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History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
1938-1939
Munich agreement, Annexation of Austria, Czechoslovakia invasion / partition
Czechoslovakia-Moravia-Boys In Uniform Pemek
Date taken: August 8, 1938
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/e60abbd58631f5c7.html - broken link
Nazi Stormtrapers Training Class, Moravia
Date taken: 1938
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f63bafe3e387e9e6.html - broken link
Czechoslovakia-Moravia-Boys In Uniform Pemek
Date taken: August 8, 1938
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b17eba10845b6ec3.html - broken link
Czechoslovakia
Date taken: 1937
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/00832fff897dbf98.html - broken link
Nazi Rally, Bohemia [ Anglonautes: wrong Life caption ]
Date taken: 1938
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b31ce28a33a75b67.html - broken link
Czechoslovakia
Date taken: 1937
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/cc8e6dd98ab36a78.html - broken link
Invasion of Czechoslovakia 15 March 1939
German troops march into Prague during the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
Photograph: Three Lions/Getty Images
Into the storm: the horror of the second world war Eighty years ago the worst conflict in history began, killing up to 85 million people. It also shaped modern Britain and its relationship with Europe G Sun 1 Sep 2019 08.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2019/sep/01/
On 15 March 1939, German troops marched into Czechoslovakia.
They took over Bohemia, and established a protectorate over Slovakia.
Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia was the end of appeasement for several reasons:
- it proved that Hitler had been lying at Munich
- it showed that Hitler was not just interested in a 'Greater Germany' (the Czechs were not Germans)
- on 17th March, Chamberlain gave a speech saying that he could not trust Hitler not to invade other countries
- on 31st March, Chamberlain guaranteed to defend Poland if Germany invaded https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7911.shtml
Approach of war / appeasement 1938-1939
Munich Agreement 30 September 1938
Chamberlain (right) shakes hands with Mussolini after signing the Munich Agreement while Hitler and other European leaders look on, 30 September 1938.
[ First from left: Hermann Göring, second from left: Adolf Hitler? ]
Photograph: Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
From the archive, 20 December 1938: Chamberlain's reply to Hitler - still waiting for commitment to peace G Saturday 20 December 2014 05.30 GMT
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/20/
Neville Chamberlain shakes hands with Adolf Hitler eight days before signing the Munich agreement.
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images
Molotov-Ribbentrop: why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?
Exhibition about Soviet-Nazi treaty, signed on 23 August 1939, seeks to turn spotlight on west’s behaviour in 1930s G Fri 23 Aug 2019 07.17 BST Last modified on Fri 23 Aug 2019 10.14 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
Hitler/Jaeger File Oberwiesenfeld Airport in Munich during the time of the 1938 conference.
Riding in car: Daladier (L) and Ribbentrop (R)
Location: Munich, Germany
Date taken: September 1938
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022 Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ab7d470380311c25 Related http://www.life.com/image/50537925
September 30, 1938
The Anglo-German agreement is signed by Hitler and Chamberlain at Munich
Prime minister Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from Germany announcing that he has secured 'peace for our time' - September 30 1938
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/12110783/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/
http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,6050,128337,00.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1938/oct/01/secondworldwar.fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1939/mar/17/secondworldwar.fromthearchive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/cen_munich.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7910.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7907.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7903.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7904.shtml
Partition of Czechoslovakia 1938-1939
Czechoslovakia was founded in 1918 after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian state at the end of World War I.
It included the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, the province of Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathian Ukraine), and portions of Austrian Silesia.
Prewar census data divides the prewar population of Czechoslovakia along ethnic (mother tongue) lines at about 50 percent Czech, 22.3 percent German, 16 percent Slovak, 4.78 percent Magyar (Hungarian), 3.79 percent Ukrainian, 1.29 Hebrew and Yiddish, and 0.57 Polish.
Despite its multinational population and tense relations with its neighbors, all of whom coveted its territory, Czechoslovakia remained a functioning parliamentary democracy until the Munich crisis of 1938.
ANNEXATION OF THE SUDETENLAND
After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the ethnic German population of Czechoslovakia -- and the land on which it lived -- to the German Reich.
In late summer 1938, Hitler threatened to unleash a European war unless the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany.
The Sudetenland was a border area of Czechoslovakia containing a majority ethnic German population as well as all of the Czechoslovak Army's defensive positions in event of a war with Germany.
The leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany held a conference in Munich on September 29-30, 1938.
In what became known as the Munich Pact, they agreed to the German annexation of the Sudetenland in exchange for a pledge of peace from Hitler.
PARTITION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
In the wake of the Munich Pact, the leaders of the democratic government in Czechoslovakia resigned;
President Beneš left the country for France.
Under severe German pressure from without and Slovak separatist pressure from within, the rump state restructured itself into an authoritarian regime and renamed itself Czecho-Slovakia, reflecting the significant autonomy granted to Slovakia.
These efforts did nothing to deter Nazi Germany from inviting Czechoslovakia's= other neighbors to make demands on its territory.
In the autumn of 1938, as a result of the First Vienna Arbitration Award, Hungary annexed territory in southern Slovakia, and Poland annexed the Tešin District of Czech Silesia.
On March 15, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia in the rump Czecho-Slovak state, in flagrant violation of the Munich Pact.
The German occupation authorities refashioned the two provinces as a German protectorate, annexed directly to the Reich, but under the leadership of a Reich Protector.
Konstantin von Neurath, the former German foreign minister, served as Reich Protector from March 1939 until he was replaced by RSHA chief Reinhard Heydrich.
After Heydrich's assassination in late spring 1942, Order Police chief Kurt Daluege served briefly as Reich Protector.
From 1943 until 1945, former Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick held this post.
(...)
The Germans and their collaborators killed approximately 263,000 Jews who had resided on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1938. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/czechoslovakia
Hitler/Jaeger File
Invasion of the Sudetenland, front row L to R: Colonel General von Schobert, General von Epp and unidentified.
Date taken: 1938
Photograph: Hugo Jaeger
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/3ae1d0132d788809.html
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022
Hitler/Jaeger File
Colonel General von Epp during the invasion of the Sudetenland.
Date taken: 1938
Photograph: Hugo Jaeger
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ad6f5ba8e98e3367.html
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022
Sudeten
Czech pro-Nazi family making string of swastika pennants to welcome Hitler's occupying troops; family of unseen garage owner Franz Albert: wife Hermina, daughter Annie (C) & son Franz (L); 10 mi. fr. German border in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia.
Location: Czechoslovakia
Date taken: October 2, 1938
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ed189fe1544878fc.html
Hitler Visit To Sudeten
Social Democrat Edmund Weidner (L) and George Mucha (R) accompanying Czech refugees who are fleeing from advancing German army.
Location: Czechoslovakia
Date taken: September 1938
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/2fe576a42b137ba8.html
Hitler Visit To Sudeten
Men reading Communist newspaper RUDE PRAVO which is calling for resistance to advancing German army.
Location: Prague, Czechoslovakia
Date taken: September 1938
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/70d284af339479f8.html
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/history.secondworldwar
March 12, 1938
Anschluss - Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime
A view of the first movies house to open showing German propaganda film based on the life of Horst Wessel and was called "Hitler Junge Quex."
Location: Vienna, Austria
Date taken: 1937
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c9259384f69584e6
A view of signs promoting Aryan businesses.
Location: Vienna, Austria
Date taken: 1937
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c43494d073aa4202
Armed Nazi youths march through the streets of Vienna in March 1938 after Hitler’s annexation of Austria.
Photograph: Associated Press
The Nazi Downstairs: A Jewish Woman’s Tale of Hiding in Her Home NYT Oct. 5, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1938/mar/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/arts/design/09altmann.html
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/history.secondworldwar
Workers Checking Perforasions On Shells
Date taken: 1937
[ Anglonautes: wrong Life caption ]
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/7d8941dedae89fb9.html
Czechoslovakia
Date taken: 1937
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/0995dcb8083b1900.html
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW2 (1939-1945)
World War 2 > Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,
Nazis invade Poland 1 September 1939
Munich Agreement / Appeasement >
Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Photography / Photographers
Margaret Bourke-White USA 1904-1971
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