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History > UK, British empire, England
Early 21st century, 20th century
Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Approach of war / Appeasement 1938-1939
Viscount Halifax 1881-1959
Portrait of Viscount Lord Halifax, British Secy. of State for Foreign Affairs.
Location: United Kingdom
Date taken: 1939
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=7312b106579bfe71
The Foreign Secretary speaks after two months of war
recorded circa November 1939
Seen by many as one of the architects of appeasement prior to the declaration of hostilities, Viscount Halifax here speaks to the nation on the purposes of the war and the likelihood of victory for the Allies.
During his lengthy, considered speech, he notes that the British 'right to grumble' is a mark of freedom compared with the situation in Nazi Germany, where complaining can lead to a concentration camp. http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7933.shtml
https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
Countdown to WW2 > Monday 28 August 1939
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/countdown
On 15 March 1939, German troops marched into Czechoslovakia.
They took over Bohemia, and established a protectorate over Slovakia.
Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia was the end of appeasement for several reasons:
- it proved that Hitler had been lying at Munich
- it showed that Hitler was not just interested in a 'Greater Germany' (the Czechs were not Germans)
- on 17th March, Chamberlain gave a speech saying that he could not trust Hitler not to invade other countries
- on 31st March, Chamberlain guaranteed to defend Poland if Germany invaded https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztydcwx/revision/5
Munich agreement 1938
Neville Chamberlain holds a press conference at Heston Airport on 17 September after a meeting with Hitler.
Photograph: Daily Herald Archive/SSPL via Getty Images
Appeasing Hitler by Tim Bouverie review – how Britain fell for a delusion A gripping account of the nation’s greatest mistake is timely and relevant G Sun 14 Apr 2019 06.59 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
Neville Chamberlain after signing the Munich agreement, 1938.
Photograph: Alamy
Rethinking Winston Churchill and Neville Chamberlain NYT Nov. 3, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (front row, second right) walks past a Nazi honour guard on the way to a meeting with Adolf Hitler
on September 28, 1938 Picture: Hugo Jaeger [ Jaeger was one of Hitler's photographers ] Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Unseen photographs reveal the private life of Adolf Hitler The Daily Telegraph
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/5452458/ added 6 June 2009
September 30, 1938
The Anglo-German agreement is signed by Hitler and Chamberlain at Munich
On 30 September 1938, Neville Chamberlain announced "peace for our time" on the steps of 10 Downing Street, straight after returning from Munich, where he and government leaders from France, Italy and Germany had signed an agreement over the division of Czechoslovakia in the hope of averting war.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/
At Munich, Britain and France acquiesced in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and the transfer of its Sudeten region to Germany in face of Hitler's increasingly bellicose threats of military action.
Chamberlain's hopes that this humiliating sacrifice would satisfy Hitler's last major territorial demand and thus avert another catastrophic war were dashed within four months. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24300094
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/25/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/ https://www.theguardian.com/century/year/0,6050,128337,00.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1939/mar/17/secondworldwar.fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/world/1938/oct/01/secondworldwar.fromthearchive
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/cen_munich.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7910.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7907.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7903.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7904.shtml
Sudeten crisis 1938
Adolf Hitler shakes hands with Neville Chamberlain in Bad Godesberg, on 22 September 1938 during the Sudeten crisis.
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images
Appeasing Hitler by Tim Bouverie review – how Britain fell for a delusion A gripping account of the nation’s greatest mistake is timely and relevant G Sun 14 Apr 2019 06.59 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
November 1937
Viscount Halifax, the British foreign secretary, has an audience with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, the Nazi dictator’s lair in the Bavarian Alps.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
October 1937
The Duke and Duchess of Windsor visit Nazi Germany
They meet Hitler, dine with his deputy, and even visit a concentration camp
The Duke [ formerly King Edward VIII of the British Empire, Emperor of India - Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Duke of Windsor; 1894-1972 ] and Duchess of Windsor [ Wallis, Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson; 1896-1986 ] meet Adolf Hitler in 1937 Caption from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Windsors.jpg
Photo from The Daily Mail
Last updated at 1:18 AM on 07th June 2008
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1024798/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2701965.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/661966.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/jan/16/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jan/25/
Spyclists: how Hitler Youth's cycling tours caused panic in prewar Britain
Nazis' bid to forge ties with Lord Baden-Powell and boy scouts rang government alarm bells http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/08/hitler-youth-prewar-cyclists-boy-scouts
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/08/
June 18, 1935
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century
Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, WW2, Holocaust
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
Related > Anglonautes > Science
scientists > UK > Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954
Related
Germany: National Socialism and World War II https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Germany:_National_Socialism_and_World_War_II https://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Germany:_Primary_Documents
A lost heritage: Nazi pictures reveal full devastation wreaked by allied bombers http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/10/secondworldwar.germany https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/fotomarburg
enemy propaganda
National Archives publish wartime propaganda in online gallery 13 June 2012
Hundreds of images of war art including posters and a portrait of the future queen are released online
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/jun/13/
Ministry of Food Posters
A new exhibition at London's Imperial War Museum (Feb 12 to Jan 3 2011) pays tribute to a nation's creativity and resourcefulness in the face of wartime – and peacetime – food rationing.
Here is some of the eye-catching British Government propaganda used on the 'Kitchen Front' during that time.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/picturegalleries/7165696/
The following posters were all used during the Second World War to encourage austerity and stoicism on Britain's home front.
They form part of an exhibition at the Museum of Brands in London entitled Make Do and Mend 020 79080880; 2 Colville Mews, Lonsdale Road, Notting Hill, London W11 2AR). The exhibition runs until November 29, 2010.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/festivalsandevents/6615752/
Britain at War: Readers' Memories
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/
The Guardian > Second World War
Second world war > Holocaust Second world war > Stalingrad Second World War > Liberation Second World War > Aftermath
BBC Archive http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/index.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7970.shtml
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