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History > UK, British empire, England
Early 21st century, 20th century
20th century > 1947 > British empire > India
Partition
End of British rule and partition of sub-continent into mainly Hindu India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.
Hundreds of thousands die in communal bloodshed. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12641776
1948
War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-
January 1948
Assassination of Gandhi
On 30 January 1948, Godse stepped out in front of Gandhi and shot him three times at point-blank range.
A fervent believer in Hindu nationalism, Godse thought Gandhi had betrayed India’s Hindus by agreeing to partition, leading to the creation of Pakistan, and by championing the rights of Muslims.
In 1949, Godse was hanged for Gandhi’s murder.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1948/jan/31/india.
Mahatma Gandi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869-1948
Reading the news in London of Gandhi’s assassination by a Hindu extremist on Jan. 30, 1948.
Photograph: Reg Speller Fox Photos/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
India Leader of India, Mohandas Gandhi.
Location: India
Date taken: November 1942
Photographer: Wallace Kirkland
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=b87c00c36903593e - broken link
https://www.theguardian.com/world/mahatma-gandhi https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-mohandas-k
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/17/
https://www.npr.org/2019/10/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/oct/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/picture/2013/jan/30/
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2012/jan/30/gandhi-interview-india-1948
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/may/02/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jan/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/14/gandhi-reel-history
http://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/aug/05/worldcinema.drama
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/sep/22/archive-1932-
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/apr/07/archive-1930-
https://archive.nytimes.com/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/1922-
1947
India (August 15), Pakistan (August 14) > Independence
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/aug/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
Indian Partition 1947
Indian Partition map Guardian graphic G 11 August 2022
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/11/
Indian Partition
Violent split of India and Pakistan
British colonial India (was) carved up along religious lines.
Two independent states were created:
Hindu-majority India, and the Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan, which was made up of West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
As millions rushed to cross the new borders, violence erupted between Hindu, Muslim and Sikh populations that had coexisted for thousands of years.
In the months that followed, an estimated 1 million people were killed, up 15 million were displaced and between 75,000 and 100,000 women were abducted and raped.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/aug/12/
Up to 15 million people moved across the two borders in less than a year, one of the fastest mass migrations in history.
Millions of Muslims fled India, most heading west.
About the same number of Hindus and Sikhs went mostly east into the new India.
About one million people were killed.
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
A married couple who had been separated for 10 months were reunited at a women’s camp in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1948.
Photograph: Henri Cartier-Bresson/ Magnum Photos
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Indian Sikh troops positioned near Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, in November 1947.
India and Pakistan fought a yearlong war over Kashmir that ended with a cease-fire brokered by the United Nations.
The region has continued to bedevil the two countries to this day.
Photograph: Max Desfor/ Associated Press
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022, 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Negotiating the terms of partition in June 1947.
In the foreground from left to right were Jawaharlal Nehru, then the vice president of the interim government of India;
Lord Louis Mountbatten, the viceroy;
and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League.
Photographer: Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Two child victims of the riots in Amritsar with a nurse in March 1947.
They were rescued by British soldiers after their mother was stabbed to death.
Photograph: Keystone Features/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Destruction in Amritsar, a city in Punjab, after communal riots in March 1947.
Amritsar’s Muslims, who made up about half its population, left en masse during partition, which placed the city in India.
The other residents were mostly Sikh and Hindu.
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Picking up the bodies of victims of communal fighting in Delhi.
Undated.
Photograph: Hulton Archive, via Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Mass Migration, India Date taken: 1947
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White [ migration fr. India to Pakistan ? ]
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=84a0390866182f8f&q - broken link
Sikh migrants on their way from Pakistan to their new homeland, India, in October 1947.
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White/ The Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
A convoy of Muslims passed by the remains of an earlier caravan, both human and cattle.
Anglonautes > Background: India partition
Photograph: Margaret Bourke-White/ The Life Picture Collection/Shutterstock
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
People crowding onto trains as the partition of British India triggered one of the largest migrations in history.
Muslims fled from India to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs went in the opposite direction.
Photograph: Bettmann/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Muslim refugees fleeing India.
Partition marked a massive upheaval across the subcontinent.
Photograph: AP
Indian prince's descendants can claim fortune from NatWest after 70 years UK ruling dismisses Pakistan’s claim to £35m in legal battle dating back to 1948 G Wed 2 Oct 2019 16.49 BST Last modified on Wed 2 Oct 2019 20.25 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/02/
A Muslim refugee train in northern India on its way from Delhi to Lahore, in 1947.
Photograph: Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Same photo > The Guardian > caption: A train carrying Muslims passes through the north Indian town of Kuinkshaha on its way from Delhi to Lahore, 1947.
Photograph: Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum
Partition, 70 years on: Salman Rushdie, Kamila Shamsie and other writers reflect G Saturday 5 August 2017 08.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/05/
Refugee camp in Delhi in 1947.
Photograph: Alamy Stock Photo
Partition, 70 years on: Salman Rushdie, Kamila Shamsie and other writers reflect G Saturday 5 August 2017 08.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/05/
[ 1946 ] police in Calcutta using tear gas to break up mobs.
Hindu-Muslim communal riots lasted five days, with more than 2,000 people killed and 4,000 injured.
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
demonstration in London calling for the creation of Pakistan, in 1946.
Photographer: Corbis, via Getty Images
India’s Partition: A History in Photos NYT Published Aug. 14, 2022 Updated Aug. 16, 2022 5:07 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
On 3 June 1947, only six weeks before British India was carved up, a group of eight men sat around a table in New Delhi and agreed to partition the south Asian subcontinent.
Photographs taken at that moment reveal the haunted and nervous faces of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress leader soon to become independent India’s first prime minister, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, head of the Muslim League and Pakistan’s first governor-general and Louis Mountbatten, the last British viceroy.
Yet the public also greeted this agreement with some cautious hope.
Nobody who agreed to the plan realised that partition was unleashing one of the worst calamities of the 20th century.
Only weeks later, the full scale of the tragedy was apparent.
The north-eastern and north-western flanks of the country, made up of Muslim majorities, became Pakistan on 14 August 1947.
The rest of the country, predominantly Hindu, but also with large religious minorities peppered throughout, became India.
Sandwiched between these areas stood the provinces of Bengal (in the east) and Punjab (in the north-west), densely populated agricultural regions where Muslims, Hindus and Punjabi Sikhs had cultivated the land side by side for generations.
The thought of segregating these two regions was so preposterous that few had ever contemplated it, so no preparations had been made for a population exchange.
(...)
However, people took fright and, in the face of mounting violence, took matters into their own hands.
Many did not want “minorities” in their new countries.
Others did not want to become “minorities” with all the attendant horrors this now implied.
Refugees started to cross over from one side to the other in anticipation of partition.
The borderlines, announced on 17 August – two days after independence – cut right through these two provinces and caused unforeseen turmoil.
Perhaps a million people died, from ethnic violence and also from diseases rife in makeshift refugee camps.
The epicentre was Punjab, yet many other places were affected, especially Bengal (often overlooked in the commemorations), Sindh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Kashmir and beyond.
Lahore – heir to the architecture of Mughal, Sikh and British rule, and famed for its poets, universities and bookshops – was reduced in large quarters to rubble.
In Amritsar, home of the Golden Temple, and also known for its carpet and silk weavers, it took more than five years to clear the wreckage.
There were more than 600 refugee camps all over the subcontinent, 70,000 women had suffered sexual violence and the issue of the princely states, especially Kashmir, remained unresolved.
Many hopes had been cruelly dashed.
The act of partition set off a spiral of events unforeseen and unintended by anyone, and the dramatic upheavals changed the terms of the whole settlement.
The stories make us flinch.
Bloated and distorted bodies surfacing in canals months after a riot, young pregnant women left dismembered by roadsides.
One newspaper report tells of an unnamed man from a village “whose family had been wiped out”, who on meeting Jinnah as he toured the Pakistani camps in 1947, “sobbed uncontrollably”.
Up to 15 million people left their homes to begin a new life in India or Pakistan, and by September 1947 the formal exchange of population across the Punjab borderlines had become government policy.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1751044.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/south_asia/1751044.stm https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05b5fdg
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/aug/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/aug/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/aug/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/06/
https://www.npr.org/2021/05/04/
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/sep/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/08/15/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/08/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/14/india-and-pakistan-
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/14/west-pakistani-
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/08/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/04/multimedia/india-pakistan-
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jun/27/
http://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/08/13/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1947/aug/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
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