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Early 21st century, 20th century
WW1 (1914-1918) > UK, British empire
1910s > WW1 (1914-1918) > UK > Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Timeline in pictures > 1880s-1920s
Australia,
Austria-Hungary,
Balkan league (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro),
Belgium,
Canada,
France,
Germany,
Italy,
Morocco,
Ottoman Empire,
Palestine,
Russia,
USA
Reconstruction in Europe
https://www.theguardian.com/business/from-the-archive-blog/2020/mar/04/
Germany
the Dolchstosslegende, or stab-in-the-back myth.
amid the implosions of Imperial Germany, powerful conservatives who led the country into war refused to accept that they had lost.
Their denial gave birth to arguably the most potent and disastrous political lie of the 20th century — the Dolchstosslegende, or stab-in-the-back myth.
Its core claim was that Imperial Germany never lost World War I.
Defeat, its proponents said, was declared but not warranted.
It was a conspiracy, a con, a capitulation — a grave betrayal that forever stained the nation.
That the claim was palpably false didn’t matter.
Among a sizable number of Germans, it stirred resentment, humiliation and anger.
And the one figure who knew best how to exploit their frustration was Adolf Hitler.
In 1918, Germany was staring at defeat.
The entry of the United States into the war the year before, and a sequence of successful counterattacks by British and French forces, left German forces demoralized.
Navy sailors went on strike.
They had no appetite to be butchered in the hopeless yet supposedly holy mission of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the loyal aristocrats who made up
the Supreme Army Command. joined the strikes and demands for a republic grew.
On Nov. 9, 1918, Wilhelm abdicated, and two days later the army leaders signed the armistice.
It was too much to bear for many: Military officers, monarchists and right-wingers spread the myth that if it had not been for political sabotage by Social Democrats and Jews back home, the army would never have had to give in.
The deceit found willing supporters.
“Im Felde unbesiegt” — “undefeated on the battlefield” — was the slogan with which returning soldiers were greeted.
Newspapers and postcards depicted German soldiers being stabbed in the back by either evil figures carrying the red flag of socialism or grossly caricatured Jews.
By the time of the Treaty of Versailles the following year, the myth was already well established.
The harsh conditions imposed by the Allies, including painful reparation payments, burnished the sense of betrayal.
It was especially incomprehensible that Germany, in just a couple of years, had gone from one of the world’s most respected nations
to its biggest loser. about the Dolchstosslegende is this: It did not grow weaker after 1918 but stronger.
In the face of humiliation and unable or unwilling to cope with the truth, many Germans embarked on a disastrous self-delusion:
The nation had been betrayed, but its honor and greatness could never be lost.
And those without a sense of national duty and righteousness — the left and even the elected government of the new republic — could never be legitimate custodians of the country.
In this way, the myth was not just the sharp wedge that drove the Weimar Republic apart.
It was also at the heart of Nazi propaganda, and instrumental in justifying violence against opponents.
The key to Hitler’s success was that, by 1933, a considerable part of the German electorate had put the ideas embodied in the myth — honor, greatness, national pride — above democracy.
The Germans were so worn down by the lost war, unemployment and international humiliation that they fell prey to the promises of a “Führer” who cracked down hard on anyone perceived as “traitors,” leftists and Jews above all.
The stab-in-the-back myth was central to it all.
When Hitler became chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933, the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter wrote that “irrepressible pride goes through the millions” who fought so long to “undo the shame of 9 November 1918.”
Germany’s first democracy fell.
Without a basic consensus built on a shared reality, society split into groups of ardent, uncompromising partisans.
And in an atmosphere of mistrust and paranoia, the notion that dissenters were threats to the nation steadily took hold.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/
https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/
https://www.dw.com/de/juden-im-ersten-weltkrieg/a-17808361
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/
Dead British soldiers lying on a roadside in northern France during World War I.
Photograph: Daily Herald Archive/SSPL, via Getty Images
‘1917’ Turns a Horrific War Into an Uplifting Hero’s Journey World War I was a disaster, but Sam Mendes’s Oscar-nominated epic paints a dangerously misleading picture of the conflict. NYT Feb. 8, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/08/
Casualties
More than 17 million soldiers and civilians died between 1914 and 1918
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/
65m men fought and about 8.5m were killed http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/248f6960-29d3-11e3-bbb8-00144feab7de.html
The conflict claimed 20 million military and civilian lives, with a further 21 million wounded.
For some countries the burden was greater than others.
While Britain, France and Germany lost between 2 and 3 percent of their total populations, Serbia suffered a staggering 15 percent depletion.
Such losses had seemed unthinkable when the war began.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/
Selon les différents décomptes, le nombre de victimes de la guerre varie de 8,5 à 10 millions de morts, rien que parmi les militaires.
L’approximation est encore plus complexe pour les populations civiles.
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/11/10/
nearly a million men fell just at Verdun in 1916;
in four years, the combatant nations suffered a total of 40 million dead, missing, and wounded;
more than 116,000 Americans died in just 19 months;
billions of shells and bullets were fired; the map of the entire world was forever redrawn http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/travel/100-years-of-gratitude.html
more than 100,000 horses (were) killed or wounded in the first world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/
More than a million Indian soldiers fought in the first world war.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/23/
As the Commonwealth War Graves Commission finally admits today, up to 54,000 casualties, from Indian, east African, West African, Egyptian and Somali units were treated with unequal dignity in death.
Some were commemorated collectively on memorials, instead of being given individually marked graves like their European counterparts.
Others had their names recorded on registers, rather than in stone.
As many as 350,000, mainly east African and Egyptian, personnel who fought for Britain were not commemorated by name.
Some of them were not commemorated at all.
The logic for this outrage was explained by Gordon Guggisberg, the governor of the Gold Coast (now Ghana), who wrote in 1923:
“The average native of the Gold Coast would not understand or appreciate a headstone.”
A War Graves Commission document refers to African soldiers and carriers as “semi-savage”.
Another states “they are hardly in such a state of civilisation as to appreciate such a memorial”, and “the erection of individual memorials would represent a waste of public money”.
As an organisation that prides itself on “equality in death” it’s difficult to imagine what the reaction of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission would be if it discovered that hundreds of thousands of white soldiers who fought for Britain were buried without graves.
However, it is to be welcomed that the organisation now admits that the decision to exclude Black and Brown soldiers from equal commemoration was underpinned by “the entrenched prejudices, preconceptions and pervasive racism of contemporary imperial attitudes”.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/23/
Propagandists promised that this war would end all wars.
Instead it almost automatically provoked those that followed.
In 1916 a British officer condemned a prospective attack at Fromelles – which went ahead despite his misgivings – as “a bloody holocaust”.
What Coulthart describes is a slaughter as systematic as the Nazi genocide, perpetrated by generals such as Haig and Kitchener who deployed their own country’s miners, navvies and labourers as cannon fodder and dismissed casualties as “acceptable losses”.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/
European military alliances in 1914; Map.
Central Powers purplish-red, Entente Powers pale green, and neutral countries yellow
Description: Europe 1914
Source Author: Department of History, United States Military Academy http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Europe_1914.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Europe_1914.png
First World War Interactive Guardian 2014
First World War Interactive Video
ABOUT THE FIRST WORLD WAR INTERACTIVE
SERIES: as told by ten historians from ten countries, looking at the conflict through a global lens.
Using original news reports, interactive maps and rarely-seen footage, including extraordinary scenes of troops crossing Mesopotamia on camels and Italian soldiers fighting high up in the Alps, the The Guardian's interactive project explores the war and its effects from many different perspectives.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLa_1MA_DEorFM96_lA3kPpvi2zdR4ZKoN
First world war: how Europe and the Middle East were reshaped
interactive - 4 August 2014
As the world slid towards war in 1914, the four empires of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Turkey and Tsarist Russia had ruled over vast amounts of land and people for centuries.
The first world war reshaped Europe and the Middle East and those changes reverberate to this day.
Take our interactive map quiz to explore how the borders of 1914 changed shape over the course of six years
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/aug/04/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/aug/04/
June 28, 1919
Versailles Treaty
https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/treaty-of-versailles https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1919versailles.asp
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1919/apr/10/
11 November 1918 Armistice
Crowds celebrating the signing of the Armistice at the end of World War I.
Photograph: Topical Press Agency/Getty Images
Armistice Day 100 years on: share your letters, stories and photographs G Sun 12 Aug 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Sun 12 Aug 2018 08.06 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/12/
Effigies of the Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and his son, ‘Little Willie’, are hanged in Brackley, Northamptonshire on Armistice Day.
Photograph: Bob Thomas/Popperfoto/Getty Images
Armistice Day: victory and beyond On 11 November 1918, jubilant crowds across Britain celebrated the end of the war. But many new struggles were just beginning. What was the legacy of the first world war? G Sun 11 Nov 2018 07.00 GMT Last modified on Sun 11 Nov 2018 07.56 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/armistice-100
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/09/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/mirror
1918
Le dernier jour 2/6.
Dans les Ardennes, le commandant Charles de Berterèche de Menditte a ordre de franchir la Meuse.
A la tête de ses troupes, il va mener une ultime bataille brutale et sanglante.
L’Armistice est signé à 5 h 20, ce 11 novembre 1918, dans la clairière de Rethondes.
Sur le front de la Meuse, la guerre continue.
Les artilleurs français n’ont pas fermé l’œil, déclenchant de minute en minute des tirs de barrage guidés par le son ou la lueur des batteries ennemies.
Les canons allemands ont répliqué sans relâche, pilonnant les positions françaises entre Nouvion-sur-Meuse, Dom-le-Mesnil et Vrigne-Meuse.
C’est là, dans les Ardennes, à mi-chemin de Charleville et Sedan, que fait rage la dernière bataille de la Grande Guerre, la dernière empoignade acharnée, insensée, absurde, au-delà même de la conclusion de l’Armistice et jusqu’aux dernières minutes qui précèdent son entrée en vigueur, à 11 heures du matin.
Jusqu’aux derniers morts.
Devant l’implacable poursuite engagée par les Alliés depuis l’été, les armées du maréchal von Hindenburg refluent sur tout le front, depuis les Flandres jusqu’en Lorraine.
Le 8 novembre, elles ont retraversé la Meuse pour se retrancher sur sa rive nord.
Sur leurs talons, les avant-gardes de la 163e division d’infanterie atteignent la rive sud, celles du 142e régiment arrivent à Flize et celles du 415e régiment à Dom-le-Mesnil.
https://www.lemonde.fr/series-d-ete-2018-long-format/article/2018/07/18/
https://www.lemonde.fr/series-d-ete-2018-long-format/article/2018/07/18/
World War One Casualties
Dead, Wounded and Missing in the First World War
https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2854730
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2018/11/10/
First World War 1914-1918
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/origins_01.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_ani_wwone_movies.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_vr_trench.shtml
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/25/
https://www.theguardian.com/gnmeducationcentre/2018/nov/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/travel/100-years-of-gratitude.html
http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/ng-interactive/2014/jul/25/
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/11/secondworldwar.uk
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/14/military.davidsmith
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/08/firstworldwar.stephenmoss1
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1918/nov/12/fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1915/apr/23/fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1915/apr/28/fromthearchive
http://www.theguardian.com/news/1915/dec/20/mainsection.fromthearchive
1918
Thousands of Germans packed in cages
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
August 26-September 3, 1918
Second Battle of Arras
The 2nd Battle of Arras, including the Battle of the Scarpe (August 26-30, 1918) and the Battle of Drocourt-Quéant (September 2-3, 1918)
https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/
camouflaged position of Ida Post in the Ploegsteert sector in Belgium March 1918
Private A. Smith, an 18th Battalion headquarters’ observer, scans enemy territory from the camouflaged position of Ida Post in the Ploegsteert sector in Belgium.
While the picture was being taken, two Germans could be seen less than 400 yards away.
Photograph: March 1918 Courtesy of the Byrd Polar & Climate Research Centre, Ohio State University.
Through the lens of Australian explorer Hubert Wilkins – in pictures From documenting the first world war to attempting to pass under the north pole by submarine, Sir George Hubert Wilkins lived a life of adventure and intrigue. A retrospective of his photography work has been compiled in The Eye of Wilkins G Sat 22 Jan 2022 19.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2022/jan/23/
British Jews in the first world war
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/14/
November-December 1917
Palestine
Battle of Jerusalem / "Jerusalem Operations"
December 11, 1917
Britain liberates Jerusalem, ending 673 years of Turkish rule http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/timeline/timeline-1917.shtml
The Mayor of Jerusalem Hussein Effendi el Husseini [al-Husseini], meeting with Sergts. Sedwick and Hurcomb of the 2/19th Battalion, London Regiment, under the white flag of surrender, Dec. 9th [1917] at 8 a.m., 1917.
LC-DIG-ppmsca-13291-00011 (digital file from original, page 5, no. 11) Primary source + caption: Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/phpdata/pageturner.php?
Image: Wikipedia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_%281917%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_%281917%29
2 November 1917
The Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was the first significant declaration by a world power in favour of a Jewish "national home" in what was known as Palestine.
Historians disagree as to what the then British Foreign Secretary, intended by his declaration.
The letter has no mention of the word "state", and insists that nothing should be done "which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".
The letter was addressed to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the Jewish community in Britain.
It became an important arm of the movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_ip_timeline/html/1917.stm
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jun/28/
The Middle East during World War One
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml
1301-1922
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history.
It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions.
It replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The Ottoman Empire reached its height under Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-66), when it expanded to cover the Balkans and Hungary, and reached the gates of Vienna.
The Empire began to decline after being defeated at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and losing almost its entire navy.
It declined further during the next centuries, and was effectively finished off by the First World War and the Balkan Wars.
(...)
At its peak it included:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/
Menin Road beyond Ypres, Belgium October 1917
A scene on the Menin Road beyond Ypres, Belgium. It was reported that the loss of horses, injured especially to shell fire, that required them to be immediately put down was most distressing to their responsible soldiers.
Photograph: October 1917 Courtesy of the Byrd Polar & Climate Research Centre, Ohio State University.
Through the lens of Australian explorer Hubert Wilkins – in pictures From documenting the first world war to attempting to pass under the north pole by submarine, Sir George Hubert Wilkins lived a life of adventure and intrigue. A retrospective of his photography work has been compiled in The Eye of Wilkins G Sat 22 Jan 2022 19.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2022/jan/23/
The largest fleet of airships ever to attack the UK set off on 19 October, 1917 to bomb the industrial Midlands.
It was called the "Silent Raid" as the 11 German navy airships flew too high to be heard from the ground.
They were Super-Zeppelins, able to fly at 20,000 feet and so out of range of anti-aircraft guns or fighter aircraft.
However, the crews were vulnerable to the extreme cold, lack of oxygen, and on this occasion to the strong winds that wrecked the mission.
The Germans had forecast good weather, but no observations were made over 10,000 feet.
Above that height the crews faced gale force winds from the north-west.
The 650ft hulls were distorted by the turbulence and, with men struggling to hold the rudders, the Zeppelins were forced off course.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2011/oct/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2011/oct/16/
Australian soldiers in a field hospital near Ypres, Belgium, during World War I, when “shell shock” was first noted.
Photograph: Australian War Memorial
What if PTSD Is More Physical Than Psychological? A new study supports what a small group of military researchers has suspected for decades: that modern warfare destroys the brain. NYT JUNE 10, 2016
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/
1914-1918
Belgium
Ypres battles
Of the 300,000 British and Commonwealth soldiers killed in the Ypres Salient during the five battles that spanned 1914 to 1918, 100,000 bodies were never recovered.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
31 July - November 1917
Belgium Third Battle of Ypres / Battle of Passchendaele
British casualties litter the churned up battlefield outside the town of Passchendaele during the 3rd Battle of Ypres.
Location: Passchendaele, Belgium Date taken: October 1917
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/ec4ae642c2786d1b.html
Tour de la Halle aux draps, Ypres, [vers 1918]
Photographe inconnu
Albums du corps expéditionnaire canadien Photographie noir et blanc Code de référence : C 224-0-0-9-1 Archives publiques de l'Ontario, I0004760 http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/mould/big/big_48a_cloth_hall.htm http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/mould/battles.htm#cloth_hall
Passchendaele has become a synonym for military failure as well as the myopia of the British top brass.
Nick Lloyd’s book reassesses the conduct and impact of this hellish battle, which lasted from 31 July until 10 November 1917.
By then more than half a million men had been killed or injured, many vanishing without trace in the thick mud.
The British forces had advanced just five miles, ground that was lost agai the following year.
It was, says Lloyd, “the ultimate expressio of meaningless, industrialised slaughter”.
On just one day in August, more shells were fired than in the entire Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/dec/07/
The town was reduced to ruins during the four years of the war as it held a strategic position on the route of the German advance into France, the Schlieffen Plan.
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/ng-interactive/2014/apr/02/ypres-
Three horrific battles were fought for little gain here, of which the third and final was launched 100 years ago on Monday.
“I died in hell – they called it Passchendaele”, the soldier and poet Siegfried Sassoon wrote of the carnage that raged between 31 July and 10 November 1917.
There were more than 320,000 allied deaths.
German losses are estimated to have been between 260,000 and 400,000.
The allied victors had made just five miles (8km) of ground when all was said and done, and still today the remains of around 30 soldiers are found every year, to be identified initially by the boots they were wearing when they died, said Peter Francis of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
“A more sacred place for the British does not exist in the world,” concluded Winston Churchill in 1919.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/29/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/dec/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/29/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/ng-interactive/2014/apr/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/203397.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6386991.stm
France First Battle of Arras 9 April - 16 June 1917
La prise de la crête de Vimy. Des soldats allemands évacuent leur tranchées devant l’avance canadienne, 1917.
Photographe inconnu
Photographie noir et blanc Albums du corps expéditionnaire canadien Code de référence : C 224-0-0-9-31 Archives publiques de l'Ontario, I0004790 http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/mould/big/big_51a_can_advance.htm http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/french/exhibits/mould/battles.htm#cloth_hall
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/
https://www.nytimes.com/1917/06/01/
7-14 June 1917
Belgium
The Battle of Messines
The Battle of Messines was an offensive conducted by the British Second Army, under the command of General Herbert Plumer, on the Western Front near the village of Messines in Belgian West Flanders (...) . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_%281917%29
Launched on 7 June 1917, the Messine offensive was designed to force the German enemy to withdraw from the main battlefront of Vimy – Arras.”
The Battle exemplified tactical success through careful planning and overwhelming firepower.
The primary objective was the strategically important Wyschaete-Messines Ridge, the high ground south of Ypres.
The Germans used this ridge as a salient into the British lines, building their defence along its 10 mile length.
Winning this ground was essential for the Allies to launch a larger campaign planned for east of Ypres.
General Sir Herbert Plumer’s Second Army was chosen for the task, with three Corps allotted to secure the objective.
Australian involvement came under Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Godley’s II Anzac Corps (25th British, 3rd Australian, and the New Zealand Division) which was to capture the village of Messines and advance to the flat ground beyond.
The 4th Australian Division was reinforcement for II Anzac for the attack and was to complete the second phase of consolidation. http://www.army.gov.au/Our-history/History-in-Focus/The-Battle-of-Messines-1917
The Battle of Messines in June 1917 was an important attack that sought to seize the strategically important heights of the Messines/Wytschaete ridge in southern Belgium.
Pre-empted by the detonation of 19 enormous mines containing one million pounds of ammonal, the assault was launched by three Corps under General Herbert Plumer’s Second Army.
https://www.army.gov.au/our-history/history-in-focus/
In January 1917 British codebreakers known as Room 40, named after their original cramped space at the Admiralty, intercepted and deciphered a German secret message which changed the course of the first world war, helping to bring the US into the conflict.
The Zimmerman telegram, sent from the German foreign minister to their ambassador in Mexico, urged the central American county to “make war together, make peace together”.
In return for becoming a German ally, it promised the US states of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico as a prize after the war.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/29/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/29/
July 1916
France
Battle of Fromelles
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2016/jul/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/03/
France Battle of the Somme 1916
Women and the first world war
Home Front
Women war workers
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/sep/21/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2013/sep/21/
United Kingdom > late 19th century / early 20th century > Suffragettes
Field Marshal Douglas Haig 1861-1928
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/211471.stm
https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/1918/12/22/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/
Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1850-1916
TITLE: Lord Kitchener says: Enlist to-day / photo Bassano ; printed by David Allen & Sons Ld., Harrow, Middlesex. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZC4-11015 (color film copy transparency) SUMMARY: Poster showing portrait of Lord Kitchener, with a quote from him. MEDIUM: 1 print (poster) : lithograph and halftone photomechanical print, color ; 50 x 75 cm.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: London : Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, [1915]
NOTES: "Men, materials & money are the immediate necessities. ... Does the call of duty find no response in you until reinforced - let us rather say superseded - by the call of compulsion?" Lord Kitchener speaking at Guildhall, July 9th 1915. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (color film copy transparency) cph 3g11015 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g11015 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/f?ils:20:./temp/~pp_CmJ9: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/wwiposhtml/wwiposSubjects11.html TIFF > JPEG + vertical cropping by Anglonautes
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/voluntary-recruiting http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/kitchener_lord.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/kitchener_lord_horatio.shtml
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/29/
May 1916
Sykes-Picot Agreement
The Sykes-Picot agreement is a secret understanding concluded in May 1916, during World War I, between Great Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French and British-administered areas.
The agreement took its name from its negotiators, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and Georges Picot of France.
Some historians have pointed out that the agreement conflicted with pledges already given by the British to the Hashimite leader Husayn ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca, who was about to lead an Arab revolt in the Hejaz against the Ottoman rulers on the understanding that the Arabs would eventually receive a much more important share of the territory won.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25299553
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/
Turkey > battle of Gallipoli 1915-1916
Belgium Edith Cavell execution 12 October 1915
Edith Cavell poster Documents de propagande antiallemande Musée canadien de la guerre
https://www.museedelaguerre.ca/ added June 23, 2022
Related:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/oct/12/
At dawn on 12 October 1915 the British nurse Edith Cavell was killed by a firing squad, after a German military court found her guilty of helping Allied soldiers escape from occupied Belgium.
It was strongly implied that she was also involved in espionage, passing information about German military movements and plans back to the UK.
The British Government denied that she was a spy, but recently the ex-head of MI5, Dame Stella Rimington, has revealed new evidence that strongly suggests Cavell was involved in smuggling information as well as men.
However much Cavell knew about the information being carried on the bodies of the men she saved – written on cloth and sewn into clothes, or hidden in shoes – her death made her a popular martyr, as her execution provoked a strong public reaction of horror.
Author Arthur Conan Doyle said: at the barbarous actions of the German soldiery in murdering this great and glorious specimen of womanhood.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/oct/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/oct/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2015/oct/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2015/oct/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2013/oct/12/
1915
Over six weeks in 1915, in contravention of international law, the Germans unleashed poison gas, unrestricted submarine warfare and the aerial bombardment of London.
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/
April 22, 1915
Belgium
Second Battle of Ypres
On April 22, 1915, the Germans launched their first and only offensive of the year.
Known as the Second Battle of Ypres, the offensive began with the usual artillery bombardment of the enemy’s line.
When the shelling died down, the Allied defenders waited for the first wave of German attack troops but instead were thrown into panic when chlorine gas wafted across no-man’s land and down into their trenches.
The Germans targeted four miles of the front with the wind-blown poison gas and decimated two divisions of French and Algerian colonial troops.
The Allied line was breached, but the Germans, perhaps as shocked as the Allies by the devastating effects of the poison gas, failed to take full advantage, and the Allies held most of their positions. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-introduce-poison-gas
Germany gains ground using forbidden gas weapons
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
The ammonia process – which uses nitrogen from the atmosphere as its key ingredient – was invented by German chemist to solve a problem that faced farmers across the globe.
By the early 20th century they were running out of natural fertiliser for their crops.
The Haber plant at Ludwigshafen, run by the chemical giant BASF, transformed that grim picture exactly 100 years ago – by churning out ammonia in industrial quantities for the first time, triggering a green revolution.
Several billion people are alive today only because Haber found a way to turn atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia fertiliser.
"Bread from air," ran the slogan that advertised his work at the time.
But there is another, far darker side to the history of the Haber process.
By providing Germany with an industrial source of ammonia, the country was able to extend its fight in the first world war by more than a year, it is estimated.
Britain's sea blockade would have ensured Germany quickly ran out of natural fertilisers for its crops.
In addition, Germany would also have run out of nitrogen compounds, such as saltpetre, for its explosives.
The Haber process met both demands.
Trains, bursting with Haber-based explosives and scrawled with "Death to the French", were soon chugging to the front, lengthening the war and Europe's suffering.
(...)
Bald and absurdly Teutonic in demeanour, Haber was an ardent German nationalist.
He was happy his invention was used to make explosives and was a fervent advocate of gas weapons.
As a result, on 22 April 1915 at Ypres, 400 tons of chlorine gas were released under his direction and sent sweeping in clouds over Allied troops.
It was the world's first major chemical weapons attack.
Around 6,000 men died.
Haber later claimed asphyxiation was no worse than blowing a soldier's leg off and letting him bleed to death, but many others disagreed, including his wife, Clara, herself a chemist.
A week after the Ypres attack, she took Haber's service revolver and shot herself, dying in the arms of Hermann, their only son.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/03/
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/03/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
10-12/13 March 1915
France
Battle of Neuve-Chapelle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle
https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/
May 7, 1915
British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine
One of the great mysteries of the first world war – whether or not the passenger ship Lusitania was carrying munitions and therefore a legitimate target when it was sunk by a German submarine in May 1915 – has been solved in the affirmative by newly released government papers.
They contain Foreign Office concerns that a 1982 salvage operation might "literally blow up on us" and that "there is a large amount of ammunition in the wreck, some of which is highly dangerous".
Yet the truth was kept hidden in 1915 because the British government wanted to use the sinking of a non-military ship, and the loss of 1,198 lives, as an example of German ruthlessness.
It was also a useful means of swaying American opinion in favour of entering the war.
It eventually had the desired effect – the US declared war on Germany in April 1917 – but the lie continued as successive governments, worried about their ongoing relations with America, denied there were munitions on board.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/01/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/hfront3_01.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4803284
https://www.loc.gov/collections/world-war-i-rotogravures/ https://www.pbs.org/lostliners/lusitania.html
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/1910-1919/
1915
Zeppelin raid on the north- east coast district of England
https://iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/
19 January 1915
The first zeppelin raid
Before the 20th century, British civilians had been largely untouched by war.
However, with the stalemate on the Western Front, the Germans deployed zeppelins carrying up to two tons of bombs.
The first raid was on 19 January 1915.
The effects of war were brought home to the British people
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2013/jan/19/
on May 31, a zeppelin randomly dropped 28 explosive and 91 incendiary bombs on London, leaving seven dead and 35 injured. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/books/review/a-higher-form-of-killing-by-diana-preston.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/picture/2013/jan/19/
First world war ministers were warned of ‘eternal stalemate’ in January 1915
Cabinet papers show Lloyd George despairing of ‘throwing away’ Kitchener’s citizen army as cabinet colleagues searched for a ‘blow to end the war once and for all’
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/30/
October-November 1914
Belgium
The First Battle of Ypres / the Battle of Flanders
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres
26-30 August 1914
Battle of Tannenberg
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/
Western front
From autumn 1914 to the spring of 1918, 475 miles of parallel trenches were the scene of countless battles http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/western-front-battles-timeline
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/
http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2008/nov/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/09/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/23/
The Western Front 1914-1918
Britain and its Empire lost almost a million men during World War One; most of them died on the Western Front.
Stretching 440 miles from the Swiss border to the North Sea, the line of trenches, dug-outs and barbed-wire fences moved very little between 1914-1918, despite attempts on both sides to break through. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtml
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/
29 October 1914
Turkey (then known as the Ottoman Empire) enters the war in alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary
The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) enters the war on the side of the Germans as three warships shell the Russian port of Odessa.
Three days later, Russia declares war on Turkey.
Russian and Turkish troops then prepare for battle along the common border of the Russian Caucasus and the Ottoman Empire. http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1914.html
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/firstworldwar/index-1914.html
22 September 1914
The three British 'Live Bait' ships are sunk by torpedoes fired by the German U-boat U-9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914
France First Battle of the Marne 6-10/12 September 1914
Positions des armées alliées et allemandes au début de la bataille, le 5 septembre au soir. Carte tirée des mémoires du maréchal Joffre, publiées à titre posthume en 1932.
Météo France added 14 September 2014
http://www.meteofrance.fr/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/battle_marne.shtml
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/27/
Conscientious objectors / 'conchies'
Objectors at Dyce Camp in Aberdeen, where they faced 10 years of hard labour.
Photograph: Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain
Conscientious objectors of first world war – their untold tales Project recognises names of 400 men held in Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire G Fri 19 Jul 2019 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/
Over eight million men served in the British army during the first world war, and as the centenaryapproaches, their descendants will be remembering them and the battles they fought.
A much smaller number of men – about 16,000 – registered not as soldiers but as conscientious objectors.
Some accepted non-combatant roles in, for example, the ambulance service;
others took on alternative service in other parts of the world and some were absolutists, who refused to play any part in the war machine, and were often imprisoned as a result.
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/25/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/apr/25/
7 August 1914
Lord Kitchener (1850-1916) calls for 100,000 men to join British Army
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/pals_01.shtml
Sensuous life in the trenches
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
The daily life of soldiers
Combat and the soldier's experience in World War One
How did soldiers cope with war?
Wounding in World War One
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Prisoners of War
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Military discipline and punishment
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/
Training to be a soldier
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Supply and logistics
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Aerial warfare during World War One
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
The War at sea
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Weapons of World War One
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Animals and war
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Race, racism and military strategy
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
Atrocity propaganda focused on the most violent acts committed by the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, emphasising their barbarity and providing justification for the conflict. http://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/atrocity-propaganda
https://www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/
How the newspapers covered the outbreak of the first world war
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/04/
4 August 1914
Great Britain declares war on Germany
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/mirror01_01.shtml
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/05/
28 July 1914
Austro-Hungarian artillery and gunboats on the Danube begin shelling Serbia
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/
First world war: how the Manchester Guardian fought to keep Britain out of conflict
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/02/
Causes of the First World War / Debate on the war’s origins
There was intense rivalry between nations over the strength of their armies and navies leading up to the war.
The German Kaiser wanted his forces to match the armies of France and Russia and his navy to rival Britain.
The growing potential threat from Germany, as well as Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, brought Britain, France and Russia into alliance.
The rivalries between the countries were also stoked by competition over the size and extent of their empires.
In particular, many European powers were competing for land and wealth in Africa.
Finally, the potential for conflict was growing between smaller European countries, such as those of the Balkans, which sought self rule, and the larger nations that wished to continue governing them. http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/four-main-causes-of-the-first-world-war/5646.html
(...)
the military, diplomatic and political crises that framed the road to war from 1870 to 1914.
Europe’s state system suffered from the problem that Prussia, having defeated France in 1870, united Germany and annexed Alsace-Lorraine, had guaranteed the lasting enmity of Paris.
Otto von Bismarck avoided trouble for 20 years by aligning Germany with the conservative monarchies of Russia and Austria-Hungary, but his successors were more careless in their diplomacy.
In particular, they allowed Germany’s Reinsurance treaty with Russia to lapse in 1890, a step that opened the door to the Franco-Russian alliance of 1894, heightening German fears of encirclement.
Then the kaiser and Alfred von Tirpitz, his grand admiral, started a naval arms race with Britain in 1898, failing to see that this was the worst possible way to persuade London to cede Germany the “place in the sun” for which its leaders clamoured.
(...)
Events in the decade before 1914 pushed Europe closer to war.
After Britain and France settled their colonial disputes in the Entente Cordiale, Germany tried to exploit the first Moroccan crisis of 1905-06 to drive a wedge between them.
Rivalry between Vienna and St Petersburg intensified thanks to diplomatic duplicity and incompetence on both sides over Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908.
Arguably, the second Moroccan crisis of 1911 and two Balkan wars in 1912-13 inured politicians, generals and the European public to the idea that war was becoming inevitable. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/248f6960-29d3-11e3-bbb8-00144feab7de.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml
http://www.npr.org/2014/03/06/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/18/
https://www.ft.com/content/248f6960-29d3-11e3-bbb8-00144feab7de - October 4, 2013
June 28, 1914
Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina
A Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip, assassinates Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
https://www.ft.com/content/248f6960-29d3-11e3-bbb8-00144feab7de
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/
https://www.npr.org/2014/06/28/
https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/27/
https://www.npr.org/2014/06/27/
https://www.npr.org/2014/06/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/06/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/15/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/25/firstworldwar.exhibition
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1914/jun/29/
http://www.theguardian.com/century/year/0,,128312,00.html - 1914
1912-1913
Balkan Wars
two successive military conflicts that deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe.
The First Balkan War was fought between the members of the Balkan League —Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro— and the Ottoman Empire.
The Balkan League was formed under Russian auspices in the spring of 1912 to take Macedonia away from Turkey, which was already involved in a war with Italy.
The league was able to field a combined force of 750,000 men.
Montenegro opened hostilities by declaring war on Turkey on Oct. 8, 1912, and the other members of the league followed suit 10 days later.
The Balkan allies were soon victorious.
In Thrace, the Bulgarians defeated the main Ottoman forces, advancing to the outskirts of Constantinople (now Istanbul) and laying siege to Adrianople (Edirne).
In Macedonia, the Serbian army achieved a great victory at Kumanovo that enabled it to capture Bitola and to join forces with the Montenegrins and enter Skopje.
The Greeks, meanwhile, occupied Salonika (Thessaloníki) and advanced on Ioánnina.
In Albania, the Montenegrins besieged Shkodër, and the Serbs entered Durrës. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50300/Balkan-Wars
https://global.britannica.com/topic/Balkan-Wars
http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jan/11/
David Lloyd George 1890-1945
British Prime Minister 1916-1922
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/george_david_lloyd.shtml
Herbert Henry Asquith 1852-1928
British Prime Minister 1908-1916
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/asquith_herbert.shtml
Winston Churchill 1874-1965
Churchill by Sir William Orpen, 1916. Photograph: National Portrait Gallery London
The Great War in Portraits – in pictures Astonishing medical drawings of mutilated soldiers, scenes from the Somme, and paintings that reveal the filth and gore forced into the minds of all involved ... for the first world war’s centenary, the National Portrait Gallery has put on an exhibition that truly shows the haunting horror of war G Tuesday 25 February 2014 17.07 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/feb/25/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/churchill_winston.shtml
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/
1907
France, Russia and Britain
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente was created in reaction to the forming of the Triple Alliance, and included Britain, France and Russia.
An alliance was formed between Russia and France in 1894.
By 1904 Britain began talks with Russia and decided that it should come out of its 'splendid isolation', joining the Entente Cordiale ('Friendly Agreement').
By 1907, Foreign Minister Sir Edward Grey negotiated Britain into the Triple Entente, and united three old enemies.
In contrast to the Triple Alliance, the terms of the Entente did not require each country to go to war on behalf of the others, but stated that they had a 'moral obligation' to support each other. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes2_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes2_01.shtml
WW1 Timeline
https://www.loc.gov/collections/world-war-i-rotogravures/about-this-collection/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/timeline/timeline-1917.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/summary_01.shtml
1882
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance
This alarmed France, Britain and Russia.
By 1907, they had all joined
Europe was divided into two armed camps, to help each other if there was a war.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance.
In 1882, they signed a document that promised they would give each other military support in case of a war.
The Alliance agreement stated it was 'essentially defensive and conservative' with the aim of stopping anyone who 'might threaten' the three nations.
The alliance formed between Germany and Austria-Hungary had strong ethnic ties.
Germany and Austria-Hungary shared borders and (in many regions) the German language, as well as a desire to add to their territories.
Austria-Hungary specifically wanted the Balkans. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes1_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes1_01.shtml
WW1 Glossary
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/glossary/index.shtml
National Archives First world war
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/
BBC The Great War
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/197437.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/overview_britain_ww1_01.shtml
Shot at dawn Executed for Example
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/29/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/sep/05/military.richardnortontaylor
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/16/military.immigrationpolicy
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/16/military.samjones
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/16/npardon16.xml
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4796579.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4798025.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwone/shot_at_dawn_01.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lincolnshire/4561447.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1399983.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/shot_at_dawn_02.shtml
Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) Poems
https://www.theguardian.com/books/greatpoets/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/209544.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/sassoon_siegfried.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/sassoons1.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/52564.stm
14 August 2014
First world war's Chinese Labour Corps
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/14/
Nearly 4,000 first world war diaries made available online - March 2014
First-hand accounts of trench warfare, gas attacks and horseback battles digitised by National Archive and Imperial War Museum
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/13/
http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/mar/13/
The octopuses of war: WW1 propaganda maps in pictures - 3 June 2014
From John Bull charging across the Channel to take charge of Europe to scrapping dogs of all nations, these remarkable caricatures and cartoons show how cartography can be turned into a rhetoric of war
http://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2014/jun/03/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2014/jun/03/
A gallery of World War I posters featured in a show at the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut USA November 1, 2008–February 1, 2009
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/11/09/nyregion/1109poster_index.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/nyregion/connecticut/09artsct.html
https://brucemuseum.org/files/WWIPosters_PRwebPDF.pdf
The Great War in Portraits
The Great War in Portraits – in pictures
Astonishing medical drawings of mutilated soldiers, scenes from the Somme, and paintings that reveal the filth and gore forced into the minds of all involved ...
for the first world war’s centenary, the National Portrait Gallery has put on an exhibition that truly shows the haunting horror of war
Soldier with facial wounds by Henry Tonks, 1916-18. Photograph: The Royal College of Surgeons of England G Tuesday 25 February 2014 17.07 GMT http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/feb/25/the-great-war-in-portraits-in-pictures
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/feb/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/feb/25/
World War I: Unseen Images from the front May 2014
German soldiers (rear) offering to surrender to French troops, seen from a listening post in a trench at Massiges, northeastern France.
Boston Globe > Big Picture World War I: Unseen Images from the front May 28, 2014 http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2014/05/world_war_i_unseen_images_from_the_front.html
A viscount in the Armoured Cavalry Branch of the French Army left behind a collection of hundreds of glass plates taken during World War I that have never before been published.
The images, by an unknown photographer, show the daily life of soldiers in the trenches, destruction of towns and military leaders. http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2014/05/world_war_i_unseen_images_from_the_front.html
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2014/05/
How the first world war changed north-west England – in pictures - 3 April 2014
An exhibition to mark 100 years since the start of the first world war opens at the IWM North on Saturday.
It reveals the important contribution made by the north-west during the war and includes loans of treasures such as original manuscripts from the Bodleian library in Oxford of first drafts of poems by Wilfred Owen http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2014/apr/03/first-world-war-north-west-england-in-pictures
http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2014/apr/03/
New! More unseen photographs from the First World War
A treasure trove of pictures showing the unknown soldiers of the Somme caused a sensation when it was published here last May.
But that was only the beginning of the story...
By John Lichfield The Independent Saturday, 29 May 2010
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/
Source: Image from Folder 2 / File Tommy 0912 34
https://www.independent.co.uk/
Canadian recruitment poster poster Documents de propagande antiallemande Musée canadien de la guerre
https://www.museedelaguerre.ca/ added June 23, 2022
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW1 (1914-1918)
UK > Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
USA > Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW2 (1939-1945)
Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, WW2, Holocaust
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
Related
The Guardian > Special report > First world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/firstworldwar
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/23/neglected-figures-of-past-deserve-memorial-too http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/01/first-world-war-centenary-michael-morpurgo http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2008/oct/07/firstworldwar?picture=338366191
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/09/armistice-day-first-world-war http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/nov/08/family-military-first-world-war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-mobilisation http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/nov/05/poetry-andrewmotion
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-killing-fields-of-the-first-world-war-979730.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/24/firstworldwar.military http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-anti-war-sentiments http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-27-cover-ww1-vet_N.htm http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-anti-war-sentiments http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/197437.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/great-war/
The Guardian A global guide to the first world war - interactive documentary 23 July 2014
Ten historians from 10 countries give a brief history of the first world war through a global lens.
Using original news reports, interactive maps and rarely-seen footage, including extraordinary scenes of troops crossing Mesopotamia on camels and Italian soldiers fighting high up in the Alps, the half-hour film explores the war and its effects from many different perspectives.
You can watch the documentary in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabic or Hindi thanks to our partnership with the British Academy.
Warning: contains images some viewers may find disturbing
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/jul/23/
Le Canada et la Première Guerre mondiale
https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/fra/decouvrez/patrimoine-militaire/premiere-guerre-mondiale/
Le Monde > Centenaire 14-18 https://www.lemonde.fr/centenaire-14-18/
Série documentaire en huit épisodes > 1914 : des armes et des mots 2014
Une bouleversante saga documentaire en huit épisodes qui restitue le cataclysme de la Grande Guerre à travers quatorze destins singuliers, racontés par des lettres et des journaux intimes.
Ces points de vue subjectifs de "héros du quotidien" sont complétés par des archives rares, clichés d’époque ou actualités filmées. http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/044397-001/1914-des-armes-et-des-mots-1-8 http://www.arte.tv/sites/fr/pages/premiere-guerre-mondiale/ - broken links
Le dessous des cartes 1914 : LES ÉTINCELLES DE LA GUERRE Cette émission a été diffusée la première fois en janvier 2014 http://ddc.arte.tv/emission/1914-les-etincelles-de-la-guerre - broken link
UK > From The Trenches To The Web: British WWI Diaries Digitized NPR January 23, 2014
http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/01/23/264532419/
https://nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/
New! More unseen photographs from the First World War
A treasure trove of pictures showing the unknown soldiers of the Somme caused a sensation when it was published here last May. But that was only the beginning of the story... By John Lichfield The Independent Saturday, 29 May 2010
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/
Exclusive: The unseen photographs that throw new light on the First World War
A treasure trove of First World War photographs was discovered recently in France. Published here for the first time, they show British soldiers on their way to the Somme. But who took them? And who were these Tommies marching off to die? By John Lichfield The Independent Friday, 22 May 2009
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/
The New York Times > The Great War A 100-year legacy of World War I
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/27/
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