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History > America, English America, USA, World > USA
20th century > WW1 > 1914-1918
Belgium, Canada, France, Russia, USA
Timeline in articles, pictures and podcasts
A 1918 United States Tank Corps recruitment poster.
The Huntington Library
A War to End All Innocence The Enduring Impact of World War I NYT JUNE 20, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/
1923
L’Allemagne plonge dans l’hyperinflation
À l’été 1923, la Banque centrale allemande, la Reichsbank, émet les premiers billets en millions de marks.
Trois mois plus tard, on comptera en centaines de milliards.
Retour sur un événement traumatisant pour l’Allemagne et qui a longtemps été instrumentalisé.
Comment en est-on arrivé là ?
L’hyperinflation est le fruit de la guerre, de la défaite des conditions sociales et politiques et des conditions de paix.
Ce cocktail détonant est une bombe à retardement.
L’inflation est le quotidien des Allemands, et de la plupart des Européens, depuis l’été 1914.
Mais, outre-Rhin, la situation a pris un tour dramatique.
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/140823/
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/economie-et-social/140823/
nearly a million men fell just at Verdun in 1916;
in four years, the combatant nations suffered a total of 40 million dead, missing, and wounded;
more than 116,000 Americans died in just 19 months;
billions of shells and bullets were fired; the map of the entire world was forever redrawn http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/travel/100-years-of-gratitude.html
http://www.lemonde.fr/histoire/visuel/2016/05/27/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/24/
WW1 Black soldiers
The Harlem Hellfighters were the most celebrated Black regiment in World War I but were largely forgotten after returning to the United States, where they faced racism and discrimination.
Photograph: via National Archives
The Harlem Hellfighters Were War Heroes. Then They Came Home to Racism. An exceptional unit of Black soldiers who fought in World War I will receive the Congressional Gold Medal. NYT Aug. 20, 2021 5:00 a.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/
Members of the 369th Infantry Regiment wear their Croix de Guerre medals in 1919.
Photograph: The National Archives
The Harlem Hellfighters: Fighting Racism In The Trenches Of WWI NPR 1 April 2014
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/04/01/
https://www.npr.org/2021/08/31/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/01/
A wounded black US soldier attends a victory parade in New York in 1919.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive
David Olusoga: ‘Black soldiers were expendable – then forgettable’ The Guardian Sun 11 Nov 2018 07.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/11/
Welcome home. 1918 Nelson, Ed. G., 1886- CREATED/PUBLISHED New York, New York, A.J. Stasny Music Co., 1918 RELATED NAMES Lyricist: Green, Bud, b. 1897 Illustrator: Barbelle, Albert W., 1888-1957
DIGITAL COLLECTION Historical American Sheet Music: 1850-1920 CALL/REPRODUCTION NUMBER Music A-1619 REPOSITORY Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/dukesm:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28ncdhasm.a1619%29%29 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov11.html
TITLE: I want you for U.S. Army nearest recruiting station / James Montgomery Flagg. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZC4-3859 (color film copy transparency of duplicate copy) LC-USZC2-564 (color film copy slide) LC-USZC4-594 (color film copy transparency) LC-USZ62-8278 (b&w film copy neg.) SUMMARY: Uncle Sam, half-length portrait, pointing at viewer as part of the United States government effort to recruit soldiers during World War I. MEDIUM: 1 print (poster) : lithograph, color.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: c1917. CREATOR: Flagg, James Montgomery, 1877-1960, artist.
REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (color film copy transparency of duplicate copy) cph 3g03859 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g03859 TIFF > JPEG by Anglonautes
“Vaux, After the Attack by American Troops,” 1918.
Photograph attributed to Edward Jean Steichen/The Estate of Edward Steichen
The Strange, the Surreal and the Downright Scary NYT Jan. 10, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/
Wwi Peace American soldiers of 23rd Inf. firing a 37-mm gun at a German positions in the Argonne forest during WWI
Location: France
Date taken: 1918
Life Images
June 28, 1919
Treaty of Versailles
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/war_end_01.shtml
World War One Casualties
Dead, Wounded and Missing in the First World War
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2854730
https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837
chemical weapons in WW1
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/10/
During World War I, Germany Unleashed 'Terrorist Cell In America'
http://www.npr.org/2014/02/25/
November 11, 1918
The Allied powers sign a cease-fire agreement with Germany at Rethondes, France
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/november-11/
September 12, 1918
The American Expeditionary Forces under commander in chief General John J. Pershing launch their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army
John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing 1860-1948
John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing 1860-1948 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_John_Joseph_Pershing_head_on_shoulders.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing
Title: Gen. J.J. Pershing
Creator(s): Bain News Service, publisher
Date Created/Published: [no date recorded on caption card]
Medium: 1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ggbain-21134 (digital file from original negative)
Call Number: LC-B2- 3764-8 [P&P]
Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Notes: Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress). General information about the Bain Collection is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Format: Glass negatives.
Collections: Bain Collection
Bookmark This Record: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005021131
Library of Congress George Grantham Bain Collection http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005021131/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.21134/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ggbain/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
27 mai - 6 août 1918
Deuxième bataille de la Marne
Après la paix de Brest-Litovsk, le 3 mars 1918, l'Allemagne s'empresse de transférer ses troupes de la Russie vers la France.
Disposant alors d'une supériorité numérique sur ses adversaires britanniques, français et belges, elle doit, si elle veut remporter la Victoire, lancer une série d'offensives avant l'arrivée en force des Américains sur le front. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=2225 - broken link
21 mars 1918
La bataille de Picardie sonne l'heure de Foch
Au début de 1918, la victoire des Alliés est loin d'être acquise.
Au contraire, Hindenburg et Ludendorff ont décidé de porter un coup décisif à l'ouest.
Leur calcul est simple :
en ramenant les divisions allemandes du front de l'est, rendues disponibles par la paix séparée conclue avec les bolcheviks, nouveaux maîtres de la Russie, l'armée allemande peut modifier à son avantage le rapport de force sur le front ouest, contre les Français et leurs alliés.
La victoire doit être acquise rapidement car l'arrivée massive des renforts américains peut inverser ce même rapport de force dès la mi-juillet 1918. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=13106 - broken link
During World War I, U.S. Government Propaganda Erased German Culture
http://www.npr.org/2017/04/07/
8 January, 1918
President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp
1918
Les Américains au combat
Depuis le 26 juin 1917, date de l'arrivée en France de leur premier contingent à Saint-Nazaire, les Américains mettent progressivement en marche une impressionnante machine de guerre.
Au 1er janvier 1918, il y a 150 000 soldats américains en France.
Le 11 novembre, ils sont 2 millions sur le front occidental.
Au cours de cette même année, leurs unités, instruites dans des camps aux Etats-Unis avant d'être envoyées en France, à l'arrière du front, pour compléter leur instruction sous la direction de cadres français, montent en ligne en Lorraine, dans des secteurs relativement calmes où elles subissent l'épreuve du feu.
http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/
http://www.npr.org/2017/04/06/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/04/06/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/04/06/
http://www.npr.org/2017/04/06/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/01/
1918
Les Belges à la reconquête de la Belgique
Au cours de la période qui sépare la fin de la guerre de mouvement en 1914, la guerre de position ponctuée par les assauts au gaz allemands sur l'Yser, au cours de l'année 1915, et sa participation aux côtés des Anglo-Français à la deuxième bataille des Flandres entre les mois de juillet et d'octobre 1917, l'armée belge emmenée par Sa Majesté Albert Ier, le "Roi Soldat", ne cesse de poursuivre la lutte.
En avril 1918, les Allemands planifient une grande offensive pour enfoncer les lignes belges, au nord d'Ypres, atteindre Dunkerque et prendre à revers les troupes alliées.
Les Belges résistent, laissant le temps au haut commandement de préparer la contre-offensive qui étend la zone d'action de l'armée royale, d'Ypres aux côtes de la Mer du Nord, de manière à soulager la ligne de front des forces alliées. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=13626 - broken link
1918
La rupture de l'équilibre militaire
1918 voit se rompre l'équilibre stratégique et tactique qui, sur le front occidental, avait transformé le conflit en une interminable guerre de position.
L'Allemagne initie le retour à la guerre de mouvement, espérant exploiter la fenêtre d'opportunités ouverte par l'effondrement du front russe.
Le formidable effort engagé lors des offensives du printemps 1918 expose l'Entente à un risque maximal.
Mais, à l'été, l'équilibre des forces bascule de nouveau, et définitivement :
brisée par un engagement qui n'apporte pas la décision espérée, l'armée allemande est acculée à la défaite. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=13586 - broken link
Cote de Chatillon
The entry of the Americans in 1918 utterly changed the complexion of the fighting on the Western Front.
The horrible stalemate of the preceeding years, in which the two sides traded millions of casualties over a few yards of mud, came to an end.
The toll would remain frightful, but the stalemate would not last.
Determined to win the war before the Americans could bring their fresh troops to bear, the Germans launched a series of all-out offensives in the winter and spring of 1918.
The exhausted British and French gave ground but finally managed to halt the Germans.
Then, with the Americans arriving at a rate of 300,000 men per month, the Allies began a counter-offensive that would win the war in less than six months.
In late August, after several months of reinforcing the French, America's General Pershing finally won his battle for a separate U.S. Army operating on its own front.
By September 16, Pershing's forces had earned an important victory in eliminating a dangerous bulge, or "salient" in the German lines near St. Mihiel.
MacArthur's Rainbow Division was in the thick of the fighting.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008004499.html
General Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
9 April 1917
Battle of Vimy / Bataille de Vimy
Although Canada entered World War I at its outset in 1914, Vimy was the first battle in which its divisions fought as a unified force and successfully broke down a German line that had defeated British and French forces.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/world/canada/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/09/world/canada/
April 6, 1917
The United States formally declare war against Germany and enters the conflict in Europe
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/april-06/
L'année 1917 : le tournant
Après les tentative de percées de 1915, les offensives de masse, Verdun, la Somme, n'ont permis ni de revenir à la guerre de mouvement, ni d'épuiser l'adversaire.
Sur une carte d'Europe, la situation semble favoriser les puissances centrales qui peuvent exploiter les économies de leurs conquêtes de Belgique, de France et des Balkans tout en soutenant la lutte sur plusieurs fronts grâce à leur position regroupée et à leur supériorité militaire.
Sur mer l'Entente domine, ce qui lui permet de soutenir son effort de guerre, de développer son industrie et de fermer les ports allemands au grand commerce. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=9566 - broken link
Warfare Mules and horses
Animals were sold to the British and the other Allies in Europe even before the U.S. entered the war in 1917.
(...)
there was huge demand for horses and other supplies, and American businesses rushed to meet it.
"The United States economy needs the money, needs the influx of dollars; there's a new market that has opened — and the United States economy adjusted to meet that.
... We're going where the business is," he says.
At that time, animals were usually the best option for moving people and supplies, says Lynn Rainville, a research professor of humanities at Sweet Briar College.
She's the author of a forthcoming book on Virginia's role in World War I, due out next year.
"[They] were crucial for the very, very rough conditions of the roads and any transport routes that horses — or these four-legged animals — could maneuver better than the tanks and cars and trucks," Rainville says.
Horses and mules were so valuable that Germans devised a plot to sicken some of them, as they waited in the pens at Newport News.
The plot to spread anthrax, and a naturally occurring disease called glanders, was developed by Anton Dilger, an American-born German sympathizer who spent much of his youth studying science and medicine in Germany.
"These diseases — anthrax and glanders — are so virulent that if he could infect them before they loaded onto the ships, that by the end of their journey most if not all of the mules would probably be dead," Rainville says.
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/06/
https://www.npr.org/2017/04/06/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/
http://www.npr.org/2011/12/22/
Battle of the Somme / Bataille de la Somme 1916
1916
France
Battle of Verdun / Bataille de Verdun
WWI Posters and documents
http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/usa6.htm
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/april-06/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/november-11/
https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/sheetmusic/a/a16/a1619/
1915-1919
Le front d'Orient
Si le front occidental fut le front principal de la Première Guerre mondiale, où les soldats immobilisés dans la boue des tranchées se sont affrontés durant quatre longues années, il y eut en d'autres lieux de durs combats.
Le front des Balkans (Yougoslavie - Albanie - Bulgarie - Empire ottoman) fait partie de ces théâtres d'opérations périphériques dont l'importance, souvent minimisée, n'en a pas moins été réelle. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=12546 - broken link
May 7, 1915
A German submarine torpedoes and sinks the Lusitania, a British cruise line traveling from New York to Liverpool
128 Americans died among more than a thousand in the sinking of what was then the greatest ocean liner in the world.
In response, the U.S. entered World War I.
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/07/
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=18
https://www.loc.gov/collections/world-war-i-rotogravures/about-this-collection/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/may-07/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-28/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/10/
http://www.npr.org/2015/03/07/
Thomas Woodrow Wilson 1856-1924
Twenty-eighth president of the United States
Two consecutive terms in the White House, from 1913 to 1921
[Woodrow Wilson, full-length portrait, seated at desk, facing front]. CREATED/PUBLISHED [1913(?)]
MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
DIGITAL ID http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?presp:2:./temp/~ammem_HNoz: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/odmdhtml/preshome.html TIFF > JPEG by Anglonautes
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/december-28/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-09/
https://www.loc.gov/collections/stars-and-stripes/about-this-collection/
Septembre 1914
Première bataille de la Marne
Vaste théâtre d'opérations s'étendant sur environ trois cents kilomètres, la «Bataille de la Marne» permit de rétablir une situation militaire gravement compromise.
Lieu de combats acharnés, elle ouvrit la guerre totale et industrielle que fut le conflit de 1914-1918. http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=fr&idPage=2500 - broken link
June 28, 1914
A Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip, assassinates Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria (1863-1914), heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo, Bosnia
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/opinion/if-franz-ferdinand-had-lived.html http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/world/europe/in-sarajevo-gavrilo-princip-set-off-world-war-i.html
http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/wwi/1914/06/29/191406290002.html
https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1914/jun/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/century/year/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11873900
Library of Congress Theodore Roosevelt
His Life and Times on Film
This presentation features 104 films which record events in Roosevelt's life from the Spanish-American War in 1898 to his death in 1919
https://www.loc.gov/collections/
Library of Congress World War I Materials
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr11c.html#wwi
https://www.loc.gov/collections/stars-and-stripes/
Library of Congress
Newspaper Pictorials: World War I Rotogravures 1913-1919
https://www.loc.gov/collections/world-war-i-rotogravures/about-this-collection/
Library of Congress
From February 8, 1918, to June 13, 1919, the U.S. Army published a newspaper for its forces in France, The Stars and Stripes.
This online collection includes the complete seventy-one-week run of the newspaper's World War I edition.
https://www.loc.gov/collections/stars-and-stripes/
Library of Congress Veterans History project
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/homefront/
Photos of the Great War
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm
Chief Events of World War I
Timeline: 1914-1919
1914 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime1.html
1915 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime2.html
1916 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime3.html
1917 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime4.html
1918 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime5.html
1919 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/rotogravures/rototime5.html
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The Triple Alliance 1919-1937
Karte des Deutschen Reiches 1871–1918 / Map of German Reich 1871–1918 Source: own drawing/Source of Information: Putzger – Historischer Weltatlas, 89. Auflage, 1965 Date 2006-09-21 Author kgberger Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Deutsches_Reich1.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes1_01.shtml
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary
"Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary" from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Austria_hungary_1911.jpg
Primary source http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/austria_hungary_1911.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes1_01.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054642.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1033454.stm
1907
France, Russia and Britain
Triple Entente
https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155/
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW1 (1914-1918)
UK > Timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
conflicts, wars, climate, poverty > displaced people, migrants, refugees
Related
The Guardian A global guide to the first world war - interactive documentary 23 July 2014
Ten historians from 10 countries give a brief history of the first world war through a global lens.
Using original news reports, interactive maps and rarely-seen footage, including extraordinary scenes of troops crossing Mesopotamia on camels and Italian soldiers fighting high up in the Alps, the half-hour film explores the war and its effects from many different perspectives.
Warning: contains images some viewers may find disturbing
https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2014/jul/23/
The Great War The War to End All Wars? Hardly. But It Did Change Them Forever. World War I destroyed kings, kaisers, czars and sultans; it demolished empires; it introduced chemical weapons; it brought millions of women into the work force. By STEVEN ERLANGER NYT JUNE 26, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/world/europe/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/27/
A War to End All Innocence The Enduring Impact of World War I By A. O. SCOTT NYT JUNE 20, 2014
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/
TO END ALL WARS A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914-1918 By Adam Hochschild Illustrated. 448 pp. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/
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