learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé

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sens et valeurs > haveauxiliaire

present perfect, past perfect > structures

past perfect > sens et valeurs énonciatives

Present perfect et past perfect

se construisent avec haveauxiliaire

Actif

Present perfect :

haveauxiliaire au présent + Verbeau participe passé (pp)

Past perfect  :

hadauxiliaire au passé + Verbeau pp

Passif

Present perfect :

haveauxiliaire au présent + beenauxiliaire au pp + Verbeau pp

Past perfect :

hadauxiliaire au passé + beenauxiliaire au pp + Verbeau pp

Past perfect > valeurs énonciatives

1. Comme le present perfect,

le past perfect sert à faire un bilan,

mais dans un contexte passé.

A statement released on behalf of the company

that owns the transporter,

Elliott Sargeant of Totton, Southhampton,

saidpassé it waspassé "devastated".

It had been the first accident

involving one of its vehicles

in more than eight years of trading.

Five killed as pile-up brings M1 to a halt,
GI,
p. 7,
12.6.2003.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jun/12/
transport.world

2. Dans un contexte passé,

le past perfect marque

l'antériorité d'un événement A :

(they had discovered (past perfect) the secret of life)

par rapport à un événement B :

(two young scientists walked (passé) into the Eagle,

a dingy pub in Cambridge, England,

and announced (passé) to the lunchtime crowd)

A s'est produit avant B.

Fifty years ago, on Saturday, February 28, 1953,

two young scientists walked (passé) into the Eagle,

a dingy pub in Cambridge, England,

and announced (passé) to the lunchtime crowd

that they had discovered (past perfect)

the secret of life.

Double Helix Leaps Fom Lab to Real Life,
NYT/Le Monde, 9/10.3.2003.

    --- A (had discovered) ---> B (walked / announced / February 28, 1953) --->

I forgot

(verbe irrégulier forget au passé)

that I had promised

(past perfect)

to take them on a picnic today...

Peanuts

by Charles Schulz

GoComics

September 04, 2016

http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2016/09/04

3. Effet de rhétorique / de style

Le past perfect met en valeur / en scène

certains faits révolus.

Exemple dans une prochaine édition.

4. Hypothèse relative au passé :

past perfecthypothétique

If an American had thrown a shoe at an Arab leader

Dana Summers

Orlando, FL

The Orlando Sentinel

Cagle

18 December 2008

background:

https://www.theguardian.com/world/
muntazer-al-zaidi-iraqi-shoe-thrower

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/17/
george-bush-shoe-throw

https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2008/dec/15/
georgebush-iraq

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/15/
george-bush-shoes-iraq

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/14/
iraq-georgebush

5. Syntaxe >  past perfect inversé

sens et valeur énonciative

Le past perfect inversé

(hadauxiliaire + Nsujet  + verbeau participe passé)

permet de formuler une hypothèse

sans utiliser if :

There is little doubt

that had he not quit

he would have been sacked.

Sky News reporter who faked war report found hanged,
G,
7.10.2003
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/oct/07/
tvnews.bskyb

Musicians speculate endlessly

about what Mozart might have achieved

had he not died at the miserably early age of 35.

This Week's Top Picks,
WSJE/Personal Journal),
p. P8, 7/9.3.2003.

Voir aussi > Anglonautes >

Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé

impératif

past perfect

present perfect

depuis : since / for

present perfect > traductions