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History > WW2 > 1939-1945

 

Axis powers, Germany, Europe >

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,

Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen

 

1938-1939

 

Munich agreement,

Annexation of Austria,

Czechoslovakia invasion / partition

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia-Moravia-Boys In Uniform Pemek

 

Date taken: August 8, 1938

 

Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/e60abbd58631f5c7.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi Stormtrapers Training Class, Moravia

 

Date taken: 1938

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f63bafe3e387e9e6.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia-Moravia-Boys In Uniform Pemek

 

Date taken: August 8, 1938

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b17eba10845b6ec3.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: 1937

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/00832fff897dbf98.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nazi Rally, Bohemia

[ Anglonautes: wrong Life caption ]

 

Date taken: 1938

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b31ce28a33a75b67.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: 1937

 

Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/cc8e6dd98ab36a78.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Invasion of Czechoslovakia    15 March 1939

 

 

 

 

German troops march into Prague

during the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939.

 

Photograph: Three Lions/Getty Images

 

Into the storm: the horror of the second world war

Eighty years ago the worst conflict in history began,

killing up to 85 million people.

It also shaped modern Britain

and its relationship with Europe

G

Sun 1 Sep 2019    08.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2019/sep/01/
ascherson-into-the-storm-second-world-war-outbreak

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On 15 March 1939,

German troops marched

into Czechoslovakia.

 

They took over Bohemia,

and established

a protectorate over Slovakia.

 

Hitler's invasion

of Czechoslovakia

was the end of appeasement

for several reasons:

 

- it proved that Hitler

had been lying at Munich

 

- it showed that Hitler

was not just interested

in a 'Greater Germany'

(the Czechs

were not Germans)

 

- on 17th March,

Chamberlain gave a speech

saying

that he could not trust Hitler

not to invade other countries

 

- on 31st March,

Chamberlain guaranteed

to defend Poland

if Germany invaded

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5

 

 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7911.shtml 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Approach of war / appeasement    1938-1939

 

Munich Agreement    30 September 1938

 

 

 

 

Chamberlain (right)

shakes hands with Mussolini

after signing the Munich Agreement

while Hitler and other European leaders look on,

30 September 1938.

 

[ First from left: Hermann Göring,

second from left: Adolf Hitler? ]

 

Photograph: Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

 

From the archive, 20 December 1938:

Chamberlain's reply to Hitler - still waiting for commitment to peace

G

Saturday 20 December 2014    05.30 GMT

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/20/
chamberlain-hitler-appeasement-munich-agreement-archive-1938

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Neville Chamberlain shakes hands with Adolf Hitler

eight days before signing the Munich agreement.

 

Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images

 

Molotov-Ribbentrop:

why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?

 

Exhibition about Soviet-Nazi treaty, signed on 23 August 1939,

seeks to turn spotlight on west’s behaviour in 1930s

G

Fri 23 Aug 2019    07.17 BST

Last modified on Fri 23 Aug 2019    10.14 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
moscow-campaign-to-justify-molotov-ribbentrop-pact-sparks-outcry

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

Oberwiesenfeld Airport in Munich

during the time of the 1938 conference.

 

Riding in car:

Daladier (L)

and Ribbentrop (R)

 

Location: Munich, Germany

 

Date taken: September 1938

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ab7d470380311c25

Related

http://www.life.com/image/50537925

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

September 30, 1938

 

The Anglo-German agreement

is signed by Hitler and Chamberlain

at Munich

 

 

Prime minister Neville Chamberlain

returns to Britain  from Germany

announcing that he has secured

'peace for our time'

- September 30 1938

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
czechoslovakia

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
munich-pact-signed 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/
newsid_3115000/3115476.stm

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/20/
chamberlain-hitler-appeasement-munich-agreement-archive-1938

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
moscow-campaign-to-justify-molotov-ribbentrop-pact-sparks-outcry

 

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12110783/
Robert-Mears-BBC-engineer-obituary.html - 20 January 2016

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/
chamberlain-munich-appeasement-second-world-war

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/
history.secondworldwar

 

http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,6050,128337,00.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1938/oct/01/secondworldwar.fromthearchive 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/1939/mar/17/secondworldwar.fromthearchive 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/cen_munich.shtml

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7910.shtml

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7907.shtml

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7903.shtml

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7904.shtml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Partition of Czechoslovakia    1938-1939

 

Czechoslovakia

was founded in 1918

after the dissolution

of the Austro-Hungarian state

at the end of World War I.

 

It included

the Czech provinces

of Bohemia and Moravia,

Slovakia,

the province

of Subcarpathian Rus

(Transcarpathian Ukraine),

and portions

of Austrian Silesia.

 

Prewar census data

divides

the prewar population

of Czechoslovakia

along ethnic

(mother tongue) lines

at about 50 percent Czech,

22.3 percent German,

16 percent Slovak,

4.78 percent Magyar (Hungarian),

3.79 percent Ukrainian,

1.29 Hebrew and Yiddish,

and 0.57 Polish.

 

Despite

its multinational population

and tense relations

with its neighbors,

all of whom coveted its territory,

Czechoslovakia remained

a functioning

parliamentary democracy

until the Munich crisis of 1938.

 

 

 

ANNEXATION OF THE SUDETENLAND

 

After the Nazi seizure

of power in 1933,

Germany demanded

the “return”

of the ethnic German

population of Czechoslovakia

-- and the land

on which it lived --

to the German Reich.

 

In late summer 1938,

Hitler threatened

to unleash a European war

unless the Sudetenland

was ceded to Germany.

 

The Sudetenland

was a border area

of Czechoslovakia

containing a majority ethnic

German population

as well as all

of the Czechoslovak Army's

defensive positions

in event of a war with Germany.

 

The leaders of Britain, France,

Italy, and Germany

held a conference in Munich

on September 29-30, 1938.

 

In what became known

as the Munich Pact, they agreed

to the German annexation

of the Sudetenland in exchange

for a pledge of peace from Hitler.

 

 

 

PARTITION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA

 

In the wake

of the Munich Pact,

the leaders

of the democratic government

in Czechoslovakia resigned;

 

President Beneš

left the country for France.

 

Under severe German

pressure from without

and Slovak separatist

pressure from within,

the rump state

restructured itself

into an authoritarian regime

and renamed itself

Czecho-Slovakia,

reflecting

the significant autonomy

granted to Slovakia.

 

These efforts

did nothing to deter

Nazi Germany from inviting

Czechoslovakia's= other neighbors

to make demands on its territory.

 

In the autumn of 1938,

as a result

of the First Vienna

Arbitration Award,

Hungary annexed territory

in southern Slovakia,

and Poland annexed

the Tešin District

of Czech Silesia.

 

On March 15, 1939,

Nazi Germany invaded

and occupied

the Czech provinces

of Bohemia and Moravia

in the rump Czecho-Slovak state,

in flagrant violation

of the Munich Pact.

 

The German

occupation authorities

refashioned the two provinces

as a German protectorate,

annexed directly to the Reich,

but under the leadership

of a Reich Protector.

 

Konstantin von Neurath,

the former German

foreign minister,

served as Reich Protector

from March 1939

until he was replaced

by RSHA chief

Reinhard Heydrich.

 

After Heydrich's assassination

in late spring 1942,

Order Police chief Kurt Daluege

served briefly as Reich Protector.

 

From 1943 until 1945,

former Minister of the Interior

Wilhelm Frick held this post.

 

(...)

 

The Germans

and their collaborators

killed approximately

263,000 Jews

who had resided

on the territory

of the Czechoslovak Republic

in 1938.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/czechoslovakia 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Invasion of the Sudetenland, front row L to R:

Colonel General von Schobert,

General von Epp and unidentified.

 

Date taken: 1938

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/3ae1d0132d788809.html

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Colonel General von Epp

during the invasion of the Sudetenland.

 

Date taken: 1938

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ad6f5ba8e98e3367.html

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sudeten

 

Czech pro-Nazi family making string of swastika pennants

to welcome Hitler's occupying troops;

family of unseen garage owner Franz Albert:

wife Hermina, daughter Annie (C) & son Franz (L);

10 mi. fr. German border in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia.

 

Location: Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: October 2, 1938

 

Photograph: John Phillips

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ed189fe1544878fc.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler Visit To Sudeten

 

Social Democrat Edmund Weidner (L) and George Mucha (R)

accompanying Czech refugees

who are fleeing from advancing German army.

 

Location: Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: September 1938

 

Photograph: John Phillips

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/2fe576a42b137ba8.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler Visit To Sudeten

 

Men reading Communist newspaper RUDE PRAVO

which is calling for resistance to advancing German army.

 

Location: Prague, Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: September 1938

 

Photograph: John Phillips

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/70d284af339479f8.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
czechoslovakia

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/history.secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

March 12, 1938

 

Anschluss - Annexation of Austria

into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime

 


 

 

A view of the first movies house to open

showing German propaganda film

based on the life of Horst Wessel

and was called "Hitler Junge Quex."

 

Location: Vienna, Austria

 

Date taken: 1937

 

Photograph: John Phillips

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c9259384f69584e6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A view of signs promoting Aryan businesses.

 

Location: Vienna, Austria

 

Date taken: 1937

 

Photograph: John Phillips

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c43494d073aa4202

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Armed Nazi youths march

through the streets of Vienna in March 1938

after Hitler’s annexation of Austria.

 

Photograph: Associated Press

 

The Nazi Downstairs:

A Jewish Woman’s Tale of Hiding in Her Home

NYT

Oct. 5, 2018

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/
arts/the-nazi-downstairs-a-jewish-womans-tale-of-hiding-in-her-home.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
austria

 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/1938/mar/14/
leadersandreply.mainsection

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/arts/design/09altmann.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/history.secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Workers Checking Perforasions On Shells

 

Date taken: 1937

 

[ Anglonautes: wrong Life caption ]

 

Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/7d8941dedae89fb9.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Czechoslovakia

 

Date taken: 1937

 

Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/0995dcb8083b1900.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History >

20th century > WW2 (1939-1945)

 

1920s-1930s > Austria

 

 

1939-1945

World War 2 > USA / worldwide

 

 

20th century > 1939-1945

World War 2 > Germany, Europe >

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,

Holocaust / Shoah,

Samudaripen

 

 

Nazis invade Poland    1 September 1939

 

 

Approach of war

Munich Agreement / Appeasement >

Germany, UK    1938-1939

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Photography / Photographers

 

Margaret Bourke-White    USA    1904-1971

 

 

 

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