learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé

GV > auxiliaires > modaux

may + Base Verbale

sens et valeurs énonciatives

énonciation nouvelle / première,

hypothèse première,

fiction du jamais dit

effet rhétorique

hypothèse,

- parfois sans validation /

confirmation scientifique,

"one sait pas vraiment,

ça reste à l'état d'hypothèse" -

conjecture, pure supposition

éventualité, risque,

incertitude, inconnu

=

peut-être que...

on ne sait pas /

one sait pas encore /

on ne sait pas vraiment si,

il est possible que...

may  ≠  will

Psychedelic drugs

may launch

a new era in psychiatric treatment,

brain scientists say

(...)

The fact that psychedelics were featured

at the world's largest meeting of brain scientists

suggests the drugs are poised

to enter the scientific mainstream.

That's a recent development.

Psychedelic research was popular in the 1950s

but pretty much ended after the mid-1960s

when the drugs were made illegal

in the U.S. and Europe.

In the 1990s,

a few researchers began cautiously studying

how drugs like LSD, MDMA and psilocybin

might help

with psychiatric conditions like depression and PTSD.

And in 2016,

a pair of studies published by prominent researchers

"really piqued everyone's interest,"

says Dr. Joshua Gordon,

who directs the National Institute of Mental Health.

Both studies found

that a single treatment with psilocybin

reduced anxiety and depression

in cancer patients.

That has led to some large studies of psychedelics,

including one published

 in The New England Journal of Medicine in November

showing that psilocybin helped people with major depression

who hadn't been helped by other treatments.

Studies like that one suggest that psychedelics

"are going to be beneficial and useful"

in treating psychiatric disorders,

Gordon says.

But the effects found in large studies of psychedelics

have been much less dramatic

than in some of the earlier, smaller studies,

Gordon says.

Also, he says,

some companies hoping to market psychedelics

have overstated their benefits.

"There is a lot of hype," he says,

"and a lot of hope."

December 27, 2022    NPR

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/27/
1145306096/psychedelic-drugs-psychiatric-disorders-brain-research

A cheap drug may slow down aging.

A study will determine

if it works

April 22, 2024    NPR

Long COVID brain fog may originate

in a surprising place,

say scientists

Scientists have uncovered a possible explanation

for one of COVID-19's

most vexing legacies:

the stubborn neurological symptoms

of long COVID,

such as brain fog, memory loss

and fatigue.

The first clue emerged

when researchers scoured the blood

of long COVID patients:

It was serotonin

– specifically,

a lack of the neurotransmitter

circulating in the body —

that grabbed their attention.

Their analysis revealed

that having low levels of that chemical

predicted whether or not someone was suffering

from persistent symptoms following an infection.

Next, the team of researchers

at the University of Pennsylvania

carefully recreated the chain of events

that might be depleting serotonin

and causing downstream consequences

that could line up with some of the symptoms

characteristic of long COVID.

Their findings,

published in the journal Cell,

point to an intriguing hypothesis

that winds its way from the gut

up through the vagus nerve

and ultimately into the brain.

October 24, 2023    7:28 AM ET

The Guardian        p. 1        19 March 2007

The Guardian        p. 1        31 December 2008

http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2008/12/31/pdfs/gdn_081231_ber_1_21567620.pdf

The Guardian        p. 1        16 February 2007

The Guardian        p. 46        25 May 2007

By 2047,

Coldest Years May Be

Warmer Than Hottest in Past,

Scientists Say

October 9, 2013

The New York Times

By JUSTIN GILLIS

If greenhouse emissions continue their steady escalation, temperatures across most of the earth will rise to levels with no recorded precedent by the middle of this century, researchers said Wednesday.

Scientists from the University of Hawaii at Manoa calculated that by 2047, plus or minus five years, the average temperatures in each year will be hotter across most parts of the planet than they had been at those locations in any year between 1860 and 2005.

To put it another way, for a given geographic area, “the coldest year in the future will be warmer than the hottest year in the past,” said Camilo Mora, the lead scientist on a paper published in the journal Nature.

Unprecedented climates will arrive even sooner in the tropics, Dr. Mora’s group predicts, putting increasing stress on human societies there, on the coral reefs that supply millions of people with fish, and on the world’s greatest forests.

“Go back in your life to think about the hottest, most traumatic event you have experienced,” Dr. Mora said in an interview. “What we’re saying is that very soon, that event is going to become the norm.”

(...)

By 2047,
Coldest Years May Be Warmer Than Hottest in Past,
Scientists Say,
NYT,
9.10.2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/
science/earth/by-2047-coldest-years-will-be-warmer-than-hottest-in-past.html

Libya may be

placing corpses at bombed sites:

Gates

Sat Mar 26, 2011

7:25pm EDT

WASHINGTON

Reuters

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. intelligence reports suggest that Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's forces have placed the bodies of people they have killed at the sites of coalition air strikes so they can blame the West for the deaths, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said in a television interview on Saturday.

"We do have a lot of intelligence reporting about Gaddafi taking the bodies of the people he's killed and putting them at the sites where we've attacked," Gates said according to interview excerpts released by CBS News' "Face the Nation with Bob Schieffer" program, which will air on Sunday.

A U.S.-led coalition began air strikes against Libya a week ago to establish a no-fly zone over the oil-exporting North African country and to try to prevent Gaddafi from using his air force to attack people rebelling against his rule.

Last week Libyan officials said nearly 100 civilians had been killed in the coalition strikes, but Western military officials at the time denied any civilians had been killed.

"The truth of the matter is we have trouble coming up with proof of any civilian casualties that we have been responsible for," Gates said in the television interview.

Asked if Gaddafi's days were numbered, Gates replied: "I wouldn't be hanging any new pictures if I were him."

U.S. officials have said the goal of the military action is to protect civilians, not to topple Gaddafi, though they have made no secret of their desire for him to leave power.

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, appearing on the same program, said there were signs that Gaddafi's aides were becoming increasingly nervous.

"The people around him, based on all of the intelligence and all of the outreach that we ourselves are getting from some of those very same people, demonstrate an enormous amount of anxiety," she said according to the interview excerpts.

(Editing by Christopher Wilson)

Libya may be placing corpses at bombed sites: Gates,
R,
27.3.2011,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-usa-bodies-idUSTRE72P2JU
20110327

Analysis:

Libya may face civil war

as Gaddafi's grip loosens

Mon, Feb 21 2011

Reuters

By Alistair Lyon,

Special Correspondent

DUBAI (Reuters) - Libya faces chaos and possible civil war as Muammar Gaddafi fights to maintain his 42-year grip on power in the face of a popular uprising.

Even if he flees -- assuming he could find a refuge -- Gaddafi would leave a nation with few normal structures for a peaceful transition, after four decades of his idiosyncratic rule.

"Any post-Gaddafi period is fraught with uncertainty," said Middle East analyst Philip McCrum. "There is no organized opposition, there are no civil institutions around which people could ordinarily gather.

"The opposition in exile is small and disparate. It will therefore take a long time for a new political order to establish itself and in the meantime, political tensions will run high as various competing groups, such as the tribes, the army, Islamists and liberals vie for power."

Dozens of people were reported killed in Libya overnight as anti-government protests reached the capital, Tripoli, for the first time. Several eastern cities appeared to be in opposition hands. The revolt has already cost more than 200 lives.

Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, one of the mercurial leader's sons, appeared on state TV overnight, mixing threats with appeals for calm, saying the army would enforce security at any price.

"We will keep fighting until the last man standing, even the last woman standing," he said, waving a finger at the camera.

McCrum said Saif al-Islam's speech had probably scotched any hopes among young Libyans that he could be a force for reform.

The uprising in Libya already looks set to be the bloodiest in a series of popular protests racing across the Middle East from Algeria to Yemen. Possibilities for compromise look slim.

CIVIL WAR

"Libya is the most likely candidate for civil war because the government has lost control over part of its own territory," said Shadi Hamid, of the Brookings Doha Center in Qatar.

"Benghazi was lost to the opposition and there are reports of other smaller cities going the same way. It is not something the Gaddafi regime is willing to tolerate."

Benghazi, a city in eastern Libya -- the region that is home to most of the country's oilfields -- is a traditional hotbed of anti-Gaddafi sentiment among tribes hostile to his rule.

As the protests have snowballed, Islamic leaders and once-loyal tribes have declared for the opposition.

Saad Djebbar, a London-based Algerian lawyer who for years defended Libya in the Lockerbie airline bombing case, said Gaddafi must go.

"I'm sure he has armed to the teeth his own tribesmen and those tribes linked to him. I'm sure he will be also giving them as much cash as possible," Djebbar told Reuters.

He said Gaddafi had narrowed the circle of his power to his close family and tribe in recent years, alienating allies and tribes who had backed him after he seized power in 1969.

"Gaddafi will go down fighting and Libyans will butcher each other. It's a fight to the bitter end. If he activates the tribal card, it will only turn Libya into another Somalia."

Djebbar said Western powers should consider protecting any rebel-held areas such as eastern Libya by using air power to bar Gaddafi from bombing his foes into submission -- similar to the no-fly zone they set up in Iraqi Kurdistan after the 1991 Gulf War to deter Saddam Hussein from reasserting control there.

CORNERED ANIMAL

"Gaddafi is like a cornered animal -- when threatened he attacks ferociously," said McCrum. "Throughout his rule, he has shown no qualms in brutally suppressing any opposition.

"He is highly unlikely to make any concessions and if he goes down, he will take as many people with him as possible," he added, predicting that events in Libya "will only get bloodier."

McCrum said he doubted the army would turn on Gaddafi or emulate the role played by the military in facilitating the departure of long-serving autocrats in Egypt and Tunisia.

"The army will not actually effect regime change as in Egypt. They will simply perpetuate the status quo to protect their own interests," he said, noting that main arms of the security services were controlled by sons of Gaddafi.

Libya, once a pariah accused of sponsoring international terrorism, rehabilitated itself by paying compensation to victims of the Lockerbie bombing and other attacks, and by renouncing its efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction.

"If ever there was a regime which exposes the West's hypocrisy, Gaddafi's is it," McCrum said.

"The West has fallen over itself to rehabilitate Gaddafi so they can get at his oil and now it will pay the price in political capital -- if it has any left.

In terms of investment risk, it's obviously very serious," said Julien Barnes-Dace, Middle East analyst at Control Risks.

"People are just pulling out. Even if Gaddafi survives, there will be huge worries and reputational issues about doing business in Libya. Libya would be much more isolated after this."

Analyst Geoff Porter said Gaddafi had "nowhere to go," unlike ousted Arab leaders such as Tunisia's Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, who found refuge in Saudi Arabia, or Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, in internal exile in Sharm el-Sheikh.

"Possibly the only place he can go is Zimbabwe," he said. "So there is no alternative. (If he is toppled), he will be like Saddam Hussein and end up hiding in a hole."

(Editing by Richard Mably and Mark Trevelyan)

Analysis: Libya may face civil war as Gaddafi's grip loosens,
R,
21.2.2011,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/21/
us-libya-chaos-idUSTRE71K48T20110221

may  ≠  couldforte probabilité

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