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History > UK, British empire, England
Early 21st century, 20th century
UK, British empire, Ottoman empire
1920-1948 > British mandate in Palestine
1947 > Partition
Jewish immigrants, arriving in Haifa aboard a refugee ship, waving future flag of the state of Israel shortly before its official conception.
Location: Haifa, Palestine
Date taken: 1948
Photograph: Dmitri Kessel
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ef6d5afdabd34947.html
Arab refugees crowding a British ship carrying them to Acre.
Location: Israel
Date taken: May 1948
Photograph: John Phillips
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/0a39e26a13d81506.html
Palestinian refugees from a village near Haifa making their way to Arab lines near Tulkarm, June 1948.
Photograph: Bettmann/Bettmann Archive
'Stubbornly fighting for life': how Arthur Koestler reported the birth of Israel G Wed 9 May 2018 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/09/
Israeli soldiers in southern Israel in 1948.
Credit: Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
1948 How the events of that fateful year shaped the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for decades to come NYT Nov. 3, 2023 6:00 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
Tantura massacre
Palestinian survivors and historians have long claimed that men living in Tantura, a fishing village of approximately 1,500 people near Haifa, were executed after surrendering to the Alexandroni Brigade and their bodies dumped in a mass grave believed to be located under an area that is now a car park for Dor Beach.
Estimates have ranged from 40 to 200 people.
In recent years, a growing body of evidence for the Tantura massacre has generated significant controversy in Israel, where atrocities committed by Jewish forces in 1948 remain a highly sensitive subject:
an Israeli-made documentary about what happened in the village faced widespread backlash on its release last year.
The extensive new investigation by the research agency Forensic Architecture identifies what it says is a second mass grave site in the former village of Tantura, as well as two more possible locations, in the most comprehensive research yet.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/25/
1948
End of the British mandate
al-Nakba (”the Catastrophe”) / النكبة
In the course of Israel's creation in 1948 and its occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, more than half the Arabs of pre-1948 Palestine are thought to have been displaced. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-11104284
Quand, en 1947, l’Empire britannique décide de se débarrasser de la Palestine mandataire (qu’il administre depuis 1920) et de confier le dossier aux Nations unies, 650 000 juifs sont établis en Palestine ;
les Palestiniens arabes représentent autour de 1,2 million à 1,4 million de personnes.
En novembre, l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU vote la partition du territoire en deux Etats indépendants :
l’un, juif, s’étendant sur près de 55 % du territoire ;
l’autre arabe, sur près de 40 % des terres – Jérusalem bénéficiant d’un statut de « ville internationale ».
Si les dirigeants sionistes accueillent favorablement la partition, les élites palestiniennes et les gouvernements arabes la rejettent.
Après plusieurs mois de combats dont les deux camps se rejettent la responsabilité et de déplacements de populations, la déclaration d’indépendance israélienne, le 14 mai 1948, provoque l’intervention directe des armées des pays arabes voisins pour tuer dans l’œuf le nouvel Etat.
Elles sont repoussées puis vaincus [ vaincues ].
De novembre 1947 à l’issue [ de ] la guerre, en juin 1949, jusqu’à 750 000 Palestiniens quittent, fuyant ou expulsés, les territoires sous contrôle israélien, leurs biens sont saisis
Seuls 150 000 restent établis dans le nouvel Etat.
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/05/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2018/05/15/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/ray-elsa/blog/251016/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/oct/28/
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/05/15/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/may/02/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/14/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2011/may/15/
https://www.bbc.com/news/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/22/israel-
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/
History of Israel > Timeline > 1948-2008
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7385661.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2008/israel_at_60/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7375994.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7380642.stm
1967
U.N Security Council Resolution 242
Nearly six months after the Six-Day War in 1967 -- a spectacular military victory for Israel in which it doubled the size of the territory under its control, occupying the Sinai peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights -- the U.N. Security Council issued Resolution 242.
The resolution stated that in order for peace to be achieved in the region, Israel would have to withdraw "from territories occupied in the recent conflict."
Over the next 35 years, peace negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians would focus on achieving a return to the pre-1967 borders. (Yale Law School Avalon Project) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html - broken link
The most important of the security council's resolutions.
Issued after the 1967 war, when Israel captured the Sinai peninsula from Egypt, the Golan Heights from Syria and the West Bank from Jordan, it calls for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from the recently occupied territories and a "just settlement of the refugee problem".
Its language is ambiguous.
It does not set out what a "just" solution for the Palestinian refugees would entail and there are disputes over its translation, but resolution 242 remains the basis for most peace plans.
It also speaks of the necessity for "sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognised boundaries."
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/22/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/26/
https://www.npr.org/transcripts/16553071 - November 22, 2007
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/31/
1967
six-day war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/30/
May 14, 1948
Israel Declares Independence
On May 14, 1948, the independent state of Israel is proclaimed as British rule in Palestine comes to an end. (add source / URL)
between Arabs and Jews following the announcement of the U.N. partition plan, the State of Israel declared its independence.
"The Nazi holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe," the proclamation read, "proved anew the urgency of the re-establishment of the Jewish state.
... It is, moreover, the self-evident right of the Jewish people to be a nation, as all other nations, in its own sovereign State." (Yale Law School Avalon Project) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/
http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/16/
1948
Israel's war of independence
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/may/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/16/
1948
End of the British mandate
growing knowledge of the Holocaust — the Nazi genocide of roughly six million Jews — added still more urgency to the Jewish cause for a national homeland.
In 1942, leading Zionists met in New York to formulate plans for a Jewish state.
And by 1944, Jewish guerilla groups had broken their truce with British authorities and resumed bombings and other terror attacks, culminating in the assassination in Cairo of Lord Moyne, British Secretary of State in the Middle East.
Meanwhile, the ethno-nationalist plans of Arabs were developing apace.
In 1944-45 seven Arab states and one Palestinian representative agreed to the Alexandria Protocol and formed the Arab League, forming a unified opposition both to further development of a Jewish homeland in British Palestine and to intervention of foreign powers in the area.
Rapid change and open warfare followed World War II.
The United States put increasing pressure on the British to allow Jewish refugees into Palestine, but the British refused, acceding to Arab demands.
Soon after, in 1947, Britain passed the Mandate over Palestine to the United Nations, which proposed a partition plan allocating roughly 44 percent of the area for an Arab state and 56 percent for a Jewish state, with Jerusalem under international administration.
The U.N. General Assembly accepted the plan, as did the Jews.
But the Arabs did not, and the plan was never implemented.
Tensions over the potential for a Jewish state ran at their highest, and in late 1947, irregular Palestinian fighting units and underground Jewish groups carried out increasingly direct, militaristic attacks, including a Palestinian siege of Jerusalem.
The conflict came to a head when, in May of 1948, a Jewish state of Israel was declared, Britain withdrew its forces, and Arab armies from five neighboring countries invaded.
The 1948 War (known to Israelis as the War of Independence) proceeded haltingly until Israelis, aided by clandestine arms shipments, repelled the Arab forces and broke the blockade of Jerusalem.
The fighting created a wave of Palestinian refugees, numbering between 500,000 and 800,000, and came to be known as al-Nakba (”the Catastrophe”) to Palestinians.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/
Palestine - comprising what are now Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jordan - was among several former Ottoman Arab territories placed under the administration of Great Britain by the League of Nations.
The mandate lasted from 1920 to 1948.
In 1923 Britain granted limited autonomy to Transjordan, now known as Jordan.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/23/
Young people in Tel Aviv celebrate on 29 November 1947, the day the UN voted to allow the creation of a Jewish state.
Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
'Stubbornly fighting for life': how Arthur Koestler reported the birth of Israel G Wed 9 May 2018 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/09/
November 29, 1947
Partition of Palestine
U.N. Partitions Palestine, Allowing for Creation of Israel
On Nov. 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for Palestine to be partitioned between Arabs and Jews, allowing for the formation of the Jewish state of Israel.
Since 1917, Palestine had been under the control of Britain, which supported the creation of a Jewish state in the holy land.
Sympathy for the Jewish cause grew during the genocide of European Jews during the Holocaust.
In 1946, the Palestine issue was brought before the newly created United Nations, which drafted a partition plan.
The plan, which organized Palestine into three Jewish sections, four Arab sections and the internationally-administered city of Jerusalem, had strong support in Western nations as well as the Soviet Union.
It was opposed by Arab nations.
The General Assembly voted, 33-13, in favor of partition, with 10 members, including Britain, abstaining.
The six Arab nations in the General Assembly staged a walkout in protest.
The New York Times reported:
“The walkout of the Arab delegates was taken as a clear indication that the Palestinian Arabs would have nothing to do with the Assembly’s decision.
The British have emphasized repeatedly that British troops could not be used to impose a settlement not acceptable to both Jews and Arabs, and the partition plan does not provide outside military force to keep order.
Instead, it provides for the establishment of armed militia by the two nascent states to keep internal order.”
https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7380642.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/23/
https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/
November 29, 1947
Partition of Palestine
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181
The United Nations General Assembly decided in 1947 on the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem to be an internationalised city.
Jewish representatives in Palestine accepted the plan tactically because it implied international recognition for their aims.
Some Jewish leaders, such as David Ben Gurion, the first Israeli prime minister, opposed the plan because their ambition was a Jewish state on the entire territory of Mandate Palestine.
The Palestinians and Arabs felt that it was a deep injustice to ignore the rights of the majority of the population of Palestine.
The Arab League and Palestinian institutions rejected the partition plan, and formed volunteer armies that infiltrated into Palestine beginning in December of 1947.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/
Britain, unable to resolve the differences between the Arabs and Jews and with its mandate in tatters, referred the Palestinian problem to the United Nations in February 1947.
The U.N. Special Committee on Palestine issued its report and recommendations in August 1947, and the General Assembly endorsed the plan in November 1947 by a vote of 33 to 13.
(The U.S. and Soviet Union, in rare agreement, voted for the resolution; Britain did not.)
The resolution called for the partition of Palestine and the establishment of separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international control.
The Jewish leadership ultimately accepted Resolution 181;
Arabs rejected it.
It was never implemented. (Yale Law School Avalon Project) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/23/
https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/
https://mondediplo.com/maps/middleeast1949
'Mandate Palestine'
British mandate
Bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the headquarters of British rule
On July 22, 1946, seven milk churns containing concealed bombs exploded in the basement of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.
Six floors of British government and military offices collapsed, and 92 people were killed, most of them Arab, British and Jewish civilians.
What was at the time the most lethal terrorist attack in history was perpetrated by the Irgun Zvai Leumi (Hebrew for National Military Organization) headed by Menachem Begin, a future prime minister of Israel.
The organization’s main aim was to force the British out of Palestine, which they had ruled since 1917. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/books/review/anonymous-soldiers-by-bruce-hoffman.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/
talking to Haj Amin al-Husseini, the grand mufti of Jerusalem.
The mufti helped instigate Arab pogroms against Jews in the holy land in the 1920s and collaborated with the Nazis.
Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images Anglonautes' note: check history of this picture.
Netanyahu Draws Broad Criticism After Saying a Palestinian Inspired Holocaust NYT OCT. 21, 2015
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/
Muhammad Amin al-Husayni / Haj Amin al-Husseini 189?-1974
Mufti (chief Muslim Islamic legal religious authority) of Jerusalem under the political authority of the British Mandate in Palestine from 1921 to 1937.
His primary political causes were:
1) establishment of a pan-Arab federation or state;
2) opposition to further immigration of Jews to Palestine and Jewish national aspirations in Palestine;
3) promotion of himself as a pan-Arab and Muslim religious leader.
In exile between 1937 and 1945, al-Husayni, claiming to speak for the Arab nation and the Muslim world, sought an alliance with the Axis powers (Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy) based on their publicly recognizing
1) the independence of the Arab states;
2) the right of those states to form a union reflecting a dominant Muslim and specifically Arab culture;
3) the right of those states to reverse steps taken towards the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine;
and 4) al-Husayni himself as the spiritual and political representative of this pan-Arab, Muslim entity.
In exchange, al-Husayni collaborated with the German and Italian governments by broadcasting pro-Axis, anti-British, and anti-Jewish propaganda via radio to the Arab world;
inciting violence against Jews and the British authorities in the Middle East;
and recruiting young men of Islamic faith for service in German military, Waffen-SS, and auxiliary units.
In turn, the Germans and the Italians used al-Husayni as a tool to inspire support and collaboration among Muslim residents of regions under Axis control and to incite anti-Allied violence and rebellion among Muslims residing beyond the reach of German arms. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007665
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Palestine
La croix gammée et le turban Documentaire Allemagne, 2009, 53mn
Défenseur de la cause panarabe dès les années 20, Amin al-Hussein lutte contre l'émigration des juifs organisée par les Britanniques dans son pays, la Palestine.
Affichant une sympathie évidente pour les thèses nazies dès 1937, il s'installe à Berlin, fréquente les dignitaires du IIIe Reich et s'intéresse [sic] à la solution finale.
Il est également à l'origine de la création d'un corps d'élite musulman destiné à combattre les Alliés, incorporé à la Waffen SS et composé de 12 000 hommes recrutés en Bosnie et en Croatie.
À partir de biographies récentes, ce documentaire revient sur la collaboration du grand mufti avec les nazis mais aussi, plus largement, sur son rôle historique et politique, expliquant pourquoi il reste encore aujourd'hui un héros et un grand leader nationaliste dans la plupart des pays du Proche-Orient. http://videos.arte.tv/fr/videos/la-croix-gammee-et-le-turban--7105850.html - broken link
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/world/middleeast/
https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2009-12-08-
A British machine gun patrol in Jerusalem, early 20th century.
Photograph: George Rinhart Corbis via Getty Images
Dark Truths About Britain’s Imperial Past NYT Published March 29, 2022 Updated March 30, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/29/
1920-1948
British control: Mandate Palestine
- now Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Jordan - was among several former Ottoman Arab territories placed under the administration of Great Britain by the League of Nations.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/feb/03/
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/jun/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/1937/jul/08/
1922
League of Nations
Mandate for Palestine
Following the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the territories formerly under the Turkish empire's control were divided between France and Britain.
At the San Remo Conference in April 1920, the principal allied powers awarded Britain the mandate for Palestine.
(Britain also was awarded the mandates for Transjordan and Iraq;
France gained control of Syria and Lebanon.)
In 1922, the League of Nations confirmed the mandate, which specifically recognized the historical connection between the Jewish people and Palestine.
According to the mandate, Britain "shall be responsible for placing the country [Palestine] under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home ... and also for safeguarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race or religion."
Britain was also charged with facilitating the immigration of Jews to Palestine. (Yale Law School Avalon Project) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
1917
Arthur James Balfour The Balfour Declaration
A major triumph for the Zionist movement, this note from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild relayed the British government's "declaration of sympathy" for Jewish Zionist aspirations.
"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people," wrote Balfour.
The declaration made clear, however, that those who endeavored to establish a Jewish state should do nothing to compromise the civil and religious rights of non-Jews in Palestine.
Some in the Arab world considered this public declaration at odds with Great Britain's previous war-time alliances with Arab states, a matter which preoccupied diplomatic circles for years afterward. (Yale Law School Avalon Project) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1632259.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/29/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/oct/17/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/on-the-middle-east/2015/dec/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jun/28/
1917
Britain's occupation of Iraq
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1917/mar/11/
The Sykes-Picot agreement was a secret understanding concluded in 1916 between Great Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
The agreement was not implemented, but it established the principles for the division a few years later of the Turkish-held region into the French and British-administered areas of Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/on-the-middle-east/2015/dec/30/
Armenian children wait to receive food from relief workers, 1920.
Photograph: Bettmann/Corbis
Sunday Book Review ‘The Fall of the Ottomans,’ by Eugene Rogan NYT APRIL 16, 2015
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/
Ottoman Empire’s defeat and collapse
In November 1914, the world’s only great Muslim empire was drawn into a life-or-death struggle against three historically Christian powers — Britain, France and Russia.
All parties made frantic calculations about the likely intertwining of religion and strategy.
(...)
As Rogan explains in “The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East,” the Christian nations of the Triple Entente had millions of Muslim subjects, who might in their view be open to seduction by the Ottoman sultan, especially if he seemed to be prevailing in the war.
The Ottomans, for their part, were in alliance with two other European Christian powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Paradoxically, the Teutons urged the sultan to use his role as caliph and proclaim an Islamic holy war.
One factor was that, as a newcomer to the imperial game, Germany had relatively few Muslim subjects and less to lose if the card of jihad were played.
The Ottomans, meanwhile, feared the influence of foes, especially Russia, over their own Christian subjects — including the Greeks and Armenians, who formed a substantial and economically important minority in both the empire’s capital and the Anatolian heartland. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/books/review/19bkr-clark.t.html
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/
https://archive.nytimes.com/
Theodor Herzl 1860-1904
Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian-born Jew, is considered the father of political Zionism.
His 1896 pamphlet, "The Jewish State," set forth the framework for establishing a Jewish nation.
"No one can deny the gravity of the situation of the Jews," wrote Herzl.
"Wherever they live in perceptible numbers, they are more or less persecuted."
In this essay, Herzl indicated that there were two territories being considered for the location of the Jewish state -- Palestine and Argentina.
"Shall we choose Palestine or Argentine?" asked Herzl.
"We shall take what is given us." (Jewish Virtual Library) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oslo/etc/historic.html
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2013/apr/05/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/may/03/
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/03/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/israel_at_50/history/78597.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1897.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/theodore-herzl-191505
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
Theodor Herzl's 1896 book Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/
Related > Anglonautes > History > 19th - 20th century
World War 2 > Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,
England, United Kingdom, British Empire
UK, British Empire > 20th century > WW1 >
UK, British Empire > 20th century > WW1 >
UK, British Empire > 19th-20th centuries >
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
Middle East > Israel, Palestine
conflicts, wars, climate, poverty > asylum seekers, displaced people,
intelligence, spies, surveillance
Related
Juifs et musulmans - Si loin, si proches (4/4) La guerre des mémoires, 1945-2013 Série documentaire (France, 2013, 4x52mn) Réalisation : Karim Miské Auteurs : Karim Miské, Emmanuel Blanchard, Nathalie Mars Direction éditoriale : Sylvie Jézéquel Arte http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/042500-000/juifs-et-musulmans-si-loin-si-proches-4-4 - broken link http://www.arte.tv/sites/fr/juifs-musulmans/ - broken link
Let's end the myths of Britain's imperial past 2011
David Cameron would have us look back to the days of the British empire with pride.
But there is little in the brutal oppression and naked greed with which it was built that deserves our respect
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/19/
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