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History > WW22 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
Antisemitism worldwide
What the Allies knew about the Holocaust
Germany: The persecution of Jews begins in 1933
2022
documentaries > Ken Burns The U.S. and the Holocaust
https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/
Philip and Ruth Lazowski
When Nazis invaded the Polish town of Bielica, Philip Lazowski and his family were among the Jewish residents who were sent to the Zhetel ghetto during Word War II.
One April morning in 1942, the Lazowski family caught wind that the Nazis were killing Jews in the ghetto, in what is now Belarus, and decided to go into hiding.
Philip, then just 11 years old, helped his parents and siblings take shelter in a hideout they'd built in their apartment.
He closed off the hiding spot so it wouldn't be discovered, telling his family he would find another place to hide.
But before he could, a German soldier spotted him.
Philip was then taken to the Zhetel marketplace, where German soldier split people into two groups — those who could work and those who could not.
As Nazis conducted the selection, Philip noticed that the killing squad members were sparing families with adults who had work papers.
About 1,000 Jews were killed in the massacre that day.
Philip, now a 91-year-old rabbi, came to StoryCorps with his wife, Ruth, last month to remember how quick thinking and a woman's kindness in that moment had saved his life.
Searching the crowds frantically, the young Philip saw a woman with the documentation in hand, a nurse who stood with her two girls.
"I went over to her and I asked her, 'Would you be kind enough to take me as your son?' " Philip recalled.
"She said, 'If they let me live with two children, maybe they'll let me live with three. Hold on to my dress,' " as he tells it.
That woman, Miriam Rabinowitz, was the mother of his future wife, Ruth.
https://www.npr.org/2022/01/21/
https://www.npr.org/2022/01/21/
David Sword Wyman 1929-2018
David S. Wyman ('s) exhaustively documented 1984 book argued that the United States willfully failed to act to save Jews from the Holocaust
(...)
Dr. Wyman’s book was as uncompromising as its title, “The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-1945.”
The opening words of its preface signaled that Dr. Wyman was certain that he had proved longstanding contentions that the United States had cost tens of thousands of Jews their lives.
(...)
The book became a best seller.
It also riled some of Dr. Wyman’s fellow historians.
Especially contentious was its unflattering portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who Dr. Wyman concluded did nothing for 14 months after learning in 1942 of the mass exterminations of Jews in Nazi Germany — and, when he finally did act, did so only out of political calculus.
“If you look in a larger context,” the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. complained in 1994, reacting to an episode of PBS’s documentary series “American Experience” based largely on Dr. Wyman’s book, “no one did more to save the Jews in Europe than Franklin Delano Roosevelt, by his opposition to Hitler, by changing the United States from an isolationist nation to a nation prepared to go to war.”
Dr. Wyman remained unapologetic.
“If it had gone into depth on Roosevelt and the Holocaust,” he said of the PBS program, “it would have been worse.
There would have been a couple of more positive things to say, and eight or 10 worse things.”
(...)
In his research he found not only a president and Christian leaders who seemed uninterested in the problem, but also a federal bureaucracy that could be openly hostile to helping Jews, a news media that underplayed the shocking revelations about the exterminations, and a Congress and country where anti-Semitism and anti-immigration sentiment encouraged inaction.
Gas chambers and the rail lines leading to them could easily have been bombed, he found, and rescue efforts could have saved at least some of the millions who died.
Despite the complaints by some historians, John Gross, reviewing the book in The New York Times, found Dr. Wyman’s conclusions well grounded.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/16/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/16/
America’s Holocaust response
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/
https://www.npr.org/2018/04/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/16/
America’s inaction during the Holocaust
“The U.S. and the Holocaust,” coming to PBS Sept. 18, (2022) examines the reasons behind the country’s inadequate response to Germany’s persecution of Jews.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/
Allies Knew of Nazi Plans for Roman Jews in 1943
British and American intelligence agents had information in 1943 that could have helped save Italian Jews from the Auschwitz death camp, historians said today.
At a news conference for the release of 400,000 pages of newly declassified documents at the National Archives, historians said Western officials might have been able to warn Jews in Rome that they were about to be rounded up and deported.
The documents from the Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner to the Central Intelligence Agency, included Nazi SS messages between Berlin and Rome in late 1943 that British intelligence intercepted, decoded and shared with the Americans.
The papers include conversations among German prisoners of war secretly recorded by the British and information gathered by the O.S.S. from a German informer.
The messages showed that Nazi security forces were planning to seize Jews in Rome.
''The release raises the historical question once again of what Allied governments knew about the Holocaust during World War II and what might have been done with information they possessed,'' said Richard Breitman, a historian who was co-author of the document study for the Nazi War Criminals Records Interagency Working Group.
The other author, Timothy Naftali, also a historian, said perhaps Prime Minister Winston Churchill or President Franklin D. Roosevelt should have made a statement warning the Jews.
''It is clear,'' Mr. Naftali said, ''that had a statement been made on the radio to the effect that Allied forces feared for the safety of Romans, and particularly the Jews of Rome, this might well have had an effect on decisions made by people to get out.''
He warned against a ''rush to conclusions.''
Mr. Naftali and others said it was unclear in hindsight whether acting on the information would have compromised British intelligence gathering.
Other experts said it was unclear whether Jews could have acted on the information had they received it.
The government set up the office last year to coordinate releasing records.
Federal agencies have resisted opening their files, citing national security.
Published: New York Times, June 27, 2000
https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/27/
Signature: "Bild 183-R99542" Old signature: Bild 146-1971-006-01 Original title: ADN-ZB/Archiv Deutschland unter dem faschistischen Terrorregime 1933-1945 Weltweit als Dokument der Schande für die Nazi-Schergen wurde dieses Foto vom März 1933. ein jüdischer Anwalt, der noch auf die Polizei als Hüterin von Recht und Ordnung vertraut hatte, wird von SA-Rowdys, die als Hilfspolizisten fungierten, über den Stachus in München getrieben.
Der Mann, den das Bild zeigt, der Münchner Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel, einer der ersten Opfer des braunen Terror-Regimes, war einer der wenigen, der es überlebte, obwohl er bis in die Kriegszeit hinein in Deutschland ausharrte.
Er ist am 15. März 1983 im 97. Lebensjahr in Lima (Peru) gestorben.
Foto: Heinrich Sanden
Archive title: München.- Kahlgeschorener, barfüßiger jüdischer Rechtsanwalt Dr. Michael Siegel unter SS-Bewachung mit einem Schild (retuschierte Aufschrift: "Ich werde mich nie mehr bei der Polizei beschweren") auf der Prielmayerstraße laufend; vgl. Bild 146-1971-006-02 Dating: 10. März 1933 Photographer: Sanden, Heinrich Origin: Bundesarchiv http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Bundesarchiv/Gallery
Window of shop owned by Jewish merchant w. sign reading JUDEN GESCHAFT (Jewish owned business), sign is now required to be displayed by Nazi laws.
Location: Linz Oberdonan, Germany Date taken: 1938
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=281f53d3b32636e2
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
December 17, 1942
Britain condemns massacre of Jews
The British Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, tells the House of Commons about mass executions of Jews by Germans in occupied Europe.
Mr Eden also read out a United Nations declaration condemning "this bestial policy". http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/17/newsid_3547000/3547151.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/17/
September 1942 Shoah: ce que savait l'Eglise
The four-page note was written later in 1944 by a member of the Holy See’s diplomatic service and was among the archives for Pope Pius XII.
Photograph: Anonymous/AP
Vatican note suggests part blame in bombing of Monte Cassino G Tue 13 Feb 2024 06.00 CET Last modified on Tue 13 Feb 2024 09.25 CET
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/13/
Les archives secrètes du Vatican sur Pie XII sont enfin ouvertes [ depuis mars 2020 ].
Un historien allemand a déjà trouvé la preuve que le chef de l'Eglise catholique était informé sur la Shoah dès septembre 1942.
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/240420/
1942
US STATE DEPARTMENT RESPONSE TO NEWS OF THE “FINAL SOLUTION”
In August 1942, the State Department received a report sent by Gerhart Riegner, the Geneva-based representative of the World Jewish Congress (WJC).
The report revealed that the Germans were implementing a policy to physically annihilate the Jews of Europe.
Department officials declined to pass on the report to its intended recipient, American Jewish leader who was President
of the World Jewish Congress.
Despite the State Department's delay in publicizing the mass murder, that same month Wise received the report via British channels.
He sought permission from the State Department to make its contents public. Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles asked Wise not to publicize the information until the State Department confirmed it.
Wise agreed and after three months the State Department notified him that its sources had confirmation.
On November 24, 1942, Wise held a press conference to announce that Nazi Germany was implementing a policy to annihilate the European Jews.
A few weeks later, on December 17, the United States, Great Britain, and ten other Allied governments issued a declaration denouncing Nazi Germany's intention to murder the Jews of Europe.
The declaration warned Nazi Germany that it would be held responsible for these crimes. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005182
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES IN THE ERA OF THE HOLOCAUST
US State Department policies made it very difficult for refugees to obtain entry visas.
Despite the ongoing persecution of Jews in Germany, the State Department's attitude was influenced by the economic hardships of the Depression, which intensified grassroots antisemitism, isolationism, and xenophobia.
The number of entry visas was further limited by the Department's inflexible application of a restrictive Immigration Law passed by the US Congress
in 1924. Beginning in 1940, the United States further limited immigration by ordering American consuls abroad to delay visa approvals on national security grounds.
Nevertheless in 1939 and 1940, slightly more than half of all immigrants to the United States were Jewish, most of them refugees from Europe.
In 1941, 45% of all immigrants to the United States were Jewish.
After the United States entered the war in December 1941, the trickle of immigration virtually dried up, just at the time that the Nazi regime began systematically to murder the Jews of Europe.
Despite many obstacles, however, more than 200,000 Jews found refuge in the United States from 1933 to 1945, most of them before the end of 1941. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005182
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/
US PRESS COVERAGE OF THE “FINAL SOLUTION”
During the era of the Holocaust, the American press did not always publicize reports of Nazi atrocities in full or with prominent placement.
For example, the New York Times, the nation's leading newspaper, generally deemphasized the murder of the Jews in its news coverage.
The US press had reported on Nazi violence against Jews in Germany as early as 1933.
It covered extensively the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and the expanded German antisemitic legislation of 1938 and 1939.
The nationwide state-sponsored violence of November 9-10, 1938, known as Kristallnacht (Night of Crystal), made front page news in dailies across the US as did Hitler's infamous prediction, expressed to the Reichstag (German parliament) on January 30, 1939, that a new world war would mean the annihilation of the Jewish “race.”
As the magnitude of anti-Jewish violence increased in 1939-1941, many American newspapers ran descriptions of German shooting operations, first in Poland and later after the invasion of the Soviet Union.
The ethnic identity of the victims was not always made clear.
Some reports described German mass murder operations with the word "extermination."
As early as July 2, 1942, the New York Times reported on the operations of the killing center in Chelmno, based on sources from the Polish underground.
The article, however, appeared on page six of the newspaper.
Although the New York Times covered the December 1942 statement of the Allies condemning the mass murder of European Jews on its front page, it placed coverage of the more specific information released by Wise on page ten, significantly minimizing its importance. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005182
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
What did Franklin D. Roosevelt do — or, more to the point, not do — in response to the Holocaust?
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/
Carl Laemmle (born as Karl Lämmle) 1867-1939
Laemmle with Margaret Apt Weissman, who immigrated to the United States with his help.
Photograph: Collection of Rosemary Hilb
Movies Laemmle’s List: A Mogul’s Heroism Unlike His Peers, a Studio Chief Saved Jews
From the Nazis APRIL 11, 2014
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/
Among the pioneering moguls of Hollywood, Carl Laemmle, who commanded Universal Pictures for more than 20 years (...), was not only less recognizable than the rest, he was also different from the rest.
For one thing, he was older than the others and the first to emigrate from Europe to America.
For another, he was less autocratic. Laemmle, an elfin man, was informal, unpretentious and cheery.
(...)
Laemmle kept close ties to his native Germany — he visited Europe each year — and called the country his fatherland.
(...)
But there was another way in which Laemmle, whose studio was responsible for the silent “Phantom of the Opera” and the original “Frankenstein,” was different from nearly all his Hollywood confreres.
When Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, Hollywood barely reacted.
Laemmle, on the other hand, was terrified of what Hitler’s ascension would mean for his country, for the village of Laupheim (where he was born), for members of his family — many of whom had remained in Germany — and, perhaps above all, for his fellow Jews.
And Laemmle, unlike the other studio heads, was determined to do something about it.
Though it is not widely known, Laemmle, like Oskar Schindler, kept a list — an ever-lengthening and changing list of Jews whom he fought to save from the Nazis.
in a long, emotional battle during which he confronted the German government and, even more, recalcitrant elements of the American State Department to get endangered Jews out of Europe.
It was a battle to which, by his own estimation, he devoted 80 percent of his time from the mid-1930s, when he surrendered the economically distressed Universal to the financier J. Cheever Cowdin.
And though the numbers are imprecise, by the time Hitler invaded Poland, Laemmle directly or indirectly saved more than 300 Jews.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/
Virginie Linhart : "Le monde d'avant-guerre est un monde antisémite"
La réalisatrice du documentaire "Ce qu'ils savaient. Les Alliés face à la Shoah" explique le silence de Churchill, Staline, Roosevelt et de Gaulle.
Le remarquable documentaire de Virginie Linhart révèle l'indifférence générale des Alliés face à la Shoah.
"La préoccupation principale est de gagner la guerre.
N'oublions pas que le monde d'avant-guerre est un monde antisémite.
On aurait démobilisé les populations si on avait clamé qu'on faisait la guerre pour stopper le génocide juif.
Cela aurait donné d'ailleurs du grain à moudre à la propagande allemande qui martelait que les Alliés faisaient la guerre pour sauver les Juifs.
Il faut aussi rappeler que les Juifs d'Europe de l'Est étaient considérés comme des moins que rien.
De Gaulle établit cette hiérarchie entre les Juifs de l'Est et les Juifs français, dont il est persuadé qu'il ne leur arrivera rien.
Morgenthau, le secrétaire d'État au Trésor de Roosevelt, est un Juif qui se soucie assez peu des Juifs de l'Est.
Quand la Suède négocie le passage en pays neutre de quatre mille enfants juifs, elle spécifie "préférer éviter les enfants juifs d'origine polonaise".
Il y a donc une hiérarchie très forte."
Le Point.fr Publié le 26/10/2012 à 18:40 Modifié le 27/10/2012 à 10:12
http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/virginie-linhart-
En août 1941, alors que les chars allemands approchent de Moscou, Staline, jusque-là farouchement antisémite, suscite la création d’un Comité antifasciste juif qui dénonce les massacres dans les territoires conquis par la Wehrmacht.
L’écrivain Ilya Ehrenbourg lance un cri d’alarme, radiodiffusé dans tous les pays alliés, dont l’objectif véritable est d’encourager les juifs du monde entier à soutenir l’effort de guerre soviétique.
Les dons afflueront mais la boucherie continuera.
Winston Churchill a lu « Mein Kampf », il connaît les théories raciales développées par Hitler, ses services secrets le tiennent personnellement informé des tueries de masse.
Mais rien n’indique que les Britanniques sont prêts à s’intéresser au sort singulier des juifs de l’Est, et l’union nationale doit être préservée car le Royaume-Uni lutte seul.
Quatre mois plus tard, les Japonais frappent à Pearl Harbor et les Etats-Unis sont impliqués.
Connu pour avoir de nombreux amis et collaborateurs juifs, le président Roosevelt ménage la partie de l’électorat hostile à l’immigration.
Le département d’Etat, particulièrement xénophobe, bloque la circulation des informations concernant les juifs et accorde des visas au compte-gouttes.
L’Amérique n’est pas seule à verrouiller les portes.
Pour ne pas mécontenter les dirigeants arabes, Anthony Eden, chef de la diplomatie du gouvernement Churchill, s’oppose lui aussi à toute immigration juive en Palestine, alors sous mandat britannique.
De Gaulle se trouve également à Londres.
Après avoir condamné les lois discriminatoires de Vichy, lui aussi pèse ses mots car la population française soutient Pétain et ne manifeste pas contre l’antisémitisme d’Etat.
Pour ces raisons, le général sans armée se contente de faire allusion au drame vécu par les juifs de France.
A partir de 1942, des informations de plus en plus précises sortent d’Europe de l’Est.
Un rapport faisant état de 700 000 juifs tués en Pologne et de « chambres à gaz ambulantes » est remis à Shmuel Zigelbaum, le représentant du Bund (mouvement socialiste juif) à Londres.
Ces révélations donnent lieu à un article dans le « Daily Telegraph », qui ne suscite aucune réaction gouvernementale.
Un peu plus tard, l’information selon laquelle les nazis ont décidé de gazer tous les juifs d’Europe parvient à Stephen Wise, le président du Congrès juif mondial, qui en informe aussitôt la Maison- Blanche.
Laquelle exige un silence absolu le temps de procéder à une enquête.
En réalité, le scepticisme domine.
Même lorsqu’un agent polonais, Jan Karski, s’introduit dans le ghetto de Varsovie et affirme que les juifs ne sont pas déportés pour être utilisés comme travailleurs mais pour être gazés, son témoignage est mis sous le boisseau.
Seul Staline est pleinement conscient du sort réservé aux juifs, et il l’instrumentalise au mieux pour procurer à l’Armée rouge toujours plus de chars et d’avions.
En 1942, 2, 6 millions de juifs ont déjà été assassinés.
Mais lorsque Stephen Wise, lors d’une conférence de presse, dénonce leur extermination, les journaux relaient l’information avec une grande prudence.
L’année suivante, des voix de plus en plus nombreuses réclament une intervention gouvernementale, sans succès.
Fin 1943, 4, 4 millions de juifs ont été éliminés.
C’est seulement sous la menace d’un scandale (la révélation que le département d’Etat a entravé l’immigration des juifs d’Europe depuis 1933) que Roosevelt crée tardivement l’Agence pour les Réfugiés de Guerre, qui sauvera 200 000 vies.
Mais devant le massacre des juifs hongrois et le rythme effréné des déportations vers Auschwitz-Birkenau, de 12 000 à 14 000 personnes par jour, elle reste impuissante.
La résistance juive presse les Alliés de bombarder les voies de chemin de fer, les chambres à gaz, les fours crématoires, mais le haut commandement doute de l’efficacité de ces opérations et aucun chef militaire ne veut en prendre la responsabilité.
Fin 1944, 5, 1 millions de juifs ont disparu dans le génocide.
L’année suivante, les camps d’extermination, évacués par les SS, sont libérés les uns après les autres et le monde entier découvre l’horreur.
Au printemps 1945, le général Eisenhower, commandant en chef des forces alliées, déclarera avoir subi le plus grand choc de sa vie en découvrant la machine concentrationnaire nazie.
Mais les Etats savaient cela depuis longtemps, et ce qui manquait, ce n’étaient pas les projets réalisables ni les moyens de les mettre en oeuvre, mais le désir de sauver les juifs.
Ce documentaire de bonne facture, s’appuyant sur des archives récemment déclassifiées, ne formule pas explicitement la thèse de l’antisémitisme d’Etat mais la suggère avec insistance et conviction.
http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/rubriques/la-selection-teleobs/
German antisemitism before and after Hitler's rise to power
Hitler/Jaeger File Hitler at the Berghof, Obersalzburg. Location: Germany Date taken: 1938
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022 - broken link
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-broken-glass-kristallnacht
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
Antisemitism in the United States
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/10/98702481.pdf https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/17/103495469.pdf
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib71748
19th and 20th centuries
Europe Austria-Hungary
Antisemitism
A Jewish-owned optician’s shop in Austria marked by the Nazis with the word ‘Jew’ and a swastika.
Photograph: Hulton Deutsch/Corbis/Getty Images
Austria offers citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled the Nazis New law hailed as justice for families of refugees – and could benefit thousands of Britons G Sun 30 Aug 2020 06.15 BST Last modified on Tue 10 Nov 2020 15.50 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
Jews scrub Vienna streets in a Nazi ‘purge’, 1938.
Photograph: University of Southern California/Corbis/Getty Images
Austria offers citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled the Nazis New law hailed as justice for families of refugees – and could benefit thousands of Britons G Sun 30 Aug 2020 06.15 BST Last modified on Tue 10 Nov 2020 15.50 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
About 120,000 Jewish refugees fled persecution after the Nazis took power in Austria in March 1938.
The second most common destination after the US was the UK, with up to 20,000 refugees registered in 1945.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF
https://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/
https://www.nytimes.com/1895/05/30/
https://www.nytimes.com/1899/01/16/
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