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History > USA > Civil rights > School desegregation
1950s-1960s
Main timeline > Articles, pictures and podcasts
Children in Boston, as seen in “The Busing Battleground.”
The film looks at the tension and violence following a 1974 court decision mandating the integration of Boston schools by bus.
Photograph: Boston Globe/Getty
Two Documentaries on School Integration Offer New Views of an Old Problem Premiering in September, the films take very different looks at what has and hasn’t changed in the almost 70 years since Brown v. Board of Education. NYT September 2, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/02/arts/television/
1974-1988
desegregation of Boston public schools
1974 court decision mandating the integration of Boston schools by bus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
1969
decision in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
after years of obstruction by many states through the 1950s and 60s, (it) ordered that racially segregated schools must immediately desegregate.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/02/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/02/
George Corley Wallace Jr. 1919-1998
Time Covers - The 60S Time cover: 09-27-1963 of Gov. George Wallace.
Date taken: September 27, 1963
Life Images
Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama by "standing in the door"--scene outside Foster Auditorium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, June 11, 1963.
Digital ID: ppmsca 04294 Source: digital file from original
Reproduction Number: LC-U9-9930-20 (b&w film neg.) , LC-DIG-ppmsca-04294 (digital file from original)
Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/
The Civil Rights Era in the U.S. News & World Report Photographs Collection Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/084_civil.html TIFF > JPEG by Anglonautes
https://archives.alabama.gov/govs_list/g_wallac.html https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/wallace/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/
https://www.npr.org/2003/06/11/
Oct. 1, 1962
is the first black student to be admitted to the University of Mississippi / Ole Miss., a bastion of the Old South.
January 9, 1961
the University of Georgia accepts its first two black students -- Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter.
https://www.npr.org/2011/01/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlayne_Hunter-Gault
https://www.npr.org/2011/01/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/28/
A protest against school desegregation in 1960.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
America’s Steadfast Resistance to Black Advancement NYT June 7, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/
Betty Jean Reed (L) walking into newly desegregated Granby high school as white students line the wall to watch.
Location: Norfolk, VA, US
Date taken: 1959
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b62ee54d9f6d351c.html
An African American student eating lunch alone after being newly integrated into a high school.
Location: Norfolk, VA, US
Date taken: 1959
Photographer: Ed Clark
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/d792a7cde9cad58e.html
Lewis Cousins (R) only African American student in newly desegregated Maury high school standing alone.
Location: Norfolk, VA, US
Date taken: 1959
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/3e3c06f571ac69b4.html
Martha Ann Potts (L) and Lisa Cary (C) stopping to chat with African American boy Lewis Cousins (R) to help make him feel more at ease in newly desegregated school.
Location: Norfolk, VA, US
Date taken: 1959
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b563bbe742f46495.html - broken link
Black students and parents, and some of their white allies, were subjected to intimidation campaigns, beatings and racist slurs in the early years of integration.
Photograph: Sam Falk The New York Times
How School Integration Upended a ‘Most Tolerant Little Town’ Clinton, Tenn., tried to desegregate its high school in 1956, one year before Little Rock. It didn’t go well. NYT June 13, 2023 5:00 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/
1957 Little Rock Nine Little Rock, Arkansas
Elizabeth Eckford ignores the hostile screams and stares of fellow students on her first day of school.
Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive
Little Rock Nine: the day young students shattered racial segregation
Sixty years ago, nine teens braved violent protests to attend school after the supreme court outlawed segregation – but racial separation is not over in the US G Sun 24 Sep 2017 12.00 BST Last modified on Sat 25 Nov 2017 02.03 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/24/
nine teens braved violent protests to attend school after the supreme court outlawed segregation – but racial separation is not over in the US
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/24
1957
Charlotte, North Carolina
Dorothy Counts endures a taunting mob to integrate a North Carolina school.
Dorothy Counts, 15, attempts to become the first black student to attend Harding high school in Charlotte, North Carolina. Dr Edwin Tompkins, a family friend, escorts her.
Photograph: Douglas Martin AP
This picture signaled an end to segregation. Why has so little changed? In 1957, Dorothy Counts endured a taunting mob to integrate a North Carolina school. Sixty-one years later, her work is being undone G Mon 17 Sep 2018 10.00 BST Last modified on Mon 17 Sep 2018 10.02 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/17/
1956
Bills are introduced by Gov. Thomas Stanley (1890-1970) - gov. 1954-1958 - in defiance of Supreme Court decision decreeing racial integration in public schools Richmond, VA, US
http://news.google.com/newspapers?
1956
Browder v. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903
Basing its decision on Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court says the Montgomery bus segregation rule violates the constitution.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott - and the bus system's segregation, end - Dec. 21, 1956
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
1956
Segregation Hearings, Virginia
Segregation Hearings, Virginia
Spectators packed into gallery draped w. confederate flags during Virginia legislature hearings of bills introduced by Gov. Thomas Stanley in defiance of Supreme Court decision decreeing racial integration in public schools.
Location: Richmond, VA, US
Date taken: 1956
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/
Clinton high school, Tennessee 1958-1960
Jack Greenberg 1924-2016
lawyer who became one of the nation’s most effective champions of the civil rights struggle, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc. for 23 years and using the law as a weapon in its fight for racial justice before the United States Supreme Court
(...)
Mr. Greenberg was the last surviving member of a legendary civil rights legal team assembled by Thurgood Marshall, the founding director-counsel of the legal defense fund and later the first African-American Supreme Court justice.
When Mr. Marshall hired him as an assistant counsel in 1949, Mr. Greenberg was just 24 and the civil rights movement, too, was taking wing.
A son of Jewish immigrants and a product of New York City, he had developed an abiding intolerance of injustice — some of it witnessed in the Navy — that propelled him into law and into Mr. Marshall’s sights.
Mr. Greenberg joined a team that, like him, was idealistic yet pragmatic, deliberate yet unafraid.
Besides Mr. Marshall there were Robert L. Carter, Constance Baker Motley, Spottswood W. Robinson III and others.
Mr. Greenberg was neither the first white nor the first Jew to work for the civil rights of blacks.
But he was one of the most powerful white figures in the movement in the 1960s and ’70s, a distinction that led to friction with both blacks and Jews.
Still, Mr. Greenberg helped achieve through the courts what the political system had denied Southern blacks:
voting rights, equal pay for equal work, impartial juries, equal access to medical care, equal access to schools and other benefits of citizenship broadly enjoyed by whites. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/jack-greenberg-dead.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/
1955
first Black students to integrate public schools in Tennessee
(...)
in Oak Ridge's previously whites-only schools in 1955, just one year after the Supreme Court declared segregated public schools to be unconstitutional in its landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision.
But the integration push in Oak Ridge didn't trigger the public furor or sensation of other early efforts, because unlike in Clinton, Tenn., or Little Rock, Ark., the move to educate children of different races alongside each other didn't involve a legal battle.
In 1955, Oak Ridge was managed by the Atomic Energy Commission, which later became the U.S. Department of Energy.
That sets it apart from Clinton, which "may be more prominent because it was the first state-run public school to be desegregated as a result of Brown v. Board," Joe Pagetta of the Tennessee State Museum said on Tuesday.
Oak Ridge was under federal control because of its original status as a "secret city" – a built-to-order community that was the home of the U.S. government's Manhattan Project.
That cleared the way for administrators to simply announce in early 1955 that, in accordance with the Supreme Court's decision, up to 100 students would move from their school in Scarboro, the city's Black community, to Oak Ridge High School and Robertsville Junior High.
The community's federal leadership had already been planning to end segregation because of a presidential executive order to integrate schools on all military posts.
When it arrived, the federal mandate for Oak Ridge came with three basic requirements: students wouldn't be favored or discriminated against because of their skin color; school district boundarie would be followed without regard to race;
and teachers and other personnel would be hired based on merit rather than their skin color.
https://www.npr.org/2021/02/23/
https://www.npr.org/2021/02/23/
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Barbara Rose Johns Powell 1935-1991
At 16, Johns led a strike by the student body that ultimately became one of five court cases consolidated into Brown v. Board of Education.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/
Racial Segregation represented by separating schools for African Americans.
Location: VA, US
Date taken: March 1953
Photographer: Hank Walker
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/2106aa270c1fe863.html
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > USA
School desegregation 1950s-1960s
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U.S. Constitution > High Court / U.S. Supreme Court Justices > Thurgood Marshall 1908-1993
U.S. Constitution, U.S. Supreme Court
Anglonautes > Arts > Photographers > 20th century > USA > Civil rights
James "Spider" Martin 1939-2003
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