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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
groupe verbal
temps et formes verbales
temps chronologique, temps grammatical, effets énonciatifs / mise en scène énonciative
présent
present perfect (haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé)
passé (également appelé prétérit)
past perfect (hadauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé)
Un temps grammatical (présent, passé) ou une forme verbale (present perfect) ne reflète pas toujours le temps chronologique.
Temps grammatical (tense) et temps chronologique (time) ne sont pas nécessairement "synchrones".
La "réalité" / le temps chronologique n'impose pas un temps grammatical à l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice.
Ce n'est pas parce qu'un fait est passé que l'on va nécessairement le relater au passé.
De même, le présent peut s'utiilser pour parler du passé ou du futur.
En utilisant tel temps ou telle forme verbale à un point de son discours (instant de l'énonciation, du discours), celui qui parle / écrit relie certes ce qu'il dit au temps chronologique (passé - présent - futur), mais il cherche aussi à faire un effet énonciatif :
effet d'annonce,
objectivité,
dramatisation,
manipulation,
prise de conscience, etc.
- le présent simple peut rendre compte de faits passés, présents, ou futurs :
Bill Clinton speaks to the Guardian Exclusive Guardian interview
On Monday we publish an exclusive interview in which the former president speaks to the Guardian's Alan Rusbridger and Jonathan Freedland. Clinton speaks candidly about the war in Iraq and his quest for peace in the Middle East; his friend Tony Blair; the wife who might one day succeed him into the White House; and the Monica Lewinsky scandal that nearly brought him down.
Bill Clinton speaks to the Guardian, G ad,
19.6.2004,
The second act opens before dawn tomorrow, 100m miles from Earth, when Spirit, a US robot rover the size of golf buggy, hurtles through the thin atmosphere and bounces to a halt on the parched deserts of Mars, to begin a search for water on the arid planet. The third act of the drama is revealed later that day when a European spacecraft called Mars Express completes a series of huge elliptical swings around the red planet and settles down to a steady polar orbit which will allow it to probe the secrets of the Martian air and rock. But even before it starts to send back valuable data, Mars Express has a more urgent role: to make contact with its baby, Beagle 2, the tiny British lander that it carried for six months and then pushed gently towards a dusty basin near the Martian equator just before Christmas. To boldly go in search of comets and Mars secrets, G, 3.1.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/jan/03/ spaceexploration.research
Ex-PM Callaghan dies, aged 92
LORD Callaghan of Cardiff, Britain’s longest living prime minister, died yesterday on the eve of his 93rd birthday and only 11 days after his wife Audrey passed away.
Headline and §1, ST, 27.3.2005,
Blow Up star David Hemmings dies
Cult British actor has heart attack on film set, aged 62. Web frontpage, G, 4.12.2003.
Early next year, the industry that once sustained much of the north, from Yorkshire to Lancashire and the north east, effectively closes down: Britain's largest deep mining complex, the huge Selby coalfield, ends production.
The end of Selby, O / The
Northerner, 26.9.2003,
Via la concordance des temps (CT), le passé peut s'employer pour parler du futur (1) ou du présent (2 et comics) :
1 - House prices rose 2.1% in July to stand 14.3% higher than July last year, government data showed yesterday. The annual rise was up from 13.9% in June but the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister warned that its figures were based on completions in July and so were not comparable with the latest Nationwide or Halifax numbers, which are based on mortgage approvals and point to a slowing market. The ODPM said the weakening in prices would not show up in its figures until September completions were available in November. 14% rise in house prices, G, September 14, 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/sep/14/ housingmarket.houseprices
2 - As the home secretary, David Blunkett, announced record police numbers, the daughters of Marian Bates claimed that while in the past they had known their local bobby well, nowadays they did not set eyes on a police officer from one week to the next.
Bring
back our bobby, say gun victim's daughters:
Mark Trail Jack Elrod Created by Ed Dodd in 1946 6 December 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
- le passé modal / hypothétique - même forme que le passé temporel, s'emploie pour parler de ce qui pourrait avoir lieu (hypothèse) :
If I won the lotto I would carry on working in my current position. http://www.jobfood.com/Default.asp?WCI=PollResults&WCU=211,1
L'emploi d'un temps, d'une forme verbale ou d'une forme -ing n'est pas nécessairement imposé par le sujet de l'article ou par la chronologie des faits relatés.
Il peut relever d'un choix stylistique / énonciatif (voir aussi formes en be + -ing) :
TWO sentences into Iain Duncan Smith's speech and the woman sitting next to me in the Winter Gardens Ballroom Bar tries to start a plot. "If we all write in to Conservative Central Office, they will have to get rid of him," she whispers. Here, just a few yards from the conference hall where delegates are cheering IDS to the rafters, some 200 Tory members, including chairmen and women of local associations, are watching him on a huge television screen with stone-faced expressions and folded arms. The party plotter, who is a veteran party activist, explained the reason for the stark disparity : "This is the real opinion. Everyone in there is desperate to try and make it work. I've never seen an audience work so hard. The reaction in here is closer to the one outside." This is a tale of two speeches. The speech taking place inside the hall where delegates have been whipped into a near-hysterical frenzy, and the speech being relayed to un-whipped-up Tories in the room next door. When Mr Duncan Smith complains that Tony Blair will not do the decent thing and resign, a woman member complains: "Neither will you." When the Tory leader accuses Mr Blair of being "good on telly", a phalanx of middle-aged Tory men in the front three row roar loudly and shout: "Yes!" When the camera pans to Michael Howard, a group of Tories mutter: "There he is." The lady plotter remarks: "The bookies in Blackpool are offering odds on him being the next Prime Minister, you know."
'Double-dealing, deceitful, incompetent, shallow,
autres énoncés au présent / present perfect passé / past perfect
A woman of 94 has been released from Broadmoor high-security hospital after being kept there for 40 years, it is disclosed today. By the end of her detention, the woman was so frail that she was capable of very little movement. She is now in a care facility with no security provision. The case is being highlighted by the government's Mental Health Act Commission to show the continuing problem of people held inappropriately in the high-security hospitals at Broadmoor in Berkshire, Rampton in Nottinghamshire and Ashworth on Merseyside. The commission says that two other recent discharges from the hospitals have been a teenager who uses a wheelchair and a blind patient with severely restricted mobility. It costs about £2,300 a week to keep a patient in a high-security hospital. Yet an official report three years ago estimated that as many as one in three of the hospitals' 1,600 patients did not need such a level of security and called for their transfer to other facilities. Broadmoor lets out woman, 94, after 40 years: Commission criticises media exposure of mentally ill, G, 10.12.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/dec/10/ health.mentalhealth
X, a Buenos Aires-based fund manager, woke up with a start when she felt a hand clamped over her mouth. As she looked up, the man standing over her took out a gun and pressed the warm metal barrel against her head. "I was nine months pregnant and he said to me: 'Don't even dream of going into labour now'," she recalls. Two other men forced Ms X' two young daughters into the room and made them all huddle under the sheets while they plundered the house The ordeal, which happened at Ms X' home in a wealthy suburb six months ago, lasted just over an hour. But it haunts her to this day: "Things like that leave a scar for life." Argentina's traumatic lurch into high crime, FT, p.4, 4.6.2003.
For months, the citizens of Baghdad have known that this moment would arrive; now it is upon them. Diplomacy died yesterday. President Bush delivered his final ultimatum. Baghdad is now the bulls-eye for the deadliest weapons mankind has created. Iraquis pack up their homes and head for the café, T, p.1, 18.3.2003.
Schéma :
Bilan jusqu'au présent de l'énonciation : present perfect (have known)
Constat / information : présent (is)
Rappel d'un fait révolu : passé (died)
Rappel d'un 2e fait révolu -> concordance des temps -> passé (delivered)
Constat / information : présent (is)
Information-bilan : present perfec (has created)
Chris McGreal, who has reported for the Guardian for the past 10 years from Africa, last night won the coveted James Cameron award. GE2, Award for Guardian reporter, p. 1, 26.11.2002.
One of the seven Israeli troops killed [ sous-entendu : who were killed ] by a Palestinian sniper at a West Bank roadblock on Saturday had considered joining the reservists who have refused to serve in the occupied territories, it emerged yesterday.
War weary troops draw line in sand, p. 4,
Passé + marqueur de temps passé (on Saturday)
Past perfect (antériorité par rapport au passé)
Present perfect (relation Sujet / Prédicat toujours valide -> traduction au présent)
Passé : l’information date d’hier
Traduction explicative :
L’un des sept soldats israéliens qui ont été tués samedi par un tireur embusqué palestinien à un barrage en Cisjordanie avait envisagé de rejoindre ces réservistes qui refusent de servir dans les territoires occupés, a-t-on appris hier.
Over the years, St Enda's has been subjected to a catalogue of bombings, shootings and arson attacks, earning it the unenviable reputation as the most terrorised sports club in Northern Ireland.
In 1972, a workman was killed by a booby-trap device left in a flask on a path the players used as a short cut. The same year, an explosion ripped through the clubrooms, and again in 1973.
The following year, 50 players and officials escaped injury when a player flopped down on a sofa in the changing rooms and a bomb rolled out but failed to detonate.
Arsonists struck in 1983, 1986, 1992 and twice in 1993.
Pitch battle, GE2, p. 14, 22.8.2002,
Schéma : Present perfect passif (has been subjected) : bilan sur une période indéfinie (over the years),
Passé actif ou passif : bilan détaillé sous forme de récit / chronologie, ponctué de marqueurs / adverbes de temps passé.
Men are on the moon. At 3:39 am this morning - nearly four hours ahead of schedule - Armstrong, the lunar module commander, opened the hatch and clambered slowly down to the surface of the moon. Minutes later Aldrin followed him down the steps of the ladder - already renamed Tranquility Base - to join in this moving, clumsy culmination of eight years of intense dedication. It was the fulfilment of a dream which men have shared since the beginning of recorded history. The decision to walk early was made three hours after the lunar module Eagle had made a perfect landing at 9:17 pm, four miles downrange from the chosen site. The spacecraft was steered manually to clear a boulder-strewn crater "the size of a football pitch." It was a moment of extraordinary tension and silence. The Moonwalkers, G, 21.7.1969,https://www.theguardian.com/science/1969/jul/21/ spaceexploration.archive1
When the satellite transmitter showed that AC-8 had not moved for one day, then two, Mark Hall knew something was wrong. Condors, like AC-8, tend to fly. On the third day, Mr. Hall, who manages the Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge near this Southern California town, went to investigate and found the body of AC-8, a female condor with a 10-foot wing, in the branches of an oak tree on a ranch about a 45-minute drive north of here. She had been shot to death.
A Most Valuable Condor Is Shot to Death,
On New Year's Day 1985, Ernie Wise made Britain's first cellphone call. Now, less than two decades later, most people in this country have a mobile and every sixth person in the world owns one. They have launched revolutions, saved lives, destroyed relationships, and, of course, spawned a whole new genre of utterly pointless communication. James Meek looks at how the mobile phone has changed our world Sub headline, GE2, p. 2, 11.11.2002.
Hubbard denies manslaughter. In interviews, he told police he had used the bolt gun too often to lark around with them. « They are not toys, » he had said.
Sheep culler ‘killed colleague with bolt gun’,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
past perfect > have auxiliaire
passé modal > it's time + Nsujet + passé modal
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