966/01/11/
A May Day rally in Union Square demanding an end to the war in Vietnam and no intervention in the Dominican Republic.
Manhattan, May 1, 1965.
Photograph: Builder Levy
Striving for Justice and Equality With a Camera on New York's Streets For decades, Builder Levy photographed protests and social issues, as well as the neighborhoods where he taught in New York, to counter media depictions he saw as problematic. NYT Aug. 24, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/
National Surveillance Agency > Operation Minaret
The National Security Agency secretly tapped into the overseas phone calls of prominent critics of the Vietnam War, including Martin Luther King, Muhammad Ali and two actively serving US senators
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/
South Vietnam antiwar movement
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/
Anglonautes > History > 20th century
USA > Vietnam > Vietnam War 1962-1975
Kent State University shootings - May 4, 1970
Vietnam war opponents > USA > The Berrigans
Vietnam war opponents > USA > Daniel Ellsberg
Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)
Anglonautes > Arts > Photography
Anglonautes > Arts > Books
USA > William Seward Burroughs II (1914-1997)
Anglonautes > Vocapedia
politics > activism, protests, riots > UK, USA
conflicts, wars, climate, poverty > asylum seekers, displaced people,
intelligence, spies, surveillance
boxing > Muhammad Ali 1942-2016
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