Anglonautes > Vocapedia > 2000s - 2010s - 2020s > English words - vocabulary - dictionary - encyclopedia > Health > Germs, bacteria, viruses > Hygiene > Soap, Handwashing, Public Toilets, Face masks, Sanitation, Water

Les anglonautes

Vocapedia > Health > Microbes

Germs, Bacteria, Viruses

Hygiene

Soap, Handwashing, Face masks,

Toilets, Flush toilets, Public toilets,

Sanitation, Wastewater, Sewage, Sewers,

Water system, Water access,

Untreated water, Clean water

A submission to Amplifier, titled "In Your Hands."

Illustration: Jen Bloomer

Artists Paint A Portrait Of A Pandemic

NPR

May 11, 2020 3:33 PM ET

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/11/
848480166/artists-paint-a-portrait-of-a-pandemic

The importance of handwashing: 6 Minute English

BBC Learning English 7 May 2020

The importance of handwashing: 6 Minute English

Video BBC Learning English 7 May 2020

Apparently,

handwashing helps the fight against Covid-19.

Health authorities say that washing your hands can help

to prevent the spread of viruses such as the coronavirus.

But the idea of keeping hands clean

to help prevent diseases is nothing new.

Hungarian doctor, Ignaz Semmelweiss

was one of the first people to realise its importance.

Neil and Georgina talk about his work

and teach you some useful English vocabulary

along the way.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHtvi6EtGkw

How you've been washing your hands wrong

your entire life BBC 25 February 2019

How you've been washing your hands wrong your entire life

Video BBC 25 February 2019

Alan Partridge returns to our screens in This Time.

In this handy segment,

he explores the importance of washing your hands properly

and teaches us how to use the toilet without getting your hands dirty.

This Time with Alan Partridge | Episode 1 | BBC

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77IZttD_pU8

A boy drinks from the tap of a water tank outside a night shelter

in New Delhi, India.

Photograph: Shams Qari

Barcroft Images

When it comes to water access we keep doing the same thing. And failing

Many water and sanitation services are unreliable and sub-standard.

We NGOs must change our way of working and be accountable

when projects fail

Fri 7 Apr 2017 09.57 BST

Last modified on Fri 6 Oct 2017 13.12 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/07/
clean-water-everyone-sdg-failure

hygiene UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/
hygiene

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/05/
hygiene-measures-to-tackle-spread-of-covid-19

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/25/
too-much-cleanliness-not-bad-for

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/may/23/
hygiene-is-the-first-priority-nepal-looks-to-clean-up-its-act-on-healthcare

hygiene USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/
798644707/why-wet-markets-persisted-in-china-despite-disease-and-hygiene-concerns

hygiene measures UK

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/05/
hygiene-measures-to-tackle-spread-of-covid-19

bathroom hygiene UK

https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2019/oct/23/
bathroom-hygiene-spread-e-coli-infections

proper hygiene UK

https://www.npr.org/2020/04/05/
827582516/in-worlds-overcrowded-refugee-camps-proper-hygiene-isolation-are-impossible

workplace hygiene USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/
us/coronavirus-covid-19-hygiene.html

World Menstrual Hygiene Day: Menstrual Cups UK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvysXYcnwgA

video - BBC - 10 June 2019

poor hygiene standards UK

https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/09/24/
why-it-is-so-hard-to-fix-indias-sanitation

use pit latrines USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-
is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Slumdog_Millionaire

sanitation UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/
sanitation

https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/09/24/
why-it-is-so-hard-to-fix-indias-sanitation

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/13/
akshay-kumar-toilet-isnt-a-dirty-word-my-latest-film-made-me-love-the-loo

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/nov/24/
eight-ways-to-make-innovation-work-for-water-and-sanitation

sanitation crisis UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/13/
akshay-kumar-toilet-isnt-a-dirty-word-my-latest-film-made-me-love-the-loo

sanitation equity USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/10/13/
1204307186/black-residents-alabama-sanitation-equity

universal sanitation USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

USA > Alabama >

waste management > failing or inadequate water systems UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/feb/18/
catherine-flowers-and-her-fight-for-environmental-justice-in-alabama

Mississippi > failing water system USA

https://www.npr.org/2022/10/20/
1130393118/the-epa-starts-a-civil-rights-probe-into-mississippis-water-woes

https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/
1120166328/jackson-mississippi-water-crisis

waste USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

feces USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

poop USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

rural America > rural sanitation crisis > waste sanitation, septic system USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/
books/review/waste-catherine-coleman-flowers.html

systems for managing wastewater USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/
books/review/waste-catherine-coleman-flowers.html

USA > hookworm USA

- a tropical parasite

thought to be eradicated from the country

with the advent of modern plumbing.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/
books/review/waste-catherine-coleman-flowers.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/17/
books/review/waste-catherine-coleman-flowers.html

sewage UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/audio/2022/dec/07/
whats-gone-wrong-with-englands-water-podcast

sewage > wastewater USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/03/
health/coronavirus-wastewater-new-york.html

polio vaccines > oral vaccine > stool >

contaminated wastewater USA

While the United States

and other Western countries

inject an inactivated virus

that poses no risk of spread

and are now polio-free,

other countries rely

on an oral vaccine.

It's cheap, it's easy to administer

and two or more doses

confer lifelong immunity.

But it's made

with living, weakened virus.

And that poses a problem.

Those who've been immunized with live virus

can shed it in their stool,

which can then spread through sewage

in places with poor sanitation.

If the virus stays weak,

it can expose the unvaccinated to polio

and give them immunity.

But if it mutates and regains virulence,

someone who isn't vaccinated

can become sick

with vaccine-derived polio

after contact

with the contaminated wastewater.

And now countries

that had previously eradicated polio

in Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia

are seeing new outbreaks

of vaccine-derived polio.

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/04/26/
1092867458/vaccine-derived-polio-is-on-the-rise-
a-new-vaccine-aims-to-stop-the-spread

raw sawage UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/04/
sewage-sleuths-river-pollution-slow-dirty-death-of-welsh-and-english-rivers

USA, Gaza > raw sewage UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/feb/18/
catherine-flowers-and-her-fight-for-environmental-justice-in-alabama

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/31/
children-swim-sewage-floods-gaza-beach

raw sewage USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

untreated sewage

pumped into England’s seas and rivers UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/audio/2022/dec/07/
whats-gone-wrong-with-englands-water-podcast - Guardian podcast

1858

The Great Stink

The Great Stink

was an event in Central London

in July and August 1858

during which the hot weather exacerbated

the smell of untreated human waste

and industrial effluent

that was present on the banks

of the River Thames.

The problem

had been mounting for some years,

with an ageing and inadequate sewer system

that emptied directly into the Thames.

The miasma from the effluent

was thought to transmit

contagious diseases,

and three outbreaks of cholera

before the Great Stink

were blamed on the ongoing problem

with the river.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stink - 1 July 2021

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Great_Stink

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-
is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

Mogden sewage treatment works in west London UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/04/
sewage-sleuths-river-pollution-slow-dirty-death-of-welsh-and-english-rivers

sewage treatment USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

treatment plant USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

sanitation USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

basic sanitation USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

USA > Alabama > install sanitation systems UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/feb/18/
catherine-flowers-and-her-fight-for-environmental-justice-in-alabama

USA > Alabama > lack of public sanitation UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/feb/18/
catherine-flowers-and-her-fight-for-environmental-justice-in-alabama

waste water USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

cesspools USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

waste water > sewers / sewer system USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

waste water > sewage plant USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

USA > Alabama > private septic tanks UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/feb/18/
catherine-flowers-and-her-fight-for-environmental-justice-in-alabama

universal sanitation USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/23/
937945160/waste-activist-digs-into-the-sanitation-crisis-affecting-the-rural-poor

lack adequate sanitation or safe drinking water USA

https://www.npr.org/2010/10/22/
130759193/officials-race-to-contain-cholera-outbreak-in-haiti

drink sewage water UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/28/
we-are-drinking-sewage-water-zimbabwe-shortages-threaten-thousands

pipes > corrosion

brown water coming out of taps / corroded iron, or rust USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
the-unfinished-business-of-flints-water-crisis

China > wet markets USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/22/
798644707/why-wet-markets-persisted-in-china-despite-disease-and-hygiene-concerns

clean

cleanliness UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jun/25/
too-much-cleanliness-not-bad-for

open defecation UK / USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jul/30/
my-message-is-simple-use-the-toilet-tackling-open-defecation-in-nigeria

toilets UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/10/
burying-10-children-year-toilets-saving-lives-madagascar

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/13/
akshay-kumar-toilet-isnt-a-dirty-word-my-latest-film-made-me-love-the-loo

Can poo power solve India's toilet problem? - BBC News

video - BBC - 14 November 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zod0s11xYTk

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/aug/20/
west-africa-toilets-slums-cholera

toilets USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2020/02/25/
808791622/why-america-is-losing-the-toilet-race

cleaner toilets UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/aug/20/
west-africa-toilets-slums-cholera

flush toilet USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/30/
1011669888/half-the-world-lacks-proper-sanitation-
is-it-possible-to-transform-the-toilet

public toilets UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/04/
sensor-taps-door-handles-
covid-19-rethink-public-toilets-bathroom-design

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/dec/23/
best-audio-long-reads-of-2019-hand-dryers-v-paper-towels

women's toilets UK

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/14/
queue-ladies-loo-feminist-issue-public-toilets

safe toilets UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/feb/15/
safe-toilets-help-flush-out-disease-in-cambodia-floating-communities-tonle-sap-lake

loo UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/dec/23/
best-audio-long-reads-of-2019-hand-dryers-v-paper-towels

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/nov/13/
akshay-kumar-toilet-isnt-a-dirty-word-my-latest-film-made-me-love-the-loo

World Toilet Day UK

https://www.economist.com/international/2019/11/17/
world-toilet-day-this-week-is-not-a-joke-but-deadly-serious

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/19/
world-toilet-day-south-sudan-global-sanitation-wateraid

World toilet Day USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/11/18/
1137423455/flying-toilets-sobering-stats-poo-gurus-debut-
yes-its-time-for-world-toilet-day

bathroom

bath UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/nov/29/
five-million-families-in-britain-living-in-houses-without-baths-archive-1960

tap UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/07/
clean-water-everyone-sdg-failure

soap UK

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/12/
scien

wash your hands USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/05/11/
848480166/artists-paint-a-portrait-of-a-pandemic

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/
world/how-to-wash-your-hands-coronavirus.html

how to wash hands UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/25/
children-taught-wash-hands-hygiene-antibiotics

handwashing USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/03/04/
811609241/coronavirus-fears-have-led-to-a-golden-age-of-hand-washing-psas

hand dryers UK

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/dec/23/
best-audio-long-reads-of-2019-hand-dryers-v-paper-towels

viruses > common cold virus

Rhinoviruses are a major cause

of the common cold and may contribute

to about half of asthma flare-ups.

Researchers have now completed

sequencing the genomes

of all the known rhinovirus types,

setting the stage

for the development

of medications and vaccines

to combat the viruses.

The cold

is the most common illness known,

bringing the sneezing, scratchy throat

and runny nose

that we're all familiar with.

People in the United States

have an estimated 1 billion colds

each year.

More than 200 different viruses

are known to cause

the symptoms of the common cold.

An estimated 30-35% of all adult colds

are caused by rhinoviruses.

In people with asthma,

particularly children,

rhinovirus infections

are also frequently associated

with flare-ups.

Scientists had previously identified

99 distinct rhinovirus types.

Recently, however,

a number of unknown types

were detected in patients

with severe flu-like illnesses.

- last updated April 13, 2009

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/
nih-research-matters/understanding-common-cold-virus

Colds are caused by viruses

and easily spread to other people.

You're infectious

until all your symptoms have gone.

This usually takes a week or 2.

Colds are spread by germs

from coughs and sneezes,

which can live on hands and surfaces

for 24 hours.

To reduce

the risk of spreading a cold:

wash your hands often

with warm water and soap

use tissues to trap germs

when you cough or sneeze

bin used tissues

as quickly as possible

How to prevent catching a cold

A person with a cold can start spreading it

from a few days before their symptoms begin

until the symptoms have finished.

The best ways

to avoid catching a cold are:

washing your hands

with warm water and soap

not sharing towels

or household items (like cups)

with someone who has a cold

not touching your eyes or nose

in case you have come

into contact with the virus

– it can infect the body this way

staying fit and healthy

The flu vaccine helps prevent flu

but not colds.

- 20 May 2020

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/
understanding-common-cold-virus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_virus

statistics about water and hygiene

In hospitals around the world USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/04/03/
709461530/shocking-new-statistics-about-water-and-hygiene-in-hospitals-around-the-world

water UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/15/
people-are-more-scared-of-hunger-coronavirus-is-just-one-more-threat-in-nigeria

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/nov/24/
eight-ways-to-make-innovation-work-for-water-and-sanitation

water access / access to water UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/
access-to-water

Coronavirus en Costa Rica:

en qué se basa su exitosa estrategia para contenerlo | BBC Mundo

video - BBC News Mundo - 5 May 2020 - Spanish

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hsbyQAQcWw

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/07/
clean-water-everyone-sdg-failure

water supply UK

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/27/
improve-water-supply-in-poorer-nations-to-cut-plastic-use-say-experts

USA > water insecurity UK

Unaffordable water bills and the threat of disconnection

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/
us-water-bills-psychological-distress-study

water in development UK

https://www.theguardian.com/
global-development-professionals-network/series/water-in-development

water quality / water pollution UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/jun/02/
china-water-dangerous-pollution-greenpeace

access to safe and reliable water USA

https://www.npr.org/2022/10/01/
1126121420/jackson-miss-residents-struggle-with-basic-needs-as-the-water-crisis-disrupts-li

water > cholera USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/04/13/
150302830/water-in-the-time-of-cholera-haitis-most-urgent-health-problem

clean water UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/apr/24/
matt-damon-children-are-drinking-water-so-dirty-it-looks-like-chocolate-milk

piped water

clean drinking water USA

https://www.npr.org/2021/11/15/
1054418311/tribes-hope-infrastructure-law-means-
theyll-finally-get-clean-drinking-water

water safety USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/
well/live/water-filter-bacteria-pfas.html

water filter / home filter USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/
well/live/water-filter-bacteria-pfas.html

water scarcity UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/mar/22/
world-water-day-one-in-four-children-will-live-with-water-scarcity-by-2040-
unicef-report

slums UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2018/may/10/
dignity-community-hope-haiti-jalousie-
in-pictures - Guardian pictures gallery

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/aug/20/
west-africa-toilets-slums-cholera

garbage trucks USA

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/16/
1046603290/opinion-the-global-reason-behind-chicagos-garbage-juice

19th century - early 20th century > USA

pasteurized milk

— originating in 19th-century science

but not implemented at scale

until the early 20th century —

(...)

Drinking animal milk

— a practice as old

as animal domestication itself —

has always presented health risks,

from spoilage or by way of infections

passed down from the animal.

But the density of industrial cities

like New York

had made cow’s milk far deadlier

than it was in earlier times.

In an age without refrigeration,

milk would spoil in summer months

if it was brought in from far-flung pastures

in New Jersey or upstate New York.

Increased participation from women

in the industrial labor force meant

that more infants and young children

were drinking cow’s milk

even though a significant portion of dairy cows

suffered from bovine tuberculosis,

and unprocessed milk

from these cows could transmit the bacterium

that causes the disease to human beings.

Other potentially fatal illnesses

were also linked to milk,

including diphtheria, typhoid

and scarlet fever.

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/
magazine/global-life-span.html

Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia

Earth > resources > water

cities > trash > sanitation, recycling

insects > mosquitoes

viruses > Polio

body,

health, medicine, drugs,

viruses, bacteria,

diseases / illnesses,

hygiene,

health care / insurance

microbes > bacteria

Cholera, E. Coli, Leprosy,

Lyme, Syphilis, Tuberculosis,

Typhus, Bubonic plague

genetics

mental health / psychology

body,

health, medicine, drugs,

viruses, bacteria,

diseases / illnesses,

hygiene, sanitation,

health care / insurance

USA > prescription opioid painkillers

lifestyle / health > exercise,

smoking / tobacco, vaping,

drinking / alcohol,

diet, obesity

poverty > USA

Related > Anglonautes > Science