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Fake news

 

Hoaxes, Rumors, Conspiracy theories,

Lies, Propaganda,

Disinformation, Misinformation,

Influence attacks, Conspiracies

 

 

 

 

Jeff Stahler

political cartoon

GoComics

September 23, 2020

https://www.gocomics.com/jeffstahler/2020/09/23

 

Character: President Donald Trump

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hoax, hoaxes        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/
996570855/disinformation-
dozen-test-facebooks-twitters-ability-to-curb-vaccine-hoaxes

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/26/
799629262/new-podcast-targets-the-crap-on-whatsapp

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Illustration: Stephen Savage

 

How Fiction Becomes Fact on Social Media

NYT

OCT. 20, 2017

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
health/social-media-fake-news.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Why the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory is false

G    1 May 2020

 

 

 

 

Why the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory is false

Video        G        1 May 2020

 

Conspiracy theories linking 5G technology to coronavirus

have resulted in dozens of phone masts across the UK

being vandalised in recent weeks.

 

Theories about the dangers of 5G had already been circulating,

despite regulators confirming

that the radiation levels of the new technology

are well within safe boundaries.

 

So how did the conspiracy incorrectly linking it to 5G start?

And is 5G really dangerous?

We explain why 5G has nothing to do with Covid-19

 

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f279f-Y-O-w

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to Fight Fake News on Vaccines

NYT    11 December 2019

 

 

 

 

How to Fight Fake News on Vaccines

Video        NYT Opinion        11 December 2019

 

We’ll need more than facts

to fight medical misinformation.

 

In 2019,

measles cases in the U.S. have been on the rise,

much of it driven by false claims

about the safety of the vaccine.

 

In the Video Op-Ed above,

a cancer researcher, David Robert Grimes,

confronts the rising trend of medical misinformation.

 

From herbal remedies for cancer

to vaccination horror stories,

fake medical news is spreading fast on social media.

 

The effects can be severe,

with anti-vaccination movements partly responsible

for the resurgence of measles and other preventable illnesses.

 

In 2015, an anti-vaccination campaign in Ireland

caused a sudden fall in the number of HPV vaccines administered,

given to young girls and boys to prevent cervical cancer.

 

Dr. Grimes tells the story of how,

with the help of a remarkable woman named Laura Brennan,

they were able to reverse the trend,

and what countries like the United States

can learn in their fight against medical misinformation.

 

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

on social media        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

social media posts        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

truth        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/12/
how-technology-disrupted-the-truth

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

India > fake stories        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629896525/how-the-spread-of-fake-stories-in-india-
has-led-to-violence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fake  news        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/
israel-hamas-fake-news-thrives-on-poorly-regulated-online-platforms

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2020/mar/25/
going-viral-fake-news-and-covid-19

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/
nhs-plan-combat-coronavirus-fake-news

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/22/
facebook-fact-checking-tool-fake-news

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fake social media accounts        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/
1219080681/fake-social-media-accounts-
are-targeting-taiwans-presidential-election

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 facial fakery        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/21/
science/artificial-intelligence-fake-people-faces.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

videos > deepfakes        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/05/08/
1174132413/people-are-trying-to-claim-real-videos-are-deepfakes-
the-courts-are-not-amused

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fiction        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
health/social-media-fake-news.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"crisis actor"        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/11/27/
1214451419/civilian-deaths-are-being-dismissed-as-crisis-actors-in-gaza-and-israel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lie        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
web-blade-runner-lies-misinformation-internet

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lie        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/
opinion/trump-lies-free-speech.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/
opinion/twitter-trump-scarborough.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

claim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

claim        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false online claims        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/31/
how-false-online-claims-about-southport-knife-attack-spread-so-rapidly

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

debunked claims about N        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/03/
942155653/facebook-bans-debunked-claims-about-covid-vaccines

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

make up        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

social media > social-media fiction

fake news / misinformation, fake / misleading stories,

fake news stories, misleading content        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/31/
how-false-online-claims-about-southport-knife-attack-spread-so-rapidly

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
web-blade-runner-lies-misinformation-internet

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/oct/24/
tiktok-election-misinformation-voting-politics

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/feb/08/
facebook-bans-vaccine-misinformation

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/feb/08/
fake-news-facts-facebook-twitter-fox-news-democracy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

podcasts > before 2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

social media > social-media fiction

fake news / misinformation,

fake / misleading information / stories / narratives,

fake news stories, toxic information,

conspiracies, conspiracy theories        USA

 

2024

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/aug/07/
why-telegram-is-the-go-to-app-for-those-wanting-to-spread-toxic-information

 

https://www.npr.org/2024/06/25/
nx-s1-5013727/new-research-looks-
at-how-political-misinformation-is-targeted-at-latinos

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2024/04/30/
1247565565/how-do-you-counter-misinformation-
critical-thinking-is-step-one

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2024/mar/20/
ben-jennings-on-conspiracy-theories-around-the-princess-of-wales-
cartoon

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/20/
where-is-katemiddleton-theories-kate-whereabouts-go-global

 

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/20/
when-fame-and-medical-privacy-clash-
kate-and-other-crises-of-confidentiality

 

https://www.npr.org/2024/02/09/
1230010086/the-border-crisis-is-helping-
to-mainstream-a-dangerous-conspiracy-theory

 

 

 

 

2023

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/09/28/
1202110410/how-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-got-
in-the-way-of-mauis-fire-recovery

 

 

 

 

2022

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/
1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
welton-chang-interview-right-wing-platforms - August 17, 2022

 

https://www.npr.org/2022/05/26/
1101479269/texas-uvalde-school-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-far-right

 

 

 

 

2021

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/23/
1048746697/facebook-misinformation-india

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/
1046106922/social-media-misinformation-
stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/09/29/
1041493544/youtube-vaccine-misinformation-ban

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/
world/asia/misinformation-disinformation-fake-news.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/
965839888/twitters-birdwatch-aims-to-crowdsource-fight-against-misinformation

 

 

 

 

2020

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/trump-voter-fraud-education.html

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/12/
923002012/facebook-bans-holocaust-denial-reversing-earlier-policy

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-
biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/
technology/trump-coronavirus-social-media.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/
843463707/sun-rays-disinfectants-and-false-hopes-
misinformation-litters-the-road-to-reopen

 

 

 

 

2019

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4 - NYT - 11 December 2019

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/
774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation

 

 

 

 

2018

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/
opinion/facebook-twitter-journalism-misinformation.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/
643761979/president-trumps-description-of-whats-fake-is-expanding

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

 

 

 

 

2017

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/29/
560461835/how-russian-propaganda-spreads-on-social-media

 

http://www.npr.org/2017/10/29/
560569373/are-social-media-sites-doing-enough-to-combat-rumors-and-false-news

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/07/14/
537154304/computer-scientists-demonstrate-the-potential-for-faking-video

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/04/03/
522503844/how-russian-twitter-bots-pumped-out-fake-news-during-the-2016-election

 

 

 

 

2017

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/03/20/
520845007/the-earth-is-flat-check-wikipedia

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/25/
511641939/facebook-tweaks-its-trending-topics-algorithm-to-better-reflect-real-news

 

 

 

 

2016

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/25/us/
politics/fake-news-claims-conservatives-mainstream-media-.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/12/22/
505432340/the-classroom-where-fake-news-fails

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/
505547295/fake-news-expert-on-how-false-stories-spread-and-why-people-believe-them

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/07/
504723649/what-legal-recourse-do-victims-of-fake-news-stories-have

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/07/
504676327/weather-channel-tells-breitbart-not-to-use-its-content-to-mislead-on-climate-cha

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/07/
504622630/megyn-kelly-on-trump-and-the-media-were-in-a-dangerous-phase-right-now

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/12/05/
503581220/fake-or-real-how-to-self-check-the-news-and-get-the-facts

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/02/
fake-news-facebook-us-election-around-the-world

 

http://www.gocomics.com/brian-mcfadden/2016/11/29

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/
503129818/study-finds-
students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/
503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/11/20/
502770866/ex-head-of-twitter-news-
social-media-companies-alone-shouldn-t-regulate-fake-new

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/
opinion/sunday/facebook-and-the-digital-virus-called-fake-news.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/19/
502692075/misinformation-on-facebook-zuckerberg-lists-ways-of-fighting-fake-news

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/
world/europe/obama-angela-merkel-donald-trump.html

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/
technology/fake-news-on-facebook-in-foreign-elections-thats-not-new.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 myths and misleading narratives        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

misinformation policy        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/
1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

content moderators        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

conspiracy theorists        USA

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
welton-chang-interview-right-wing-platforms - August 17, 2022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

conspiracy theorist > Alex Jones        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/10/
1218431610/elon-musk-restores-x-account-of-conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fringe conspiracy theories        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/04/25/
1171800317/how-tucker-carlsons-extremist-narratives-
shaped-fox-news-and-conservative-politi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

India > fake medical news        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false claims        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/10/
tech-giants-struggle-stem-infodemic-false-coronavirus-claims

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false claims        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

falsehoods        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/
technology/plandemic-movie-youtube-facebook-coronavirus.html

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4
video - NYT - 11 December 2019

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false information        USA

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-
after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false tweets        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/
us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fallacies        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

misleading, disputed or unverified tweets

about the coronavirus        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/11/
853886052/twitter-to-label-potentially-harmful-coronavirus-tweets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/29/
560461835/how-russian-propaganda-spreads-on-social-media

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread false claims        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/jul/31/
southport-riot-british-politics-far-right-social-media

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629896525/how-the-spread-of-fake-stories-in-india-has-led-to-violence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Synthesizing Obama:

Learning Lip Sync from Audio

11 July 2017

 

 

 

 

Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio

Video        Supasorn Suwajanakorn        11 July 2017

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Yq67CjDqvw

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

live video > Facebook, YouTube        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/11/10/
933235773/from-steve-bannon-to-millennial-millie-facebook-youtube-struggle-with-live-video

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fake news videos        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/07/14/
537154304/computer-scientists-demonstrate-the-potential-for-faking-video

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Facebook > real news        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/25/
511641939/facebook-tweaks-its-trending-topics-algorithm-to-better-reflect-real-news

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Twitter > "rogue" accounts        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/27/
512007632/its-not-just-the-park-service-rogue-federal-twitter-accounts-multiply

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a widely circulated blog post

about the coronavirus        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fabricated facts        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/03/
526685311/is-do-it-yourself-fact-checking-the-future

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false information        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-help-people-remember-true-information

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

debunk        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/03/
942155653/facebook-bans-debunked-claims-about-covid-vaccines

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

false stories        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/03/
909118036/facebook-sets-new-policies-
to-prevent-efforts-to-undermine-2020-elections

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/03/12/
592885660/can-you-believe-it-
on-twitter-false-stories-are-shared-more-widely-than-true-one

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread false stories        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/03/
909118036/facebook-sets-new-policies-to-prevent-efforts-
to-undermine-2020-elections

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

beliefs        USA

 

https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2024/03/24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

online misinformation        USA

 

2021

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/09/29/
1041493544/youtube-vaccine-misinformation-ban

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/07/15/
1016013826/the-u-s-surgeon-general-is-calling-covid-19-misinformation-an-urgent-threat

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/12/
993615185/for-some-anti-vaccine-advocates-misinformation-is-part-of-a-business

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
981203566/5-takeaways-from-big-techs-misinformation-hearing

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/
958189841/ken-burns-says-u-s-has-3-viruses-covid-19-white-supremacy-and-misinformation

 

 

 

 

2020

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/trump-voter-fraud-education.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/
944408988/the-perfect-storm-how-coronavirus-spread-vaccine-misinformation-to-the-mainstrea

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/11/10/
933235773/from-steve-bannon-to-millennial-millie-facebook-youtube-struggle-with-live-video

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/
opinion/truth-media-teach-young.html

 

https://www.gocomics.com/jeffstahler/2020/09/23

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/12/
923002012/facebook-bans-holocaust-denial-reversing-earlier-policy

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/
technology/this-misinformation-was-coming-from-inside-the-house.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/15/
913126669/facebook-vp-nick-clegg-on-new-climate-change-information-hub

 

 

 

 

2019

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/
774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/03/07/
701358833/facebook-vows-to-quash-anti-vaccine-misinformation

 

 

 

 

2017

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-help-people-remember-true-information

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

medical misinformation        USA

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4 - NYT - 11 December 2019

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread misinformation about N        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/03/
555320532/facebook-google-spread-misinformation-about-las-vegas-shooting-
what-went-wrong

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The New York Times > Daily Distortions        USA

Tracking Viral Misinformation

 

Every day,

Times reporters will chronicle and debunk

false and misleading information

that is going viral online.

 

https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/
2020-election-misinformation-distortions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WhatsApp

 

user base of 2 billion people

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/jan/29/
whats-up-with-whatsapp-why-millions-users-shifting-new-platforms-podcast

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
whatsapp

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/24/
927487143/a-bilingual-tool-that-fights-misinformation-on-whatsapp

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/26/
799629262/new-podcast-targets-the-crap-on-whatsapp

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/01/22/
687439015/whatsapp-tries-to-curb-spread-of-misinformation-
by-limiting-message-forwarding

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/
629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

viral WhatsApp messages        UK

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/
629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

politics and technology        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
politics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

propaganda        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/05/
telegram-app-ukraine-rides-high-thirst-trustworthy-news

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

USA > propaganda        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/
donald-trump-facebook-social-media-capitol-attack

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

online propaganda        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
technology/israel-hamas-information-war.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

disinformation online, dinsinformation        UK

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/
disinfo-black-ops

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/08/
time-is-running-out-
can-a-future-of-undetectable-deepfakes-be-avoided

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
the-guardian-view-on-disinformation-online-a-21st-century-growth-industry

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How Online Trolls Divide Americans IRL

NYT    22 August 2018

 

 

 

 

How Online Trolls Divide Americans IRL

Video        NYT News        22 August 2018

 

We know that trolls on social media

are trying to sow discord on contentious subjects

like race, guns and abortion,

but how do they do it?

 

Here is a visual guide to their strategy.

 

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CbHeXnxV_A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

disinformation        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/series/973275370/
untangling-disinformation

 

2023

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
technology/israel-hamas-information-war.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/15/
tiktok-says-it-has-acted-to-curb-disinformation-amid-israel-hamas-war

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
1191318468/elon-musk-sues-disinformation-researchers-
claiming-they-are-driving-away-adverti

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/05/
1186108696/social-media-us-judge-ruling-disinformation

 

 

 

 

2022

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

 

https://www.npr.org/2022/02/28/
1083401220/facebook-uncovers-
disinformation-and-hacking-campaigns-targeting-ukraine

 

 

 

 

2021

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jul/17/
theyre-killing-people-biden-slams-facebook-for-covid-misinformation

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/07/13/
1015483097/an-ugly-truth-
how-facebook-enables-hate-and-disinformation

 

https://www.npr.org/2021/04/25/
988860971/full-of-hatred-and-fear-
disinformation-on-youtube-divided-a-dad-and-daughter

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/
opinion/protests-trump-disinformation.html

 

 

 

 

2020

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/republicans-reagan-disinformation.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/30/
929248146/black-and-latino-voters-flooded-with-disinformation-
in-elections-final-days

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/
magazine/free-speech.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-
biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/
878169027/study-exposes-russia-disinformation-campaign-
that-operated-in-the-shadows-for-6-

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/
us/politics/coronavirus-china-disinformation.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/
science/putin-russia-disinformation-health-coronavirus.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/
us/politics/china-russia-coronavirus-disinformation.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/03/04/
811686225/twitter-vows-that-
as-disinformation-tactics-change-its-policies-will-keep-pace

 

 

 

 

2019

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/
695729829/facebook-has-been-behaving-like-digital-gangsters-
u-k-parliament-report-says

 

 

 

 

2018

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/
677390345/new-reports-detail-expansive-russia-disinformation-scheme-targeting-u-s

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/23/
659545242/heres-how-russia-runs-its-disinformation-effort-against-the-2018-midterms

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/22/
658648856/facebook-exploited-by-influence-campaigns-tries-to-clamp-down-with-war-room

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/04/
653454568/most-twitter-accounts-linked-to-2016-disinformation-are-still-active-
report-find

 

 

 

 

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=4CbHeXnxV_A - NYT - 22 August 2018

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2018/08/21/
640696857/facebook-shuts-down-652-iranian-backed-and-some-russian-backed-accounts

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/
opinion/facebook-cambridge-analytica.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/
technology/facebook-alex-stamos.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Google’s ad business > disinformation        USA

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spread disinformation        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/
695729829/facebook-has-been-behaving-like-digital-gangsters-
u-k-parliament-report-says

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

combat / fight disinformation on social media        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/05/
1186108696/social-media-us-judge-ruling-disinformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

distort reality        USA

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/feb/15/
team-jorge-unmasked-the-secret-disinformation-team-who-distort-reality-
video - Guardian video

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disinfo black ops        UK

 

A special investigation

exposing the companies and states

behind global disinformation

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/
disinfo-black-ops

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/
aims-software-avatars-team-jorge-disinformation-fake-profiles

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/feb/15/
team-jorge-unmasked-the-secret-disinformation-team-who-distort-reality-
video - Guardian video

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/
disinfo-black-ops-exposing-the-companies-and-states-
spreading-false-information

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the web’s most prolific purveyors of false information

in Europe, Latin America and Africa        USA

 

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

deception campaigns        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

storyline        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

multiple conflicting narratives        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

debunking        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rumors        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/09/28/
1202110410/how-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-got-in-the-way-of-mauis-fire-recovery

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

viral rumors        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/
915676948/can-circuit-breakers-stop-viral-rumors-on-facebook-twitter

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

online social media influence operations        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/11/30/
1215898523/meta-warns-
china-online-social-media-influence-operations-facebook-elections

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

influence operation

spanning Facebook, TikTok and YouTube        USA

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/
1219080681/fake-social-media-accounts-
are-targeting-taiwans-presidential-election

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

influence attacks        USA

 

http://www.npr.org/2017/09/28/
554024047/as-scrutiny-of-social-networks-grows-
influence-attacks-continue-in-real-time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

right-wing activists / influencers        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/
us/politics/migrants-darien-gap-biden-trump.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

trolling        USA

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/
opinion/russian-hacking-trolls-election.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

true information        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-
help-people-remember-true-information 

 

 

 

 

quality information        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

 

 

 

 

factual accuracy        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

 

 

 

 

inaccuracies        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/
technology/twitter-trump-mail-in-ballots.html

 

 

 

 

check        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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