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History > America, English America, USA, World > USA
20th century > 1929 > Crash
1930s - early 40s > Great Depression
newspaper: The Daily Mail, continental edition date: October 25, 1929 news event: The American stock market collapses. http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/front%20page/large8018.html http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/fpage/finance/prnfinance.html
1940
John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford.
It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name.
The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck.
The film tells the story of the Joads, an Oklahoma family, who, after losing their farm during the Great Depression in the 1930s, become migrant workers and end up in California.
The motion picture details their arduous journey across the United States as they travel to California in search of work and opportunities for the family members. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)
The FSA photographs, along with Pare Lorentz's government-sponsored documentaries The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936) and The River (1937), with their images of drought, flood, and other rural calamities, helped Gregg Toland (the cinematographer) and John Ford (the director) give authenticity to their 1940 screen adaptation of Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
(Indeed, the poetic narration and visual beauty of the Lorentz films actually influenced Steinbeck as he was writing the original novel.)
The Ford film, in turn, fixed the iconography of the thirties for future generations.
We can see its long afterlife in films like Hal Ashby's 1976 biography of Woody Guthrie, Bound for Glory.
https://www.npr.org/templates/
https://www.npr.org/templates/
Secular stagnation was an idea first conceived in the aftermath of the Great Depression.
Photograph: New York Times Co. Getty Images
Weak economic recovery was down to flawed policies, not secular stagnation
Lesson to be learned from 2008 financial crisis is that the challenge was – and is - political G Wed 29 Aug 2018 16.19 BST Last modified on Thu 30 Aug 2018 07.57 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/aug/29/
Migrant agricultural workers, Nipomo, California, 1936
Photograph: Dorothea Lange
A Vision Shared: the photographers who captured the Great Depression G Tue 24 Jul 2018 11.00 BST Last modified on Tue 24 Jul 2018 11.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jul/24/
Migrant family, Texas. 1936.
Photograph: Dorothea Lange/ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
In Search of the American Family NYT Nov. 20, 2017
https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/
Migratory farmers (pea pickers) changing their flat tire along route US 101.
Location: Santa Maria, CA, US
Date taken: February 1936
Photographer: Dorothea Lange
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=e539d3eba55d1e0d
Dust bowl drought victims (migratory farm workers) at ramshackle building, meant to be permanent home, north of Shafter.
Location: CA, US
Date taken: February 1936
Photograph: Dorothea Lange
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=12c8291d312a21b8 - broken link
A booking photograph of a vagrant in the early 1930s
Real life film noir: crime scenes from the LAPD – in pictures
Warning: this gallery contains images some people may find distressing
Crime scene photographs shot by Los Angeles police officers in the line of duty between 1925 and the 1970s are on show at the city’s Lucie Foundation. More than 80 images are on display, drawn from the thousands discovered in a warehouse in 2000 by the fototeka Gallery. G Tue 16 Jul 2019 10.28 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/jul/16/
America from the Great Depression to WW2
https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/
The Dust Bowl or the Dirty Thirties
Buried machinery in barn lot in Dallas, South Dakota, United States during the Dust Bowl, an agricultural, ecological, and economic disaster in the Great Plains region of North America in 1936
Date: 13 May 1936 (1936-05-13)
Source: United States Department of Agriculture; Image Number: 00di0971 (original link now dead) Wikipedia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas%2C_South_Dakota_1936.jpg
Portrait of Dust Bowl farmer John Barnett and his family.
Location: OK, US
Date taken: 1942
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=65a23429ac4addd7
A period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl
drought, economic depression and devastating dust storms created the perfect conditions for migration in the 1930s, away from the southern Plains states and towards the west,
(...)
Facing millions of dollars of crop losses per day in the Dust Bowl, millions of residents from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas and Missouri had no choice but to move or starve.
They packed their bags, with many traveling west to California.
The state of California resisted, citing the 1933 Indigent Act to turn back poor migrants along the state's major points of entry.
John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, written in 1939, depicted this vilification of climate migrants through its story of a poor family of tenants driven out of the Dust Bowl and mistreated in California.
https://www.npr.org/2018/10/20/
https://www.npr.org/2018/10/20/
World’s Highest Standard of Living by Margaret Bourke-White, 1937.
Photograph: Courtesy of the estate of Margaret Bourke-White
'Families were devastated': looking back on the Great Depression via art In a powerful new exhibition, photography and folk art are used to provide potentially relevant lessons on how to deal with economic hardship G Wed 18 Sep 2019 06.01 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/18/
Related
First published in Life Magazine’s February 1937 issue, World’s Highest Standard of Living became instantly recognizable to many Americans during the Great Depression for its starkly ironic juxtaposition of an idealized America alongside the grimmer aspects of everyday reality.
Often thought to be an unemployment line, the photo was actually taken in Louisville after the flooding of the Ohio River, which killed almost 400 people and displaced about a million more across four states.
https://www.artic.edu/articles/467/
1935
Works Progress Administration WPA
The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency, employing millions of job-seekers (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.
It was established on May 6, 1935, by Executive Order 7034. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration
By the time the agency closed up shop in 1943, it had put 8.5 million Americans to work — a sizable chunk of the workforce in a country less than half as populous as it is today.
Most of that direct employment was organized and done by the WPA, an icon of the "bold persistent experimentation" FDR said would characterize his approach to recovery.
https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-25/
1933
National Industrial Recovery Act NIRA
Following the enactment of the the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was established on June 16, 1933 in an effort by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to assist the nation's economic recovery during the Great Depression.
The passage of NIRA ushered in a unique experiment in U.S. economic history - the NIRA sanctioned, supported, and in some cases, enforced an alliance of industries.
The National Recovery Administration (NRA), created by a separate executive order, was put into operation soon after the final approval of the act.
The administration was empowered to make voluntary agreements dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and the fixing of prices.
Patriotic appeals were made to the public, and firms were asked to display the Blue Eagle, an emblem signifying NRA participation.
https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/
https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/
Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1882-1945
32nd president of the United States 1933-1945
Great Depression New Deal 1930's
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States, held that title longer than any man in history and dealt, during his time, with some of the greatest problems internal or external, which had faced the nation.
The internal crisis which existed at the time of his first inauguration, on March 4, 1933, when the nation’s economic system was faltering and its financial organism paralyzed by fear, was followed in his third term by the global war during which he and Winston Churchill emerged as leader of the English-speaking world.
The years in between were packed with swift and drastic social and economic changes to make Mr. Roosevelt the most controversial figure in American history.
Beloved by millions, hated, admired, feared and scorned by countless adversaries, he did much to shape the future of the nation he headed and the world. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/franklin_delano_roosevelt/index.html
Title : Roosevelt or reaction? Wage earners - your vote is your answer Date : 1936 Subjects : Democratic Party United States 1936 General Election President Franklin D. Roosevelt Folder : 1936 - Presidential Elections - Democratic Party UCLA Online Campaign Literature Archive http://digital.library.ucla.edu/campaign/librarian?VIEWPDF=1936_006_016_a http://digital.library.ucla.edu/campaign/librarian?ITEMID=1936_006_016&SIZE=Medium http://digital.library.ucla.edu/campaign/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/
https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/
Wall Street Crash 1929
The Great Depression / The New Deal 1930s
https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-great-depression https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/new-deal-1930s https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/financial/index-1929-crash.html https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/dustbowl/ https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/picturing_the_century/galleries/greatdep.html https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=1029 https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=526 https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=705 https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=616 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3959005.stm
https://www.npr.org/2020/07/21/
https://www.npr.org/2020/04/04/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jul/24/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/05/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2014/apr/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/business/26myers.html
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1929/oct/26/
1929 Crash and The Great Depression
Herbert Hoover 1874-1964
Thirty-first President of the United States 1929-1933
[Herbert Hoover, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly right]
Underwood & Underwood, Washington.
CREATED/PUBLISHED [1928(?)]
REPRODUCTION NUMBER LC-USZ62-24155 DLC (b&w film copy neg.) LC-USZ61-296 DLC (b&w film copy neg.) DIGITAL ID (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a25105 (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a02089 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3a20000/3a25000/3a25100/3a25105v.jpg
"NEW YORK: Swamped under an avalanche of selling orders from every part of the country and from abroad which had been accumulating over the week-end, the stock market today continued to sink, though at a less rapid rate than Saturday.
Before the tumble became a crash, however, a rally in the final half-hour saved prices from closing on the lowest levels and gave rise to hopes that the market had touched rock bottom.
The wild rush to sell put the ticker more than an hour behind the actual transactions nearly all day, and at the close it was still seventy-two minutes behind.
The late rally, however, brought prices back slightly, and at the close most stocks showed two to five points above their lowest levels in the course of the session."
International Herald Tribune, 1929 http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/21/opinion/OLD22.html
"NEW YORK: In a day replete with bankers' meetings, conferences of Stock Exchange officials, meetings of brokers and publication of opinions from high and low in the world of finance, business and all else, stock prices broke to new low levels in a volume of trading far in excess of anything hitherto seen.
In five hours' trading, 16,419,000 shares changed hands, in comparison with 12,894,600 which made the previous record day last Thursday [Oct. 24].
Sales on the Curb market added another 7,096,300 shares to the day's total.
Today [Oct. 29] came the first failure of the present reaction.
It was insignificant compared with the failures during the panics of the past, but it was seized upon by a hysterical public as an occasion for fresh worry.
The failure was that of the firm of John J. Bell and Company, members of the Curb Exchange, whose officials announced its suspension through the inability to meet its engagements. Its obligations, it was said, were small.
Today's transactions broke all records, even those established in Thursday's collapse.
The first three and a half hours saw 12,652,000 shares change hands, or within 250,000 of the record for a full five-hour session,
established during Thursday's debacle."
International Herald Tribune 1929 http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/29/opinion/old30.html
https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-08/
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=11
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-idees/280720/
John Cohen 1932-2019
founding member of the New Lost City Ramblers, the New York-based string band at the forefront of the old-time music revival of the 1950s and ’60s
(...)
Although best known as a performer, Mr. Cohen was also an accomplished photographer, filmmaker and musicologist.
But virtually all his artistic pursuits were centered on a single goal:
revitalizing the traditional music of the rural American South and building a movement around it.
Established in 1958, the Ramblers consisted of Mr. Cohen on banjo, guitar and vocals;
the folklorist Mike Seeger, also on vocals, as well as fiddle and other instruments;
and Tom Paley, who left the trio in 1962, on banjo, guitar and vocals.
Together the three men introduced a generation of young urbanites to the work of Depression-era rural performers like Dock Boggs, Elizabeth Cotten and Blind Alfred Reed.
(Tracy Schwarz, Mr. Paley’s replacement, played fiddle and guitar and sang with the group from 1962 until the early 1970s.)
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/17/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/17/
Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Photographers > 20th century > USA
Margaret Bourke-White 1904-1971
Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Books > 20th century > USA
Related > Anglonautes > Arts > Music > Folk > 20th century > USA
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia > Economy, Weather, Refugees
downturn, recession, depression
economy, cycles, business, markets, prices, taxes >
conflicts, wars, climate, poverty > asylum seekers, displaced people,
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