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History > USA > Civil rights > Malcolm X 1925-1965
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Since Malcolm X’s death, scholars and historians have cast doubt on the government’s theory of the case.
Photograph: Don Hogan Charles The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
Related: The funeral for Malcolm X in 1965, at what was then known as the Faith Temple Church of God in Christ.
The church hosted the ceremony after other local houses of worship declined.
Harlem Church Where Malcolm X Was Eulogized Faces Its Own Final Days NYT MARCH 30, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/nyregion/harlem-
“Betty Shabazz and Percy Sutton at Malcolm’s Funeral,” 1965.
Photograph: Adger Cowans and Whitney Museum of American Art
Uncropped version.
Black Art Matters At the Whitney Museum, the enduring legacy of the Kamoinge photography collective — 14 distinctive talents finally in the spotlight. NYT Jan. 13, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/
Betty Shabazz at the funeral for her husband, Malcom X. Harlem, N.Y., 1965.
Photograph: Adger Cowans Cropped version.
Celebrating the Grace of Black Women NYT May 29, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/
Crowds lined up to attend Malcolm X’s funeral in 1965.
Photograph: Orlando Fernandez World Telegram & Sun, via Library of Congress
Five things to know about the exonerations in Malcolm X’s murder. NYT November 18, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
Viewing Malcolm X’s body at a Harlem funeral home in February 1965.
Photograph: Associated Press
These are the people scholars believe really killed Malcolm X. NYT November 17, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
The killing of Malcolm X was one of the most notorious murders of the civil rights era. There were long-held doubts about who was actually responsible.
Photograph: Marty Lederhandler Associated Press
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
A six-part documentary called Who Killed Malcom X? includes new information regarding the investigation into the assassination of the iconic black Muslim leader.
AP
Malcolm X Doc Prompts 'Reexamination' Of Iconic Leader's Assassination Investigation NYT February 11, 202 04:33 PM ET
https://www.npr.org/2020/02/11/
Malcolm X in Rochester, New York, 1965.
Photograph: Michael Ochs Archives
Malcolm X assassination: 50 years on, mystery still clouds details of the case The Guardian Saturday 21 February 2015 18.43 GMT
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/feb/21/
TITLE: [Martin Luther King and Malcolm X waiting for press conference] MEDIUM: 1 photographic print.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: [1964 March 26]
CREATOR: Trikosko, Marion S., photographer.
NOTES: U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection. SUBJECTS: King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968-- Public appearances. X, Malcolm, 1925-1965--Public appearances. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3d01847 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3d01847 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ils:16:./temp/~pp_eCKB:: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/p?pp/ils:@field(CALL+@band(usn+job))::SortBy=CALL http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/129_usn.html
Martin Luther King Jr. never said he thought Malcolm X "has done himself and our people a great disservice," a biographer says.
The two civil rights leaders with opposing views on nonviolence met only once, in March of 1964.
Photograph: Henry Griffin AP
New biography of Martin Luther King Jr. undercuts a widely cited quote about Malcolm X NPR Updated May 15, 2023 2:13 PM ET
https://www.npr.org/2023/05/15/
Description: MALCOLM X, head and shoulders, seated, leaning with right hand to head, waiting for press conference.
1964 March 26.
Photograph by Marion S. Trikosko,
Location of Original: U.S. News and World Report Collection: LC-U9-11695 Reproduction Number: LC-U9-11695-frame #5 Digital ID: ppmsc 01274 Source: digital file from original Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsc-01274 (digital file from original negative) Images of 20th Century African American Activists: A Select List Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/083_afr.html
Description: Malcolm X Source: Library of Congress. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c11166
Date: 1964
Photograph: Ed Ford, World Telegram staff photographer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Malcolm_X_NYWTS_2.jpg
Malcolm X
Photograph: Associated Press
What Would Malcolm X Think? By ILYASAH SHABAZZ NYT FEB. 20, 2015
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/21/
Malcolm X on June 29, 1963.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive, via Getty Images
Who Really Killed Malcolm X? Fifty-five years later, the case may be reopened. NYT Published Feb. 6, 2020 Updated Feb. 7, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/
Malcolm X holding up a Black Muslim newspaper. Chicago. 1963.
Photograph: Courtesy of the Gordon Parks Foundation
Photographing Civil Rights, Up North and Beyond Dixie NYT Oct. 18, 2016
http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/
Malcolm X, speaking at a Harlem rally around 1962.
“It is hard not to want Malcolm back, because his charisma is undeniable,” Michael P. Jeffries writes in his review of “The Dead Are Arising.”
“His heroism grew from his courage, but also from his delight in his Blackness and his cause.”
Photograph: O'Neal L. Abel
A New Life of Malcolm X Brimming With Detail, Insight and Feeling NYT Oct. 19, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/19/
Malcolm X speaking at a rally in front of Lewis Micheaux's National Memorial African Bookstore in Harlem in 1960
Museum Review 'Malcolm X: A Search for Truth' The Personal Evolution of a Civil Rights Giant NYT May 19, 2005
exonerated in the killing of Malcolm X is suing New York City for $40 million
https://www.npr.org/2022/07/16/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/30/
https://www.npr.org/2022/07/16/
Al-Mustafa Shabazz formerly known as William Bradley ? - 2018
Years after the assassination, scholars suggested William Bradley, an enforcer for a Nation of Islam mosque in Newark, was likely the man who fired the fatal shotgun blast.
Photograph: East Orange Police Department
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later
The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
For decades, the killing of Malcolm X has captivated the attention of scholars with a critical question: Were the wrong men convicted of the crime?
One of three men, confessed at the 1966 murder trial.
But he also testified that his co-defendants were innocent and that he knew, but would not name, the actual assassins.
A decade later, Mr. Halim gave two sworn affidavits as part of an unsuccessful appeal by Mr. Aziz and Mr. Islam.
In the documents, he named four other men who he said took part in the assassination, all members of a Nation of Islam mosque in Newark.
He gave only partial names.
The review by the Manhattan district attorney’s office did not pin the crime on any other suspects.
But scholars have formed their own conclusions about the identities and roles of the four men identified by Mr. Halim, who previously went by the name Talmadge Hayer.
It is widely believed among experts on the assassination that William Bradley, a member of the Newark mosque who once served time in prison on charges that included threatening to kill three people, fired the first shotgun blast.
Mr. Halim identified the man with the shotgun as William X.
Mr. Bradley denied any involvement and died in 2018.
The historian Manning Marable, who wrote a Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Malcolm X in 2011, suspected that Mr. Bradley was probably pulled into the assassination plot by two other members of the Newark mosque whom Mr. Halim identified: Leon Davis and Benjamin Thomas.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
November 18, 2021
Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam, convicted of killing Malcolm X, are exonerated.
In 1966, three men were convicted of the murder of civil rights leader Malcolm X.
Two of them, Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam, insisted throughout the years that they were innocent.
(...)
more than a half-century later, these two men have been exonerated.
Their lawyers called their convictions, quote, "a serious and unacceptable violation of the law."
https://www.npr.org/2021/11/18/
https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/
https://www.npr.org/2021/11/20/
https://www.npr.org/2021/11/18/
https://www.npr.org/2020/02/11/
1985 and 1987
are granted parole two years apart.
After Mr. Aziz’s attempts to be released on parole had been twice denied, his application was approved in 1985, and he was released after 20 years in prison, when he was 46 years old.
Two years later, Mr. Islam was also granted parole.
He died in 2009.
was released in 2010.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
1977 to 1978
Mujahid Abdul Halim files two affidavits implicating four other people in the murder.
Mr. Halim filed two affidavits between 1977 and 1978 that detailed the logistics of the killing and reasserted his claim that his two co-defendants were innocent.
He gave partial names of four members of a Nation of Islam mosque in Newark, N.J., saying they had been his partners in the assassination.
A defense lawyer moved for the case to be reopened in light of new evidence, but a judge denied the motion.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
February 28, 1966
Mujahid Abdul Halim confesses and says the other two men are innocent.
The trial over Malcolm X’s killing began on Jan. 22, and all three men took the witness stand to deny the accusations.
But several weeks later, Mr. Halim testified a second time, telling jurors that he had been involved in the murder and that his two co-defendants were innocent.
He declined to name the real killers.
Still, the jury convicted all three men, and they were later sentenced to 20 years to life in prison.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
Muhammad A. Aziz, then known as Norman 3X Butler
Muhammad Aziz NYT November 2021 caption and full source in next edition.
Muhammad Aziz, second from left, shook hands with the civil rights lawyer Barry Scheck after the court hearing on Thursday.
Photograph: Pool photo by Curtis Means
Exoneration Is ‘Bittersweet’ for Men Cleared in Malcolm X’s Murder An emotional crowd burst into applause in a packed Manhattan courtroom Thursday after the judge threw out the convictions of Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam. NYT Nov. 18, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/
Muhammad A. Aziz stood up in a New York City courtroom on Thursday, 55 years after he and two other men were found guilty of murdering Malcolm X, and began to speak.
Minutes later, he would walk out of the courtroom an innocent man in the eyes of the law, his conviction in the assassination of one of the most influential Black leaders of the civil rights era overturned by a judge.
But first he addressed a silent room.
“I do not need this court, these prosecutors or a piece of paper to tell me I am innocent,” he said in a stern voice that did not shake or falter.
“I am an 83-year-old man who was victimized by the criminal justice system.”
Mr. Aziz and his co-defendant, Khalil Islam, were exonerated on Thursday after a review initiated by the Manhattan district attorney, Cyrus R. Vance Jr., found that they had not received a fair trial.
The investigation found that evidence pointing toward their innocence had been withheld by some of the country’s most prominent law enforcement agencies, and that at least some information was suppressed on the order of the longtime director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover.
But Mr. Aziz, his lawyers and two of Mr. Islam’s sons made it clear on Thursday that they did not think it was a day for celebration, but a moment that reflected a profound injustice administered a half-century earlier in the same courthouse.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/
Representatives for the two exonerated men said that the moment meant a lot to Mr. Aziz, and to Mr. Islam’s family.
But Mr. Shanies, one of the civil rights lawyer representing them, said their convictions had a “horrific, torturous and unconscionable” effect that cannot be undone.
The two men spent a combined 42 years in prison, with years in solitary confinement between them.
They were held in some of New York’s worst maximum security prisons in the 1970s, a decade that bore witness to the Attica uprisings.
Mr. Aziz had six children at the time he was convicted; Mr. Islam had three.
Both men saw their marriages fall apart and spent the primes of their lives behind bars.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/
Mr. Aziz [ Muhammad A. Aziz, then known as Norman 3X Butler ] in 1965.
Photograph: Associated Press
Exoneration Is ‘Bittersweet’ for Men Cleared in Malcolm X’s Murder An emotional crowd burst into applause in a packed Manhattan courtroom Thursday after the judge threw out the convictions of Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam. NYT Published Nov. 18, 2021 Updated Nov. 19, 2021, 8:15 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/
Khalil Islam also known as Thomas 15X Johnson ? - 2009
A judge overturned the convictions of two men found guilty of murder in the assassination of Malcolm X.
One of them, Khalil Islam, is shown in this 1965 photo.
Photograph: Associated Press
Exoneration Is ‘Bittersweet’ for Men Cleared in Malcolm X’s Murder An emotional crowd burst into applause in a packed Manhattan courtroom Thursday after the judge threw out the convictions of Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam. NYT Published Nov. 18, 2021 Updated Nov. 19, 2021, 8:15 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/18/
Khalil Islam, left, and Muhammad A. Aziz, right, were escorted by the police after their arrests.
Photograph: Harvey Lippman Associated Press, Bettmann Archive, via Getty Images
Who are Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam, the exonerated men? NYT November 17, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
Norman 3X Butler, left, [ Muhammad A. Aziz, then known as Norman 3X Butler ] and Thomas 15X Johnson, right, maintained their innocence, but were convicted in Malcolm X’s killing on the testimony of several eyewitnesses, who told conflicting stories. There was no physical evidence against them.
Undated Photographs by Associated Press
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
March 10, 1965
3 Nation of Islam members are indicted in the killing. Mujahid Abdul Halim, a member of the Nation of Islam, was arrested as he fled the ballroom. (He was known as Talmadge Hayer at the time and later as Thomas Hagan.)
Within two weeks, two other men were arrested and later indicted in the killing: Muhammad Abdul Aziz (formerly Norman 3X Butler) and Khalil Islam (also known as Thomas 15X Johnson).
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/19/
The stage of the Audubon Ballroom was riddled with bullet holes after the assassination.
Photograph: Al Burleigh Associated Press
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
Talmadge Hayer (later Mujahid Abdul Halim)
Malcolm X’s confessed killer
Mujahid Abdul Halim, also known as Talmadge Hayer, was shot in the leg after the assassination. He later confessed to the killing.
Photograph: John Lent Associated Press
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
Mujahid Abdul Halim, then named Talmadge Hayer, struggled with police outside the ballroom where Malcolm X was shot and killed.
Photograph: WCBS-TV NEWS, via Associated Press
56 Years Ago, He Shot Malcolm X. Now He Lives Quietly in Brooklyn. Mujahid Abdul Halim is the one man who confessed to his role in the assassination. He long insisted that the two men convicted with him were innocent. NYT Nov. 22, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/
On Feb. 21, 1965, Mr. Halim, who was then 23, was apprehended after being shot in the thigh in the aftermath of Malcolm X’s assassination.
News photographers captured the chaotic scene as he was carried on a gurney into the emergency room in his underwear, hands covering his face, surrounded by police officers.
Mr. Aziz, then known as Norman 3X Butler, was arrested five days later, and Mr. Islam, known as Thomas 15X Johnson, another five days after that.
Within a week, the three Nation of Islam loyalists had been charged with murder.
But while Mr. Halim confessed on the witness stand to taking part in one of the most consequential and confounding political assassinations in U.S. history, he swore his fellow defendants were innocent.
Mr. Halim (...), who was born Thomas Hagan, served more than four decades in prison for Malcolm X’s murder, earning bachelor’s and master’s degrees behind bars.
He was granted work-release in 1988 and was employed as a counselor for young people and the homeless in New York City.
He was paroled in 2010 after being rejected 16 times and moved in with his family in Brooklyn. Mr. Halim said he and four other men with ties to a mosque in Newark, N.J., had decided to kill Malcolm X because he was a “hypocrite” who had “gone against the leader of the Nation of Islam,” Elijah Muhammad.
He said Mr. Aziz and Mr. Islam were not involved.
Mr. Halim said that after one man shot Malcolm X in the chest with a shotgun, he and another man fired several more rounds at him with handguns.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
One man — Talmadge Hayer, who later changed his name to Mujahid Abdul Halim — was wounded and arrested at the ballroom, and within 10 days, two other men had been arrested:
Mr. Aziz and Mr. Islam, then known as Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson, two members of the Nation of Islam’s Harlem mosque.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/19/
Malcolm X is shot dead in Harlem February 21, 1965
Malcolm X was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom on Feb. 21, 1965.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive, via Getty Images
Who Really Killed Malcolm X? Fifty-five years later, the case may be reopened. The New York Times Published Feb. 6, 2020 Updated Feb. 7, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/
Malcolm X was shot at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, where he was set to give a speech, on Feb. 21, 1965.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive, via Getty Images
2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated Decades Later The 1966 convictions of the two men are expected to be thrown out after a lengthy investigation, validating long-held doubts about who killed the civil rights leader. NYT Nov. 17, 2021 Updated 12:37 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
Malcolm X was killed as he addressed a crowd of roughly 400 people at the Audubon Ballroom at Broadway and 165th Street in Washington Heights.
He was pronounced dead later that day.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/
http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/feb/21/
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1960-1969/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/
1965
A week before the assassination, Malcolm X’s home in Queens was firebombed
A week before the assassination, Malcolm X’s home in Queens was firebombed.
Photograph: Stanley Wolfson/World Telegram & Sun, via Library of Congress
Who Really Killed Malcolm X? Fifty-five years later, the case may be reopened. The New York Times Published Feb. 6, 2020 Updated Feb. 7, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/
Malcolm X was sleeping when firebombs crashed through his living room windows shortly before 3 a.m.
He rushed his wife and four young daughters out into the cold before fire engulfed their modest house in Queens.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/
In 1964, (Malcolm X) broke with the Nation after bitter disagreement with its leader, Elijah Muhammad, prompting a host of death threats.
A week before the assassination, Malcolm X’s house was firebombed as his wife and daughters slept inside.
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
Malcolm X accorde une interview a un blanc européen
Malcolm X accorde une interview a un blanc européen Video
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_etdn3ZHdLA
Malcolm X (born Little) 1925-1965
Malcolm X transformed himself into a self-taught intellectual who spurned his past as a white-hating separatist and Nation of Islam spokesman to become an orthodox Muslim and an international figure.
(...)
He was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Neb., to a West Indian mother and an American father, who was a Baptist minister deeply influenced by Marcus Aurelius Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association.
Garvey exhorted African-Americans to return to Africa because the United States would continue to deny them basic rights. NYT, Updated: April 7, 2011 http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/malcolm_x/index.html
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/malcolm-x https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/malcolm-x https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/malcolmx/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/ https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/malcolm-x
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/liberation-curriculum/
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https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/
31 July 1963
Letter from Malcolm X to King
In this letter to Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X invites King to speak at a Muslim outdoor rally (8/10/63) and give his analysis of the race problem.
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/
Nation of Islam
Black Muslim separatist group
Malcolm X had spent 12 years in the Nation of Islam, rising rapidly to its top ranks as it expanded.
But in 1964, fissures between him and the sect’s leader, Elijah Muhammad, widened into a messy split.
Mr. Muhammad privately seemed to imply that he should be executed, according to Federal Bureau of Investigation files.
And two months before the killing, Minister Louis Farrakhan wrote in the Nation’s official newspaper that Malcolm, his former mentor, was worthy of death.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/11/18/
https://www.npr.org/2016/06/10/
Yuri Kochiyama 1921-2014
(born Mary Yuriko Nakahara)
civil rights activist who formed an unlikely friendship with Malcolm X when he was still promoting black nationalism and later cradled his head in her hands as he lay dying from gunshot wounds in 1965
(...)
Mrs. Kochiyama, the child of Japanese immigrants who settled in Southern California, knew discrimination well by the time she was a young woman.
During World War II she spent two years in an internment camp for Japanese-Americans in Arkansas, a searing experience that also exposed her to the racism of the Jim Crow South.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/05/
Muhammad Speaks
Muhammad Speaks was one of the most widely read newspapers ever produced by an African-American organization.
It was the official newspaper of the Nation of Islam from 1960 to 1975, founded by a group of Elijah Muhammad's ministers, including Malcolm X.
After Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, it was renamed several times after Warith Deen Mohammed moved the Nation of Islam into mainstream Sunni Islam, culminating in The Muslim Journal.
A number of rival journals were also published, including The Final Call under Louis Farrakhan, claiming to continue the message of the original. - Wikipedia, 25 June 2023
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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