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History > USA > Timeline in pictures

 

early 20th century > 1900s-1910s

 

 

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924,

also known as the Snyder Act,

(43 Stat. 253, enacted June 2, 1924)

was an Act of the United States Congress

that granted US citizenship

to the indigenous peoples

of the United States,

called "Indians" in the Act.

 

While the Fourteenth Amendment

to the United States Constitution

defines as citizens

any persons born in the United States

and subject to its jurisdiction,

the amendment

had been interpreted by the courts

to not apply to Native peoples.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act

 

https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1919

 

Transcontinental Motor Convoy

 

At the end of World War I,

in which vehicles

played a vital role,

the U.S. War Department

wanted to know

if the country’s roads

could handle long-distanc

 emergency movements

of motorized army units

across the nation.

 

As a test,

the Transcontinental

Motor Convoy

—some 80 military vehicles

and 280 officers

and enlisted personnel—

set out for California

from Washington, DC,

on July 7, 1919.

 

 

 

army observers on the convoy

 

Armored Corps representative,

Lt. Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=24

 

 

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1919

 

Elaine, Arkansas

 

Elaine massacre

 

a shoot-out

between local white law enforcement

and armed African American guards

protecting a sharecroppers' union meeting

triggered a race massacre here.

 

In the following days,

as many as a thousand

white civilians and militia,

fearing a black insurrection,

swarmed the Elaine area,

killing black men, women

and children.

https://www.npr.org/2019/09/29/
765563659/marking-the-centennial-of-arkansas-elaine-massacre

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/09/30/
the-ghosts-of-elaine-arkansas-1919/

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/09/29/
765563659/marking-the-centennial-of-arkansas-elaine-massacre

 

https://www.nprillinois.org/post/
remembering-elaine-massacre-arkansas-100-years-later#stream/0
- Originally published on September 12, 2019 3:52 pm

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1919/10/02/
archives/nine-killed-in-fight-with-arkansas-posse.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Influenza epidemic    1918

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

World War One

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 1917 Immigration Act

 

(also known as

the Asiatic Barred Zone Act)

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

April 20, 1914

 

Ludlow Massacre, Colorado

 

 

On April 20, 1914,

the Colorado militia,

John Rockefeller’s

Colorado Fuel and Iron guards,

and private detectives

attacked striking coal miners

and their families.

 

Four women and 11 children

were burned to death

as they huddled in their tent.

https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
unearthing-americas-hidden-history/

 

 

https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/08/31/
unearthing-americas-hidden-history/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24 December 1913

 

Michigan

 

Calumet, Keweenaw Peninsula

 

Michigan’s Christmas Eve tragedy

 

 

On Christmas Eve in 1913,

a pitched battle

between organized labor

and the mining barons

of northern Michigan

climaxed

in the gruesome deaths

of over 70 union supporters

and their children.

 

The 1913 Massacre

struck a debilitating blow

to the region’s

labor movement

and changed

the Upper Peninsula forever.

 

(...)

 

according to the majority

of eyewitnesses,

a man wearing

a Citizens’ Alliance button

walked into the party

in the early evening

and shouted “Fire!”

several times

before slipping away.

 

In the minutes that followed,

hundreds of guests lunged

for the narrow stairwell

leading to the exit.

 

According to some accounts,

unidentified men

laid objects on the stairs

to obstruct the way.

 

Others claimed that police

and Citizens’ Alliance members

stood outside the building

and held the front doors shut.

 

Bodies began

piling up on the stairwell

as panicked partygoers

tripped over each other,

fell down,

and added to the writhing,

suffocating mass.

 

After the dust settled

and rescuers removed

the bodies one by one,

between seventy-two

and seventy-five had died,

including fifty-nine children.

 

There was no fire.

https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/12/
michigan-christmas-eve-massacre-miners-strike-labor-history

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Hall_disaster

https://www.nps.gov/articles/remembering-the-italian-hall-tragedy.htm

 

 

https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/12/
michigan-christmas-eve-massacre-miners-strike-labor-history

 

https://www.mlive.com/news/2017/12/
1913_italian_hall_disaster_was.html

 

https://www.mlive.com/news/2017/12/
photos_from_michigans_italian.html

 

https://www.publicradiotulsa.org/post/
1913-massacre-woody-guthrie-ballad-little-known-american-tragedy-
and-new-documentary#stream/0 - July 9, 2012

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1913

 

Michhigan

 

Copper Country Strike

 

epic nine-month labor strike

at the copper mines

of Calumet and Hecla

in Michigan’s

Upper Peninsula.

 

(...)

 

While ultimately unsuccessful,

the strike

had important implications

for labor regulation

in the early 20th century.

https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/
resource/debe0fae-524a-4df3-a0b5-7e2bfb8bc756/
red-metal-the-copper-country-strike-of-1913-full-program/

 

 

https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/
resource/debe0fae-524a-4df3-a0b5-7e2bfb8bc756/
red-metal-the-copper-country-strike-of-1913-full-program/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec. 23, 1913

 

President Woodrow Wilson

signs the Federal Reserve Act

 

 

https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/
federal_reserve_act_signed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 10, 1913

 

Panama Canal

 

unbroken waterway

connecting the Atlantic

to the Pacific

 

 

 

The Panama Canal

traverses

the Isthmus of Panama,

shortening the route

between U.S. Atlantic

and Pacific seaports

by 7,000 miles.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm122.html - broken link

 

 

 

Le canal de Panama

Documentaire

(Etats-Unis, 2011, 82mn)

Réalisateur: Stevens Ives

 

 

La construction

du canal de Panamá

se révèlera

l'une des entreprises

les plus coûteuses

de l'histoire

de l'humanité.

 

Les Français

entreprennent la percée

du canal de Panamá

en 1880.

 

Mais dépassés

par l'ampleur de la tâche

et décimés

par les maladies tropicales,

ils renoncent avant

d'avoir achevé le chantier,

laissant derrière eux

un marasme financier

sans précédent.

 

Les Américains

relèvent le défi

et terminent la construction

du canal en 1914,

quelques mois avant le début

de la Première Guerre mondiale.

 

Le prix à payer

pour couper l'isthme

qui sépare

les deux Amériques

a été considérable :

 

dix ans

de travaux épuisants,

350 millions de dollars

qui ont pesé lourdement

sur le budget fédéral,

et la perte de plus

de 5 000 vies humaines

- sans compter

le bouleversement

de l'équilibre naturel.

 

Si les deux grands océans

sont désormais reliés,

l'inauguration du canal

marque aussi

l'émergence des États-Unis

comme superpuissance

mondiale.

 

Ce documentaire raconte

l'exploit formidable

des ingénieurs de l'époque

et revient

sur les coûts faramineux

engendrés par le projet.

 

Il fait la part belle

à des personnalités remarquables

telles que

Ferdinand de Lesseps,

Theodore Roosevelt

ou William Gorgas,

un médecin militaire

qui a mis au point

un programme d'éradication

de la fièvre jaune.

 

Il mêle leurs biographies

aux destins des travailleurs

de la Jamaïque

et des Barbades

qui se sont sacrifiés

pour percer le canal.

 

Au total,

près de 55 000

travailleurs immigrés

ont travaillé

sur ce chantier...

http://www.arte.tv/fr/Programmes/242,dayPeriod=evening.html#anchor_6329224 - broken URL

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Great Migration began around 1910

 

 

 

African American men, women and children,

who took part in The Great Migration in Chicago

in 1918.

 

Photograph:

Chicago History Museum, via Getty Images

 

Tales of African-American History Found in DNA

NYT

MAY 27, 2016

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/
science/african-american-dna.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The history

of African-Americans

has been shaped in part

by two great journeys.

 

The first brought

millions of Africans

to the southern United States

as slaves.

 

The second,

the Great Migration,

began around 1910

and sent six million

African-Americans

from the South

to New York, Chicago

and other cities

across the country.

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/science/african-american-dna.html

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/
science/african-american-dna.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1907

 

Expatriation Act

 

 

In March of 1907,

Congress passed

the Expatriation Act,

which decreed,

among other things,

that U.S. women

who married non-citizens

were no longer Americans.

 

If their husband later became

a naturalized citizen,

they could go through

the naturalization process

to regain citizenship.

 

But none of these rules

applied to American men

when they chose a spouse.

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/03/17/
520517665/that-time-american-women-lost-their-citizenship-
because-they-married-foreigners

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/03/17/
520517665/that-time-american-women-lost-their-citizenship-
because-they-married-foreigners 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1906

 

San Francisco earthquake and fire

 

 

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/sf-earthquake-and-fire/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Slocum disaster    1904

 

 

 

In 1904,

a fire tore through

an excursion steamship, the General Slocum,

on New York City's East River

and claimed more than 1,000 victims,

many of them children.

 

Until Sept. 11,

the wreck of the General Slocum

was the worst single-day disaster in the city's history.

 

Photo: Bettman/Corbis

 

As 9/11 Nears, a Debate Rises:

How Much Tribute Is Enough?

NYT

2 September 2007

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/02/nyregion/02fatigue.html - broken link

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 17, 1903

 

Wilbur and Orville Wright

make the world's

first sustained, powered,

and controlled flight

in a heavier-than-air

flying machine,

thereby realizing

one of mankind's

oldest and most persistent

aspirations -- human flight.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-home.html - broken URL

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/19/
opinion/nocera-greed-and-the-wright-brothers.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Theodore 'Teddy Bear' Roosevelt    1858-1919

 

26th President of the United States    1901-1909

 

 

 

 

Theodore 'Teddy Bear' Roosevelt        1858-1919

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Description: Pres. and Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt seated on lawn,

surrounded by their family;

1903.

 

From left to right:

Quentin,

Theodore Sr.,

Theodore Jr.,

Archie,

Alice,

Kermit,

Edith,

and Ethel.

 

Source: This image is available from

the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division

under the digital ID cph.3c13665


Date Copyright 1903

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Theodore_Roosevelt_and_family%2C_1903.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berryman

Theodore Roosevelt > The bear story

http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/berrymanframes.html

http://azaz.essortment.com/teddybearhisto_ruxb.htm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt

https://www.loc.gov/collections/theodore-roosevelt-films/
about-this-collection/

 https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/
february-03/

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/04/
books/review/clay-risen-crowded-hour.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/
725026140/theodore-roosevelt-for-the-defense-
makes-a-libel-case-into-gripping-reading

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/06/
opinion/theodore-roosevelt-health-care-progressive.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/11/
museum-natural-history-theodore-roosevelt-statue-protest

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/
opinion/01morris.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

William McKinley    1843-1901

 

25th President of the United States    1897-1901

 

 

September 6, 1901

 

President William McKinley assassination

 

 

On September 6, 1901,

President William McKinley

was shot twice in the stomach

while attending

the Pan-American Exposition

in Buffalo, New York.

 

Leon Czolgosz,

a Polish citizen

associated

with the Anarchist movement,

fired at McKinley

who was greeting the public

in a receiving line.

https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/september-06/

 

 

https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/september-06/

https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/
learning/general/onthisday/harp/0914.html

 

 

https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/
september-6-1901-president-mckinley-assassinated/

 

http://movies2.nytimes.com/learning/general/
onthisday/bday/0129.html

 

http://movies2.nytimes.com/learning/general/
onthisday/big/0906.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1900

 

Galveston hurricane / The Great Storm

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/galveston-hurricane-1900

 

https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/september-08/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Child labor in early 20th-century America

 

 

 

“Young Driver in Mine.

Has been driving one year.

7 A.M. to 5:30 P.M daily Brown Mine, Brown W. VA.”

1908.

 

Photograph and caption by Lewis Hine,

NARA

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1900s

 

Bubonic plague hits San Francisco

 

 

Bubonic plague,

or "the black death,"

had raged throughout

Europe and Asia

over the past centuries.

 

In the twentieth century,

it came to America.

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html

 

 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html

https://www.history.com/news/
first-plague-outbreak-united-states-california

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904

 

 

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01239-x

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Third plague pandemic (1855-1960)    Honolulu, Hawaii    1900

 

 

 

Drastic measures …

the botched attempt to burn Honolulu’s stricken Chinatown

in 1900.

 

Photograph: FLHC 26/Alamy

 

Smart lifts, lonely workers, no towers or tourists:

architecture after coronavirus

G

Mon 13 Apr 2020    06.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/
smart-lifts-lonely-workers-no-towers-architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

outbreaks

(...)

recurred around the world

for several decades,

killing more than

12 million people in all

 

(...)

 

“Burning down

parts of the city

was one of the most

popular solutions,”

 

(...)

 

one extreme attempt

in Honolulu in 1900.

 

The plan was to raze

an infected part

of the city’s Chinatown

(a plan imbued

with racial overtones),

but the fire ended up

destroying most of the city

when the wind changed

direction.

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/
smart-lifts-lonely-workers-no-towers-architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/
smart-lifts-lonely-workers-no-towers-architecture-
after-covid-19-coronavirus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

early 1900s

 

Yellow fever epidemics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The mosquito-borne virus

was a dreaded killer

in the United States

through the early 1900s

— sparking

devastating epidemics

in Philadelphia

and New Orleans.

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/25/
471849390/a-forgotten-disease-is-suddenly-causing-new-worries

 

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/25/
471849390/a-forgotten-disease-is-suddenly-causing-new-worries

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anti-Chinese sentiment

 

latter half of the 19th century / early 20th century

 

 

Anti-Chinese sentiment

was rampant in America

in the early 20th century

— and had been since the latter

half of the 19th century,

when as many as

300,000 Chinese miners,

farmers, railroad

and factory workers

came to the U.S.

 

Many non-Chinese

workers

felt threatened

by these laborers,

who often worked

for lower wages.

 

Amid mounting

social tensions,

the U.S. passed

immigration laws

that explicitly barred

Chinese laborers

from immigrating

or becoming U.S. citizens,

and made it

extremely difficult

for even legal residents

to re-enter the U.S.

after a visit home

to China.

http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/02/22/
467113401/lo-mein-loophole-how-u-s-immigration-law-fueled-a-chinese-restaurant-boom

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2022/10/14/
1128843922/vintage-levis-jeans-1880s-sold-thousands-racist-anti-chinese

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/05/05/
527091890/the-135-year-bridge-between-the-chinese-exclusion-act-
and-a-proposed-travel-ban

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/02/22/
467113401/lo-mein-loophole-how-u-s-immigration-law-
fueled-a-chinese-restaurant-boom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Davison Rockefeller Senior    1839-1937

 

 

 

Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937).

 

Location: US

Date taken: 1884

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=156ee8204d1f2da0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Davison Rockefeller Senior    1839-1937

 

    Oil magnate

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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20th, early 21st century > USA >

Timeline in pictures

 

 

 

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