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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
GV > auxiliaires
will + Base Verbale
sens et valeurs énonciatives
description, décision, prévision, décret, programmation
≠
should + Base Verbale
(forte) probabilité / possibilité
Valeur descriptive / prédictive de will :
l'énonciateur (-trice) annonce un plan, fait un constat, une prévision qu'il présente comme raisonnée, objective, (quasi)-scientifique, presque inéluctable.
Premier exemple ci-dessous :
le journaliste estime que la réalisation de la relation sujet-prédicat (2,500 - die this week ) est très / plus que probable.
Sous-entendu d'une modalisation en will : moi qui te parle, je te garantis que... / tu peux être sûr que... / il y a de fortes raisons que...
La marque / le sceau de cette forte probabilité est will (à noter que la prévision ci-dessous s'avèrera fausse, la vague de froid n'ayant pas lieu) :
2,500 will die unnecessarily this week, Met Office predicts
Cold weather prompts fears for the elderly in England and Wales this week as a direct result of the cold weather, according to a forecast yesterday
from the Faculty of Public Health and the Met
Office.
They said
most of the avoidable fatalities will be caused by
cardiovascular and respiratory diseases that
strike older people living in damp and cold housing, or going
outside without wrapping up warmly.
At 6.19am BST on Tuesday a tiny black disc will creep across the face of the sun. Venus, the second rock from the sun, will move directly between the Earth and its parent star in a rare celestial phenomenon known as the transit of Venus. The six-hour event will be watched - on projected screens, or via television and internet - by hundreds of millions. No human alive has ever seen a transit of Venus; the last was in 1881. The last one visible in its entirety in Britain was in 1283. The next transit visible from the UK will be in 2247. This transit will be visible from the UK, Europe and Africa in the morning; it will be seen in the middle of the day across the Middle East, Russia and India, and during the late afternoon from Australia and the far east. Paradoxically, no one will see the event directly, with the naked eye: the sun is too dangerously bright and Venus too small for any sense of dramatic eclipse. It is 6.19am, a black spot transits the sun ...and Venus lovers are in heaven, G, 5.6.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/jun/05/ starsgalaxiesandplanets.spaceexploration
Revealed: how global warming will cause extinction of a million species Headline, I,
8 January 2004,
Dans certains contextes, will marque une probabilité à 100 %, une certitude / vérité absolue, qui peut venir d'une décision :
Washington sniper will not be executed
Headline, G,
24.12.2003,
A l'inverse de shall, will ne permet pas à l'énonciateur (-trice) de garantir personnellement la réalisation de ce qui est prévu :
les énoncés en will relèvent souvent de l'analyse scientifique, de la prévision, de la programmation, de la promesse, et non de la prédiction / prophétie (shall).
Le prédicat (ce qui est dit du sujet) est présenté comme inhérent au sujet : ce qui est décrit, prévu, promis, va de soi.
Il y a bien modalisation (will est un modal), mais celle-ci est minorée (élision du wi- dans la publicité ci-dessus).
L'énonciateur se veut neutre, objectif, presque anonyme (will est fréquent dans les textes scientifiques).
Cela étant, on retrouve dans certains énoncés en will le sens premier (vouloir) de ce modal -> énoncés 3-4.
Should
La relation prédicative (ce qui est dit du sujet) devrait / a toutes les chances de se réaliser :
Sport: Duncan Mackay identifies six athletes who should star in the Athens Olympics this year.
Rising to the podium and
pantheon, Sub,
... mais il reste une marge d'erreur (différence entre will et should -> 1).
1 - Up to 90% of bombs will be precision-guided. In the first night more than 300 targets should be hit. Using improved satellite imagery, most targets should be destroyed in one strike. History's deadliest night of airstrikes will start the war, T, p. 7, 18.3.2003.
2 - There is a heavy burden on this not-so-humble edifice. Its job will be to reclaim the skyline of Manhattan after the cruel amputation of the World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001. And it must meet the symbolism required of it. The message will be bold and maybe a little crass. America will not be defeated by terror. America will be ever strong. And America will always have the biggest and the best. All of which is wrapped into the single most important dimension of the design. It will soar to 1,776 feet. That ensures first that America will once again be home to the tallest tower in the world, surpassing the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur. And, in case you hadn't thought of it, 1776 is a date not without importance in American history - the year of independence. From Ground
Zero up: towering ambition of a design
Prisoners tell of hanging threats by officers holding nooses
Headline and sub, G,
11.12.2003,
4 - Derrière une objectivité de façade, l'énonciateur impose sa vision de l'avenir. Ce qui est dit arrivera de façon inévitable, inéluctable -> idée de volonté "royale", de facilité.
Traduction explicative : "cela se passera comme ça, j'en ai décidé ainsi, je le veux, telle est ma volonté" :
DAVID BECKHAM will launch England to glory insisting: "We will triumph - just like '66."
We've got the balls!, NoW frontpage,
13.6.2004,
The chancellor, Gordon Brown, will seek to lift the battered morale of Labour activists when he promises the party's spring conference that he will make a crackdown on tax avoidance a theme of next week's budget. Mr Brown will also tell more than 2,000 delegates in Manchester that "the first, the major, the most important theme of that budget will be to lock in stability and invest in science, skills and enterprise". He will also set out plans to encourage volunteering and improve the supply of housing. The conference, where the prime minister will speak tomorrow, will be a telling barometer of party morale in the light of a rejuvenated Tory party and continuing internal splits over Iraq. Many of the speeches from members of the cabinet will seek to draw a distinction between Labour investment and Tory plans to cut spending. The chancellor's proposed clampdown on tax avoidance will not only raise much-needed income for the Treasury, but also prove popular with Labour's rank and file. Tessa Jowell, the culture secretary, will tell the conference that Labour has lost the trust of some voters, and that they need to be re-engaged through a politics that displays passion without aggression. She will argue that Labour's "big conversation" process represents the biggest change in the party's culture since it came to power. She will say that "the spirit of the big conversation should become a discipline for government in future". Ms Jowell believes that many voters have become disengaged by the aggressive tone of Westminster politics. But she will stress that she does not want to feminise it. She will also claim that the time is ripe for a manifesto that is more radical than that of Labour's second term, which largely promised more doctors, nurses and teachers. She will suggest that the three big issues should be childcare improvements, action on crime, and the quality of life agenda, including an expansion of culture and sporting opportunities. Brown
plans a budget to lift Labour's spirits, G, 11.3.2004,
When the Queen puts her hand into the brocade bag today, she will pull out a fistful of nettles. There will be just a few sweets at the bottom to ease the pain, but prickly measures will dominate the session. They will cause ructions among an array of vested interests from hereditary peers, homophobes and europhobes to high court judges, refugee advocates and businessmen at risk of corporate killing. Hardly an interest group goes unprovoked. Fasten seatbelts for a turbulent time. All this, with Iraq still in the balance. Despite a few token measures to gladden Labour hearts, many will be profoundly uneasy. The hereditary peers will refuse to go, pretending to hold out in the name of democracy, forsooth. But most Labour MPs will agree that an all-appointed house is almost as much of an abomination as the mangy old ermine. Labour MPs might be pleased that fox hunting will finally go - but wiser heads see this as a monstrous waste of time on an illiberal act, banning the hobby of an odd minority. Labour benches will celebrate long overdue legal rights for gay couples, tougher laws on domestic violence and a new children's commissioner. But the nettles MPs will be forced to grasp on asylum and student fees will hurt. Both are necessary, though both will no doubt benefit from softening amendments. Labour grasps the nettles, but still can't find the garden :The Queen's speech will show the government has guts - but no heart, G, 26.11.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/nov/26/ society.queensspeech2003
Why the war on terror will never end: There's no stopping Bin Laden's army Headline cover, Time, 26.5.2003.
Disparaging the poor performance of Britain's European partners, the chancellor borrowed heavily from the policies which made America the fastest growing major economy in the 1990's. He said: "Our Budget reforms will learn from American innovation, competition and enterprise and we will introduce new flexibilities in our economy, reforms that will be important for our future prospects in Europe." Brown goes the American way, GE, p. 11, 10.4.2003.
We will take Baghdad one chunk at a time, says US
Headline, GE, p. 4,
7.4.2003.
5 January 2008
The Guardian p. 5 15 February 2007
The Guardian p. 42 16 February 2007
The Guardian p. 32 1 February 2007
The Guardian p. 4 14 July 2005
Will ne sert pas seulement à exprimer le futur : will > présent
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
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