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History > 20th century > USA > Civil rights
Timeline in pictures > late 1960s-1980s
Black Power movement
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
Black Liberation Army
Black Power, Civil rights, Human rights, Women's rights >
Black Panthers Revisited NYT 23 January 2015
Black Panthers Revisited Video Op-Docs The New York Times 23 January 2015
This short documentary explores what we can learn from the Black Panther party in confronting police violence 50 years later.
This is part of a series of videos produced by Independent filmmakers, who are supported in part by the nonprofit Sundance Institute.
Produced by: Stanley Nelson and Laurens Grant Read the story here: http://nyti.ms/1BMFR57 Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGZpDt6OYnI
Black Power movement Stokely Carmichael, Angela Davis, Eldridge Cleaver
The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975 Video Movie Trailer (2011) HD
mobilizes a treasure trove of 16mm material shot by Swedish filmmakers, after languishing in a basement of a TV station for 30 years, into an irresistible mosaic of images, music, and narration chronicling the evolution one of our nation's most indelible turning points, the Black Power movement.
Featuring candid interviews with the movement's most explosive revolutionary minds, including Angela Davis, Bobby Seale, Stokely Carmichael, and Kathleen Cleaver, the film explores the community, people and radical ideas of the movement.
Music by Questlove and Om'Mas Keith, and commentary from and modern voices including Erykah Badu, Harry Belafonte, Talib Kweli, and Melvin Van Peebles give the historical footage a fresh sound and make
THE BLACK POWER MIXTAPE 1967-75 an exhilarating, unprecedented account of an American revolution. MOVIECLIPS Trailers YouTube > MOVIECLIPS Trailers 11 August 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFWHNpfjByQ
Related
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/08/
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
key events
In the late 1960s, black protesters show a new militancy, very different from the nonviolence activists originally adopted.
In 1966, the Black Panther Party forms in Oakland, California.
Armed with law books, breakfast programs, and guns, the group aggressively monitors police actions in the black community, serves the poor and needy, publishes a newspaper, and earns a following.
Its founders, Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, present a ten-point program for improving social and economic conditions for African Americans.
Soon, their movement spreads to 25 cities across the nation.
As they question and monitor police actions, the Panthers' boldness and militancy make many in the white and the law enforcement communities nervous.
Carrying loaded weapons in public is legal in California, where Ronald Reagan is governor.
But the Panthers' appearance, fully armed, makes lawmakers rush to ban the practice.
In 1969, the F.B.I. names the group the number one threat to the nation's internal security.
Some law enforcement officials feel this gives them justification to break the law and destroy the Panther organization.
In Chicago in December 1969, two Black Panther Party leaders are killed in a pre-dawn raid by police acting on information supplied by an FBI informant, William O'Neal.
The men, Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, are executed and four of the seven other people in the apartment are wounded.
All surviving Panthers are charged with assault and attempted murder.
Though the police insist they shot in self-defense, a controversy grows when activists present evidence that the sleeping Panthers put up no resistance.
Although the police are never tried, the charges against the Panthers are dropped, and later the families of the dead win a $1.8 million settlement from the government.
The extent of the FBI's counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO, will be uncovered by activists in 1971. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/17_panthers.html
https://www.archives.gov/research/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/series/
2023
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2023/mar/20/
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/08/
2022
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/24/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/26/
2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/04/
https://www.npr.org/2021/04/12/
2020
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/15/
2018
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/
2019
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/dec/05/
https://www.mediapart.fr/studio/documentaires/international/
2018
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/
2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/
2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/us/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/sep/15/
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2016/mar/10/
2015
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/
2012
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
2011
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/oct/08/
The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975 - Movie Trailer (2011) HD
https://www.youtube.com/
2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/nyregion/
2009
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
2005
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/12/usa2
2004
https://www.npr.org/2004/07/19/
1998
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/
1977
https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/28/
1976
https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/06/
1973
https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/1973/05/13/
1971
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/12/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/01/
1970
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/16/
https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/15/
1969
https://www.nytimes.com/1969/12/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1969/12/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/1969/11/09/
1968
https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/05/
1967
https://www.nytimes.com/1967/08/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1967/05/21/
1966
https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/13/
The Black Panthers' History in 10 photos
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
1960s
FBI’s Cointelpro program
The FBI used similar tactics to disrupt, discredit and neutralize leaders of the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960s.
The FBI’s Cointelpro program targeting civil rights leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael was specifically designed to “[p]revent the rise of a ‘messiah’ who could unify and electrify the militant black nationalist movement” rather than to prevent any violent acts they might perpetrate.
The methods included informant-driven disinformation campaigns designed to spark conflict within the movement, discourage donors and supporters, and even break up marriages.
Overt investigative activity was also used, as one stated goal of the Cointelpro program was to inspire fear among activists by convincing them that an FBI agent lurked behind every mailbox.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/06/
Children walking by Panther graffiti.
Photograph: Stephen Shames Long Shot Factory [ Undated ]
Review: ‘The Black Panthers’ Captures a Militant Movement’s Soul and Swagger The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution NYT SEPT. 1, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/
Joanne Chesimard / Assata Shakur
A leading figure in the 70s Black Liberation Army, Shakur was given life for murder in 1977.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/
leader of the black radical movement who escaped in 1979 from a New Jersey prison where she was serving a life term for murdering a state trooper
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/may/09/
http://www.npr.org/2015/04/13/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jul/13/
http://www.npr.org/2013/05/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/02/nyregion/
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/
Two women with bags of food at the People’s Free Food Program, one of the Panther’s survival programs, Palo Alto, California, USA, 1972
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
Panthers’ sons and daughters march in front of the Black Panther office on Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, 1971.
Sisters of the revolution: the women of the Black Panther party A new photobook recalls the crucial but often overlooked role played by women in the Black Panther party. The photographer Stephen Shames and his co-author Ericka Huggins, the party’s longest-serving female member, look back G Sun 4 Sep 2022 13.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/sep/04/
May 21, 1971
Officers Waverly Jones and Joseph Piagentini are shot dead in Harlem
The NYPD officers Joseph Piagentini, left, and Waverly Jones, who were murdered by Herman Bell and others in Harlem in 1971.
Photograph: New York State Senate
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free?
Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US.
As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Herman Bell was captured in 1973 in New Orleans, more than two years after he and two other men killed two New York City police officers.
Now 70 years old, he has been granted parole.
Photograph: Associated Press
Nearly 5 Decades Later, Man Who Killed New York Officers Wins Parole NYT March 14, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/
Jailed for 46 years over police deaths G 20 July 2018
Jailed for 46 years over police deaths Video G 20 July 2018 YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
After the New York City police officers Joseph A. Piagentini and Waverly M. Jones were fatally shot outside a housing project in Harlem in 1971, the Black Liberation Army, an offshoot of the Black Panther Party, took credit for the killings.
Within months, arrests were made.
The suspects claimed at their trial that the violence was part of their war against the United States.
A jury convicted three men — Herman Bell, Anthony Bottom and Albert Washington — and each received a sentence of 25 years to life in prison. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/nyregion/herman-bell-nypd-parole.html
https://www.npr.org/2020/09/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/05/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/08/
Members of the Black Panthers, including Leonard Hayes holding a flag inscribed “Blood,” marching on Centre Avenue near Elmore Street. Hill District.
Circa 1970-75.
Photograph: Charles (Teenie) Harris Teenie Harris Archive, Carnegie Museum of Art
Past and Present Collide in Pittsburgh NYT Jun. 2, 2015
https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/
Ericka Huggins
Ericka Huggins is released from prison after the case against her for the murder of Alex Rackley was dismissed, May 1971.
Photograph: Dave Pickoff AP
Black power’s coolest radicals (but also a gang of ruthless killers) O Sunday 18 October 2015 09.30 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Muhammad Ali gives a Black Power salute before entering Madison Square Garden to fight Oscar Bonavena in 1971.
Photograph: Santi Visalli Inc. Getty Images
From Muhammad Ali to Colin Kaepernick, the proud history of black protest in sport G Thu 2 Jul 2020 14.00 BST Last modified on Thu 2 Jul 2020 16.44 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/jul/02/
Attica inmate revolt New York September 1971
In Brooklyn in 1971, people honor the six black prisoners killed at Attica Correctional Facility with the black power salute.
Photograph: Jean-Pierre Laffont
Looking Back on the Grit and Glamour of New York NYT Nov. 7, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/
On Sept. 10, 1971, striking inmates at the Attica State Prison protested brutal treatment they had endured at the hands of corrections officials.
Three days later, the authorities stormed the prison with deadly consequences.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/attica-inmate-revolt-1971 https://www.nytimes.com/topic/organization/attica-correctional-facility
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/
https://www.npr.org/2017/02/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/22/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.npr.org/templates/
Attica! - Dog Day Afternoon (3/10) Movie CLIP (1975) HD
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/15/
George Lester Jackson 1941-1971
George Jackson’s funeral at St. Augustine’s Church, Oakland, California, 1971
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
George Lester Jackson (...) was an African-American author.
While serving a sentence for armed robbery in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the Maoist-Marxist Black Guerrilla Family.
In 1970, he was charged, along with two other Soledad Brothers, with the murder of prison guard John Vincent Mills in the aftermath of a prison fight.
The same year, he published Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, a combination of autobiography and manifesto addressed to a black American audience.
The book would become a best-seller and earn Jackson personal fame.
In 1971, Jackson took several guards and two inmates hostage in a bid to escape from San Quentin Prison.
However, the incident ended with Jackson being shot and killed by a guard, in addition to the deaths of 5 hostages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)
Jonathan Peter Jackson 1953-1970
A rally in support of the Connecticut Black Panthers in 1970.
Sostre’s activism would make him an international symbol for prisoners’ rights.
Photograph: David Fenton Getty Images
Overlooked No More: Martin Sostre, Who Reformed America’s Prisons From His Cell
The lawsuits he filed from behind bars in the 1960s and ’70s challenging harsh prison conditions laid the groundwork for prisoners to defend their rights even today. NYT April 24, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/
Huey Newton Speaks At Revolutionary People’s Party Constitutional Convention in 1970.
Photograph: David Fenton Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
1970s
blaxploitation / blaxploitation pictures
The 1970s produced the genre that would later come to be known as 'Blaxploitation'.
The film genre emerged during this decade as films were made specifically with an urban black audience in mind.
The term 'Blaxploitation' emerges from a fusion of the words black and exploitation.
These movies were larger-than-life, action-packed, and full of funk and soul music.
Known not only for their exciting nature, these films also involved progressive social and political commentary.
From Pam Grier to Bill Cosby, check out who delved into this genre and what the actors have been doing since the '70s ... http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/watn-photos/blaxploitation-stars-gallery-1.51536
http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/watn-photos/
http://film.guardian.co.uk/quiz/questions/0,,345846,00.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/movies/16mcgee.html
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/oct/04/is.this.it.pam.grier
Armed members of the Seattle chapter of the Black Panther Party standing on the state Capitol steps protesting a proposed law limiting the ability to carry firearms in a “manner manifesting an intent to intimidate others.”
Olympia, Wash. February 1969.
Photographer: Unknown/Washington State Archive
Photographing Civil Rights, Up North and Beyond Dixie NYT Oct. 18, 2016
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/
Black Panthers protest outside the New York City courthouse in 1969.
Photograph: David Fenton Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Members of the Black Panther party stand behind tables ready to distribute free clothing to the public in New Haven, Connecticut, 1969.
Photograph: David Fenton Getty Images
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
“Trial: The City and County of Denver vs. Lauren R. Watson”
a six-hour documentary (...) produced for public television in 1970.
The film followed the criminal proceedings against Mr. Watson, a Black Panther Party member charged with resisting arrest and interfering with a police officer after a Denver patrolman stopped his speeding car in 1968.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/
http://www.examiner.com/article/
https://digital.denverlibrary.org/digital/collection/p15330coll22/id/64672
October 16, 1968
Tommy Seale and John Carlos Olympic Games Mexico City
Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (right) raising gloved fists during the medal ceremony for the 200-meters at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, on October 16, 1968. Silver medalist Peter Norman of Australia (left) stands by.
Photograph: John Dominis The LIFE Picture Collection, via Shutterstock
The Timeless Appeal of Tommie Smith, Who Knew a Podium Could Be a Site of Protest In 1968, he and John Carlos raised their fists during an Olympic medal ceremony. Their demonstration still inspires athletes, artists and marginalized people everywhere. NYT Aug. 6, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/06/
Kathleen Neal Cleaver
Kathleen Cleaver, photographed in Oakland, 1968.
Now a professor of law, she was the wife of Eldridge Cleaver.
Photograph courtesy of Jeffrey Blankfort
Black power’s coolest radicals (but also a gang of ruthless killers) O Sunday 18 October 2015 09.30 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Kathleen Cleaver, the Panthers’ communications secretary, in Marin City, Calif., August 1968.
Photograph: Jeffrey Henson Scales Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, courtesy Claire Oliver Gallery
My Teenage Years With the Black Panthers By Jeffrey Henson Scales Mr. Henson Scales is an independent photographer and a photo editor at The Times. NYT Oct. 29, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/29/
Kathleen Cleaver, communications secretary and the first female member of the party’s decision-making central committee, talks with Black Panthers from Los Angeles at the Free Huey rally in DeFremery Park. Oakland, California, July 28, 1968
Photograph: Copyright Stephen Shames Courtesy Steven Kasher Gallery
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
Kathleen Neal Cleaver
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/feb/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/18/
Black Panthers salute during a rally in support of jailed member Huey Newton, in Provo Park, Berkeley, California, 1968.
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
Black Panthers line up at a Free Huey rally in DeFremery Park in west Oakland in 1968
Photograph: Stephen Shames courtesy Stephen
Power to the People - the Black Panthers by photographer Stephen Shames G Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Mon 1 Oct 2018 07.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/01/
On May 2, 1967, Black Panthers amassed at the Capitol in Sacramento brandishing guns to protest a bill before an Assembly committee restricting the carrying of arms in public.
Self-defense was a key part of the Panthers' agenda.
This was an early action, a year after their founding.
Related
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/
Photograph: Walt Zeboski AP
The Black Panthers' History in 10 photos Did Man Who Armed Black Panthers Lead Two Lives? NPR October 03, 2012 4:38 PM
https://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
Mumia Abu-Jamal
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/oct/26/
https://www.npr.org/2018/12/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Jalil Muntaqi, then going by the name Anthony Bottom
Jalil Muntaqim, who has spent the last 47 years in prison.
Photograph: Tom Silverstone The Guardian
The Black Panthers still in prison After 46 years, will they ever be set free? Over two years, Ed Pilkington has interviewed eight people imprisoned since the 1970s black liberation struggle that rocked the US. As they near 50 years inside, will America’s black radicals ever be freed? G Mon 30 Jul 2018 09.00 BST Last modified on Mon 30 Jul 2018 13.02 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
The Black Panther still in prison after 46 years The Guardian 30 July 2018
The Black Panther still in prison after 46 years Video The Guardian 30 July 2018
In 1971, two police officers were shot dead in Harlem. Nineteen-year-old Jalil Muntaqim of the Black Liberation Army was convicted and sent to prison.
Nearly half a century later, he's still locked up – and he believes he's a victim of his involvement in the black liberation struggle
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ORtv-4wX-k
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/30/
Elbert Howard 1938-2018
Mr. Howard speaking at a sidewalk news conference in Washington in 1970.
Photograph: Charles W. Harrity Associated Press
Elbert Howard, a Founder of the Black Panthers, Dies at 80 NYT July 26, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
a founder of the Black Panther Party and, as its spokesman, in the thick of some of the most tumultuous events of the late 1960s and early ’70s — but who was most enthusiastic about its social-service and community-organizing work —
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/
Leo Branton Jr. 1922-2013
California lawyer whose moving closing argument in a racially and politically charged murder trial in 1972 helped persuade an all-white jury to acquit a black communist, the activist and academic Angela Davis
(...)
Mr. Branton, a black veteran of World War II who served in a segregated Army unit, represented prominent black performers, including Nat King Cole and Dorothy Dandridge, argued cases on behalf of the Black Panthers and the Communist Party, and filed numerous cases alleging police abuse.
But the case with which he was most closely associated was that of Ms. Davis.
(...)
Ms. Davis, a 28-year-old former instructor at the University of California, Los Angeles, was accused of murder, kidnapping and conspiracy in the 1970 death of a state judge who was shot with one of several weapons she had bought.
The year before, Ms. Davis had lost her teaching job after she expressed support for the Communist Party.
After the charges were filed, she became a fugitive, one of the F.B.I.’s 10 most wanted.
She said the weapons had been stolen from her.
Her flight had been an important part of the prosecution’s case.
But Mr. Branton, who had argued numerous cases of police abuse in the 1950s, urged jurors to view her behavior in the context of centuries of slavery, racism and abuse against blacks.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/us/
Kwame Ture / Stokely Carmichael 1941-1998
Leroy Eldridge Cleaver 1935-1998
Fredrick Allen Hampton 1948-1969
1968
Life with the Black Panthers
With their guns, uniforms and talent for political theatre, the Black Panthers topped the FBI's list of 'threats to national security' in the 60s.
In 1968 Howard Bingham spent six months trailing and photographing them
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/oct/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/oct/25/
Black Power activist H. Rap Brown / Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin
https://apnews.com/article/4b7c47601f12469aa02c716f01a80f3f
Emory Douglas
minister of culture and in-house artist for the Black Panthers
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/
https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/oct/25/
Richard Aoki 1938-2009
http://www.npr.org/2012/10/03/
Jeffrey Henson Scales, center, when he was 14 years old, at a Black Panther Rally to free Huey Newton, a co-founder of the group who was on trial for the killing of a police officer, in San Francisco in May 1969.
Photograph: Janine Wiedel
How a Surprise Discovery of Photographs From the 1960s Meets the Moment A trove of images were found in a photographer’s family home. Now they are part of an exhibition opening next week in Harlem that captures pivotal years in the Black Panther Party. NYT Sept. 4, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/04/
photographer
“This stuff dated from the late-1960s. I was around 14, a high-school freshman.
My dad was a hobbyist photographer and my mother was a painter.
Even before I turned 11, when dad gave me a Leica camera, both patiently instructed me.
That earliest footage of mine contained a mixed bag of images.
There were people and places I hoped to remember.
I photographed protest and riots in my home city of Berkeley, California.
Sly and the Family Stone and other acts that appeared at the Fillmore, across the bay in San Francisco, were represented too.
And then among it all, was this cache of 15 sleeves with negatives showing various aspects of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense.
The two of us, we grew up together.”
Oakland and Berkeley, Haight-Ashbury, the Castro, LA, the summer of love, women’s liberation, Vietnam, uprisings in urban ghettos.
“They were,” recalls Scales, “all of a piece.
But the Panthers were the coolest people.”
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/24/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/04/
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/09/
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