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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
sens et valeurs énonciatives
marqueurs
-ing
Sur le plan sémantique (sémantique = sens), un participe-ing peut ressembler à N-ing, mais sur le plan grammatical, un participe-ing ne joue pas le même rôle que N-ing :
un participe-ing n'est ni sujet, ni objet.
≠
-ing sujet ou objet
rappel :
N symbolise toutes les formes nominales :
nom, groupe nominal, nom-ing, groupe nominal-ing, pronom.
participe-ing
Having listened to Lisa's plan, Flash Gordon takes off into the coming dawn.
≠
N-ing sujet ou objet
Using the rocket cycle's hologram device... [ N-ing sujet ] make [ sic ] them believe!
Having listened to Lisa's plan, Flash Gordon takes off into the coming dawn.
With Flash's warnings of the coming invasion having been met with disbelief...
Using the rocket cycle's hologram device... make [ sic ] them believe!
Flash Gordon Jim Keefe 10 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/fgordon/about.htm - broken link
Having listened to Lisa's plan,
participe-ing antéposé, apporte une information supplémentaire au N.
Ce participe-ing ne détermine pas N :
Flash Gordon est un nom propre autodéterminé, bien connu des lecteurs / lectrices.
having been met with disbelief
participe-ing postposé (place après), indispensable au sens, - ne peut être supprimé - relatif à / relié à Flash's warnings of the coming invasion
Using the rocket cycle's hologram device... N-ing sujet de make [ sic ].
Indispensable au sens de l'énoncé, N-ing ne peut être supprimé.
Syntaxe (= nombre et ordre des mots dans l'énoncé).
Le participe-ing peut être antéposé (placé avant) ou postposé (placé après).
Guessing his mom is hiding in their family cabin at Honey Lake, Danny Oberlin convinces...
Fran Matera 13 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
Andy, seeing his new friend in trouble, dives into the water..?
Ici le participe-ing :
- fonctionne comme un gros plan sur l'un des éléments de l'action / attire l'attention du lecteur sur cet élément
- explique pourquoi le sujet agit.
http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
Case 1
Possessing incredible "spider-powers", Peter Parker uses his scientific wizardry to create an artificial web-shooter...
Spiderman Stan Lee 17 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/spidermn/about.htm
Lorsqu'il porte sur N, le participe-ing peut être qualifiant : il rappelle une qualité / caractéristique de N.
Case 1 :
Possessing incredible "spider-powers" est un élément qualifiant, mais non déterminant : les lecteurs et les lectrices savent qui est Peter Parker / Spider-Man.
Ce participe-ing porte sur Peter Parker et rappelle une qualité de ce personnage bien connu.
Elément non indispensable : ce participe-ing ne détermine pas Peter Parker, nom propre autodéterminé, bien connu.
Case 2
making him master of the city's roof tops fait comprendre l'importance / lé resultat de a simple device.
Il s'agit d'un élément qualifiant / résultatif : ce dispositif tout simple permet à Spiderman de "régner" sur les toits de la ville.
Traduction explicative : un dispositif simple, qui fait de lui le maître des toits.
Ce segment -ing n'est pas indispensable car il pourrait être supprimé et remplacé par trois points de suspension : l'image parle d'elle-même, est suffisamment "parlante".
Syntaxe
Antéposé (placé avant) ou postposé (placé après) ne signifie pas nécessairement juxtaposé (place à côté de).
Ci-dessous, le participe-ing, qui détermine / catégorise New evidence, est postposé et séparé de ce groupe nominal par un Groupe Verbal (GV) au present perfect :
New evidence has emerged linking Jeffrey Archer to the alleged conspirators behind the attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea.
New Archer link to coup
plot alleged,
Enoncé théorique : New evidence linking Jeffrey Archer to the alleged conspirators behind the attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea has emerged.
Participe-ing > Portée
Le participe-ing peut porter sur N (1-2 : The recently released film Alfie, third-quarter earnings) :
1 - The recently released film Alfie, starring the actor Jude Law and slated by the critics
[ complément d'information qualifiant, non déterminant, non essentiel ; sans cette incise / cet insert, l'énoncé ferait quand même sens ],
has been voted among the worst movie remakes of all time.
Remakes fail to inspire public imagination,
2 - NEW YORK (Reuters) - International Business Machines Corp. on Monday posted a flat quarterly net profit, weighed down by a legal settlement, but said fourth-quarter results would be better than expected, and its shares rose 2.3 percent.
third-quarter earnings exceeded analysts' estimates.
The company also said full-year earnings would top Wall Street estimates, indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected [ ce participe-ing ne détermine ni company ni Wall Street estimates. Il s'agit d'une information supplémentaire
relative aux bénéfices du 4e trimestre ] . Third-quarter net income for the Armonk, New York-based company rose to $1.80 billion, or $1.06 per share, from $1.79 billion,
or $1.02 per share, a
year-earlier. squarely in line with Wall Street forecasts, according to a survey by Reuters Estimates.
Excluding the benefit of the weak dollar, [ traduction explicative : si l'on ne prend pas en compte les avantages apportés par la faiblesse du dollar. Il s'agit d'un commentaire, d'une contextualisation de l'énonciateur ], which boosts the value of overseas sales when they are converted into dollars,
revenue
grew 5 percent. Excluding the pension charges, [ traduction explicative : sans prendre en compte les frais liés aux retraites ] IBM recorded an operating profit of $1.17 a share, driven by improving profit margins in its computer services business as well as its long-struggling semiconductor unit.
IBM Net
Flat; Sees Strong Fourth Quarter,
Un participe-ing peut aussi porter sur une proposition.
Proposition = Sujet + Vintransitif (SV), ou Sujet + Vtransitif + Objet (SVO)
Le sens de l'ensemble en -ing est d'ordre explicatif / significatif / résultatif / conséquentiel.
Un participe-ing peut également indiquer le moyen utilisé pour réaliser l'action envisagée dans la proposition principale.
Dans ces cas, le participe-ing est essentiel au sens, et il ne peut donc être supprimé.
Traduction explicative :
ce qui signifie, ce qui marque, ce qui veut dire que, ce qui semble indiquer, ce qui a provoqué, s'est soldé par, faisant / provoquant...
Exemples :
Lessons Unlearned on Rail Safety
December 3, 2013 The New York Times By THE EDITORIAL BOARD
When a Metro-North train jumped the tracks in the Bronx on Sunday morning, killing four people and injuring more than 70,
[ ce participe -ing ne détermine / catégorise pas a Metro-North train, il exprime l'effet, la conséquence de la cause contenue dans la proposition When a Metro-North train jumped the tracks in the Bronx on Sunday morning ].
it was going 82 miles per hour, on a 30 m.p.h. curve. Why it hit that horrific speed — whether because the engineer was sleeping, distracted or incapacitated, or because of some catastrophic mechanical failure — is a question for the National Transportation Safety Board, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which runs Metro-North, and criminal investigators and prosecutors.
Lessons Unlearned on Rail Safety, NYT,
3.12.2013,
Tesco says so many adults are sexing up the annual fright night that sales have hit £100m, making it a party second only to new year
[ appréciation, mise en en relation, commentaire : ce qui fait de Halloween la deuxième fête la plus commerciale de l'année ]
Halloween
tricks turn to retail treat,
Bill Clinton, the perennial Comeback Kid of American politics, returned from his sick bed to centre stage yesterday, proving that his ailing, quadruply-bypassed heart is still in the fight.
[ appréciation : voici ce que signifie le retour de Clinton sur le devant de la scène ]
Thinner and frailer,
She dialled 999, pleading with police to come and calm down her raging husband [ description de l'action du référent du sujet ].
When she hung up before giving all her details, police traced the call and a domestic violence unit rushed to the couple's north London home to find Dan had already left.
TV Gail Porter: I called
cops over fight with my hubby Dan,
The clocks go back today, signalling the start of winter
[ explication : si l'on perd une heure aujourd'hui, c'est que c'est le début de l'heure d'hiver ].
From log cabins to castles Liz Edwards picks 15 cosy retreats for hibernation holidays
Baby,
it's cold outside ...,
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The U.S. manufacturing sector expanded last month, although at a slower pace than economists had forecast, a report showed on Monday, suggesting the economic recovery remains on track, though not at full steam.
[ moi journaliste, je vous donne le sens d'une donnée statistique : l'industrie américaine a légèrement progressé, donc cela signifie que la reprise continue ]
Manufacturing Up Less Than
Expected,
Police were searching for two teenage assailants last night who launched a series of brutal attacks on gay men along London's South Bank, leaving one dead and at least four others injured
[ conséquence de la proposition en who ; il s'agit ici d'un constat, et non d'un commentaire ]
Gay man killed on South
Bank,
Insurgents mounted fresh attacks in Baghdad today, killing a senior oil ministry official and an American soldier and kidnapping a Lebanese-American contractor.
[ conséquences, résultats de la proposition principale, constats ]
Insurgents strike in
Baghdad:
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Republicans, having expanded their control of Congress, [ définition de l'état / la force politique du référent du sujet ]
were positioned on Wednesday to provide greater help to President Bush to push a stepped-up conservative agenda in his second term.
Republican Congress Set to
Push Bush Agenda,
Ever the dutiful soldier, John Kerry delivered the most painful speech of his life yesterday, choking back the tears and the bitter aftertaste of defeat
[ description de l'action du référent du sujet ] as he appealed to fellow Democrats - and his rival George Bush - to work to heal America's divide.
Amid the raw emotions that occasionally overwhelmed him, forcing Mr Kerry to gaze up at the ceiling for composure,
[ description de l'action / émotion du référent du sujet ]
the senator apologised to his dejected supporters for coming up short, but said it was time to admit defeat.
earlier in the morning, praising his opponent, but urging him to heal the divisions in the country.
[ description de l'action faite par le référent du sujet ]
saying it was imperative to banish the rancour of the past four years
[ description de l'action faite par le référent du sujet ]
- especially while America remained at war.
Tearful Kerry leaves best speech
to the bitter end,
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Fewer Americans filed jobless claims last week and worker productivity slowed sharply in the third quarter, government data showed on Thursday, hinting at better conditions in the country's sluggish labor market.
[ appréciation : moi qui écris, je vous donne la signification possible de ces deux données économiques,
voilà comment je vois les choses ] Financial markets took the data in stride, with both the dollar and benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury bonds hovering following the release, [ description par l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice de l'état du référent des sujets both the dollar and benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury bonds ]
awaiting the more important October employment report due out on Friday. [ description de l'état du référent du sujet Financial markets ]
Van Rolls Into Conn. Pond, Killing 3
July 5, 2007 Filed at 10:06 a.m. ET By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
BRIDGEPORT, Conn. (AP) -- A 6-year-old boy was the lone survivor of a minivan that rolled into a pond, trapping him and three others for up to 25 minutes
[ conséquence de la principale ],
before police divers were able to pull them out. The boy was in critical condition Thursday.
The minivan's driver, Michelle McIntosh, had gotten out of the van and chased it, screaming for help [ information supplémentaire / circonstancielle ],
as it rolled 60 or 70 yards down a steep hill at a park near her home Wednesday, police said. She jumped in the van just before it went in the water, police said. She and two other children, including her son David, were killed, police said. ''It's a real tragedy for a family in Bridgeport,'' Mayor John Fabrizi said. 'A day of sorrow for all Bridgeporters.'' The four victims were trapped in 15 to 20 feet of water for 20 to 25 minutes before members of the Bridgeport police scuba team pulled them out. Rescuers tried to revive them before they were taken to hospitals, where they died. The chief medical examiner's office identified McIntosh and her son late Wednesday, but did not identify the other children. Police said all three children were younger than 7. The 6-year-old boy who survived was in critical condition at Yale-New Haven Hospital,
hospital spokesman Mark D'Antonio said Thursday. apparently had gotten out of the van to ask directions to a holiday barbecue, but police would not confirm that Wednesday night. He said people nearby tried unsuccessfully to stop the van, and that fire personnel were not able
to reach those trapped inside. ''We've had children die before. That's probably one of the toughest things for any rescue person to deal with.'' Blanch Arpie, a neighbor, called the McIntoshes a close-knit family. ''It's breaking my heart,'' Arpie said. It's just horrible.''
Van Rolls Into
Conn. Pond, Killing 3, NYT, 5.7.2007,
Le participe-ing qui renvoie à une proposition (SVO) peut aussi apporter une information supplémentaire non essentielle, d'ordre circonstanciel :
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - The orchestra conductor of Southern California's landmark Crystal Cathedral committed suicide early on Friday, shooting himself inside a barricaded storage room.
Conductor Kills Himself in California Cathedral,
Lorsqu'il porte sur N, le segment -ing a une fonction qualificative / descriptive.
Cette qualification peut être d'ordre :
- contingent (provisoire, éphémère) : 3
1 - For many, it is a region set apart from the rest of the north, let alone the rest of England; fiercely proud, often parodied, sometimes insular and over-romanticised - and suspicious of a capital 300 miles away where many still trek for work.
Stretching across mountain, moor, national park and spectacular countryside from the Tweed to the Tees, with a dialect in its heartland that many cannot fathom - it has a distinctive heritage and culture going back to St Cuthbert, an emerging patron saint who underpinned the identity of the old Northumbrian kingdom.
Northern exposure:
2 - A life-size nude by Lucian Freud of one of the world's most admired and photographed women will go on sale next year. Lucian Freud's Naked Portrait 2002 shows a pregnant Kate Moss draped over a bed, her head resting lightly on her left arm. With rounded belly and a discreet little fold of skin beneath her right breast, this is a magnificent, voluptuous, flesh-and-blood Moss, hardly the wispy, ethereal creature she often appears in photographs. Her face recedes into the background and her calves are prominently displayed; this is Moss as few have ever seen her.
£3m estimate on Freud portrait of Kate Moss,
3 - Four days before the US presidential election, a new videotape of Osama bin Laden surfaced yesterday, with the al-Qaida leader admitting responsibility for the first time for the September 11, 2001 attacks, and threatening new strikes against America.
Bin Laden warning to America,
Lorsque le participe-ing se rapporte à l'ensemble d'une proposition (SVO), il ne qualifie pas Nsujet.
Le participe -ing peut apporter une information complémentaire, ici sur les bénéfices (§ 2) :
Excluding the costs of the legal settlement, third-quarter earnings exceeded analysts' estimates.
§ 2 The company also said full-year earnings would top Wall Street estimates, indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected.
indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected ne définit / qualifie / détermine pas the company
Participe-ing : un participe "présent" ?
Le verbe de la proposition de référence (SVO) peut être au présent ou au passé (les deux seuls temps de la langue anglaise), ou à une forme verbale exprimant l'idée de passé / présent / futur :
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Stock futures slipped [ passé ] on Wednesday, pointing to a weak market open, as firming oil prices and a wide-reaching investigation into the insurance and health industry cast a shadow over Wall Street
Stocks Look to Open Weak as Oil Firms,
Education: Three students, two teachers and a head share [ présent ] their diaries, offering a gripping set of insights into British education.
Observer
web frontpage, 17.10.2004,
Un participe-ing déterminant est indispensable.
Dans ce cas, on ne peut ni le déplacer, ni le supprimer
Postposé au nom, le participe-ing fait partie d'un groupe nominal complexe.
En 1, children est déterminé / catégorisé par being born with three biological parents.
L'ensemble forme le groupe nominal complexe children-being-born-with-three-biological-parents
1 - Scientists are seeking permission to carry out experiments that would result in children being born with three biological parents. UK medical authorities say they will almost certainly approve the application in the next few weeks.
Babies with three parents ahead, O,
17.10.2004,
3 - Her story is harrowing - and familiar to many in Cambodia. HIV infection rates in the country of 12 million people are just under 3 per cent, the highest in Asia.
Almost everyone sitting in the clinic corridor has the virus.
Aids, the new killer in the fields:
4 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A pharmacology professor testifying in the U.S. government's $280 billion suit against the cigarette industry said on Monday he quit working as an expert witness for a tobacco trade group after it pressured him to be more of an advocate.
Professor Says Pressured
to Be Tobacco Advocate,
5 - Australian police investigating the death of a British tourist whose body was found in the Outback today believe she may have got lost while trying to walk 20km back to her hotel at night.
Outback tourist 'may
have got lost',
6 -
A l'inverse de N-ing, séquence déterminée, et qui sur le plan de la syntaxe peut être utilisée seule, ou comme
Googling my brain [ séquence nominale-ing autonome ]
Headline,
Mutu denies using cocaine [ Nobjet ]
Headline and sub,
G, 18.10.2004,
N-ing peut compléter un groupe nominal.
L'ensemble forme un grouoe nominal complexe :
ofpréposition [ préposition ] handing key education services to the private sector [ N-ing complément du GNgénitif The government's policy ] came under renewed attack yesterday after ministers confirmed that a £177m contract has been awarded to Britain's biggest outsourcing company, Capita.
Capita's
school deal under fire, G, 2.10.2004,
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Seeking solutions:
... le participe -ing, qui permet notamment à l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice de donner son avis, d'apporter une information supplémentaire, porte sur N ou sur une proposition (SVO) de référence :
In a balanced, multi-party parliamentary democracy, Ralph Nader would have been a candidate for secular sainthood.
He forced consumer protection - physical and financial - on to the public agenda in the 1960s, saving thousands of lives and billions of dollars.
[ ce participe-ing porte sur la proposition He forced consumer protection - physical and financial - on to the public agenda in the 1960s.
Valeur de ce participe -ing : conséquence, effet, résultat ]
He championed freedom of information laws that declared that public records belong to the people, not to those who compile them. His focus on corporate kleptocracy led to reforms - albeit temporary - in political campaign finance.
Ralph
Nader: Time
to step aside,
Le participe -ing peut avoir une valeur adjectivale : il qualifie N.
Lorsque c'est le cas, un simple déplacement suffit à le transformer en adjectif, antéposé au nom qu'il contribue à déterminer (§ 1) :
Kerry leaves Bush scowling [ segment en -ing ]
§ 1 - John Kerry was yesterday widely declared the winner of the first presidential debate, after an aggressive performance left a scowling [ ici adjectif épithète-ing ] President George Bush sometimes groping for words.
Headline and §1,
Quake Measuring 6.4 Hits Central Iran
TEHRAN, Iran (AP) -- A powerful earthquake shook central Iran on Tuesday, destroying villages and killing at least 14 people, state-run television reported.
An official in the city of Kerman said the powerful 6.4-magnitude killed at least 14 people and scores of others were injured, according to the broadcast.
Headline and first §§, NYT, 22.2.2005,
Le participe -ing est appelé "participe" car il peut participer à la définition de l'action effectuée par le référent du N / GN.
Dans les 2 participes-ing ci-dessous, le segment-ing ne détermine / ne définit ni Bush ni Kerry, noms propres bien connus des lecteurs / lectrices.
Chaque segment -ing apporte une information contigente / circonstancielle sur le président et le sénateur.
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Bush and Democratic Sen. John Kerry traded attacks in New Mexico on Monday, with Bush saying Kerry fundamentally misunderstands the war on terror
and Kerry charging the president favors the rich and powerful over the middle class.
Kerry, Bush Trade Charges in New Mexico,
Le participe-ing peut aussi renvoyer à une proposition (SVO) (ci-dessous, noter les virgules qui encadrent le participe -ing, re-présentation / commentaire de ce qui vient d'être dit ) :
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - NYMEX crude kept close to record highs near $54 early on Tuesday as global oil supplies remained hounded by disruptions, magnifying concerns over U.S. heating oil stocks ahead of the winter, traders said. NYMEX Crude Near Highs Off $54, R, Mon
Oct 11, 2004 11:11 PM ET,
NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. stock futures rose steadily on Wednesday, pointing to a strong market open, with technology shares showing strength after Intel Corp. and Yahoo Inc. reported solid quarterly earnings.
Stocks Seen Higher on Techs; Oil Declines,
R, Wed Oct 13, 2004 07:49 AM
ET,
Autre exemple d'un participe-ing relatif à une proposition (SVO) :
Switches are accidentally triggered.
Dans le comics ci-dessous :
Switches are accidentally triggered... [ cause ]
creating a hologram the residents of this Boston neighborhood will not soon forget! [ effet, conséquence, résultat ]
creating a hologram the residents of this Boston neighborhood will not soon forget! renvoie à la proposition principale-causale Switches are accidentally triggered...
Des commutateurs se déclenchent par hasard, créant / ce qui crée / ce qui a pour effet...
Flash Gordon by Jim Keefe 12.9.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/fgordon/about.htm
En résumé, le participe-ing peut renvoyer à :
- l'ensemble du groupe nominal sujet d'une proposition (1 > sens du participe-ing > circonstance)
- un élément du GN sujet (2 > ssens du participe-ing > état)
- l'ensemble d'une proposition (3 > sens du participe-ing > information statistique).
Syntaxe
On peut rencontrer un participe-ing en début, en milieu ou en fin d'énoncé :
1 - The rows over money and design that have bedevilled Freedom Tower, the skyscraper that will dominate the site of New York's destroyed World Trade Centre, were set aside yesterday as a granite cornerstone was officially laid on US Independence Day.
Unveiling the 20-ton slab of stone, the governor of New York, George Pataki, described it as "a new symbol of this city and this country and of our resolve in the face of terror". Authorities believe Freedom Tower will be the world's tallest skyscraper when it is completed in 2009. The twisting glass and steel design is meant to echo the Statue of Liberty, with an 85-metre (280ft) spire resembling her torch.
Stretching 541 metres (1,776ft) above the north-west corner of the World Trade Centre site, it will also allude to the date of America's independence from Britain - July 4 1776.
First stone laid at Freedom
Tower,
2 - The acceleration in house prices, now rising at more than 20% a year, has already triggered calls for "shock therapy", with some economists telling MPs yesterday that the cost of borrowing should jump 50 basis points to 4.75% immediately. Industrial outlook is the best for years: Manufacturing's upturn adds to the acceleration in house prices, prompting an expected Bank of England assault on borrowing costs, G, 9.6.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/jun/09/ manufacturing.interestrates
Asian stocks edged higher on Tuesday on increasing confidence in the U.S. and Japanese economies, hitting a one-month peak in Tokyo and pushing Japan's benchmark bond yield to its highest level since the end of 2000. Asian Stocks Gain
on Economic Cheer, R, 7.6.2004,
Syntaxe
Le participe-ing peut parfois être déplacé, parfois même hors de l'énoncé où se trouve le groupe nominal de référence.
Un effet de style - focalisation, gros plan - consiste à l'isoler ou à le postposer.
Ci-dessous, les 2 segments-ing (Helping ensure... Providing you...) sont placés après l'énoncé / le GN de référence BT's decade of network expertise... :
The Guardian p.11 9.9.2004
The Guardian G2 p.1 9 March 2006
Quelle que soit sa place, le participe-ing renvoie à N ou à une proposition (SVO).
Il dépend de / est relatif à l'un ou l'autre élément.
le participe-ing peut transmettre une information importante (qualité / état, circonstance, conséquence, moyen, explication, sens).
Cette information est relative au GN ou à la proposition (SVO) de référence :
Two firearms officers opened fire at Mr Stanley, believing a table leg he was carrying in a blue plastic bag was a shotgun
[ explication : le segment -ing donne la raison de ce qui vient d'être dit dans la proposition principale Two firearms officers opened fire at Mr Stanley ].
Policemen may face charges after unlawful killing
verdict,
Cette information n'est parfois pas nécessaire.
Dans certains cas, l'énoncé resterait compréhensible sans le participe-ing.
Ci-dessous, Using the monstrous... pourrait être supprimé sans nuire au sens.
Flash Gordon Jim Keefe 22.8.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/fgordon/about.htm
Par ailleurs, la suppression du groupe nominal / de la proposition de référence rendrait souvent le message incompréhensible - à l'exception de certains comics, où une partie de l'image / l'onomatopée - THOOM! - est suffisamment informative.
Ci-dessus, la suppression de la principale Flash fires... ne nuierait pas à la compréhension.
Fonction grammaticale
Contrairement à N-ing, le participe-ing n'est ni sujet, ni objet.
Enoncés 1 et 2 : le participe-ing (favouring television and computer games instead) ne doit pas ici être confondu avec :
une structure en be + -ing (1)
N-ing (2a)
1 - Children in the UK are not reading enough at home, favouring television and computer games instead, according to new research
Children shun books for TV,
2 - Sorrowful Blair urges unity in face of Iraq terror threat
· PM praises 'dignified' Bigley family and warns of media manipulation · Battle against rebels compared to dark days of Second World War
Tony Blair yesterday disclosed his 'immense' sorrow for the plight of the hostage X. But he issued a powerful plea for the nation to back his firm stance againstpréposition the uprising [ N-ing ] in Iraq or risk fuelling global terrorism [ N-ing ]. In his first public comments since the harrowing [ adjectif -ing ] tape was broadcast ofpréposition X pleading for the Prime Minister to save him [ participe non déterminant, postposé au nom propre Bigley ],
Blair warned of the kidnappers' ability to 'manipulate the modern media', which he admitted left politicians in a difficult position.
Headline, subs and first §§,
participes-ing en série
Caught on film: The sequence showing a marine [ ce participe-ing détermine sequence ] shooting a wounded man in a mosque in Falluja [ ce participe-ing détermine a marine ]
L'ensemble forme un Ncomplexe ; The sequence showing a marine shooting a wounded man in a mosque in Falluja
The Guardian p. 1 23 November 2004
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/23/
Syntaxe, sens
Un participe-ing peut renvoyer au participe-ing précédent :
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - The U.S. dollar stumbled on Monday, setting multi-month lows against the yen and euro
[ conséquence de la proposition principale ]
and trading around four-year lows against the Korean won and Singapore dollar
[ information complémentaire sur l'état / la valeur de dollar ],
prompting investors to clip Asian share markets
[ conséquence de trading around four-year lows against the Korean won and Singapore dollar ]. Asian Shares Fall on Dollar; Gold, Oil Up,
R, Sun Oct 24, 2004 11:30 PM
ET,
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Guerrillas stormed a Baghdad police station and ambushed an American patrol, killing a soldier and wounding nine in daylight attacks in the capital on Saturday, defying efforts to crush a Sunni Muslim revolt
[ traduction explicative : défiant ainsi... ] .
Hours after a U.S. general acknowledged that it was hasty to claim this month's offensive on Falluja had broken the back of the insurgency, rebels killed three policemen in a dawn strike on their station in Baghdad's Sunni Aadhamiya district.
Rebels Attack Baghdad Police, Troops,
segment -ing > déterminant ou participe
autres énoncés
Three Car Bombs Kill 4, Wound 16 in Baghdad
Sat Apr 30, 2005 02:00 PM ET Reuters
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Three car bombs targeting military patrols exploded in Baghdad on Saturday, killing four people and wounding 16, police said. [ participe > information supplémentaire, conséquence de la proposition principale ]
Militants detonated one car bomb alongside a joint Iraqi and U.S. military patrol in the Zayuna district of eastern Baghdad, as it passed near a police station, killing two passers-by, one of them a child, and wounding 10.
[ participe > information supplémentaire, conséquence de la proposition principale ]
Three Car
Bombs Kill 4, Wound 16 in Baghdad,
VANCOUVER, Wash. (Reuters) - Scientists tracking renewed earthquake activity at Mount St. Helens [ le participe -ing détermine scientists ]
raised their warning level on Saturday to a Level 3-Volcano Alert, signaling a second eruption may be brewing. Eruption Warning at Mount St. Helens -- Scientists,
R, Sat Oct 2,
2004 07:42 PM ET,
X, the British engineer who has been held hostage in Iraq for two weeks, appeared in chains on a video last night begging for his life but saying for the first time that his kidnappers did not want to kill him [ participe-ing > circonstance ].
X, 62, appeared haggard but unhurt. He frequently broke down and sobbed as he spoke, at times grasping his head in his hand [ participe-ing > circonstance ].
"My captors don't want to kill me," he said. But moments later he added: "I am begging you for my life. Have some compassion. Please." There was no way ofpréposition verifying when the video was taken [ N-ing ], but his family took it as proof that Mr X was still alive.
Caged and chained,
X
makes new plea:
CBS News anchor Dan Rather on Wednesday strongly defended his 60 Minutes story critical of President Bush's military service, saying that his report is true but that legitimate questions have been raised about the authenticity of documents he used to support it
[ participe-ing > complément d'information ].
Rather says memo flap doesn't change
his story,
NEW ORLEANS (Reuters) - Hurricane Ivan killed at least two people on Wednesday as it began to batter U.S. shores with high winds and ferocious surf, touching off tornadoes that ripped through coastal cities
[ participe-ing > valeur > information complémentaire ].
Hurricane
Ivan Slams U.S. Gulf Coast, Kills Two,
The prime minister, Tony Blair, today declared that the government's crusade against social exclusion was working, but his claim coincided with new figures that showed homelessness had reached a new record high. Launching a progress report on social exclusion Mr Blair said the government's record on poverty was one "we can be proud of".
[ participe-ing > valeur > circonstance / cadre / contexte ]
Blair 'proud'
of crusade against poverty,
She said it to Rudolf Nureyev and then to the Royal Ballet... Sylvie Guillem has said 'no' so often they call her Mademoiselle Non.
Now approaching 40 and still impossibly slim and spiky, is she about to hang up her ballet shoes and spend more time with her cat?
[ participe-ing > valeur > complément d'information, état ] ,
You can probably guess the answer
'If I'm ready for a fight, I go
for it',
participe-ing ≠ N-ing
Le participe-ing ne doit pas être confondu avec une autre forme -ing : N-ing
N-ing est une forme nominale.
Selon le contexte, N-ing est sujet, objet ou complément.
Alors que le participe -ing détermine / renvoie / complète / "s'accroche" à N ou à une proposition (SVO) pour en compléter le sens,
N-ing est une séquence auto-sémantique :
US researchers have questioned whether eating plenty of fruit and vegetables [ N-ing sujet ] reduces the risk of developing cancer [ N-ing complément du nom risk ], a central claim in official health advice.
A study led by the Harvard school of public health in Boston analysed data from more than 100,000 health professionals over 14 years and concluded such a diet led to a "modest" overall reduction in chronic disease, largely because of the impact on preventing heart disease and strokes. [ préposition on + N-ing > valeur : objectif ]
The Department of Health has said increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is the most important anti-cancer measure afterpréposition stopping people smoking.
It offers free portions to children aged up to seven in schools.
the value of fruit and vegetables onpréposition reducing the risks of disease [ N + préposition on + N-ing > valeur : objectif ] ,
citing World Health Organisation recommendations and those of its own advisers [ participe-ing, relatif à la proposition principale ].
The reduction of risk in some cancers was supported by other research findings, it said.
Study questions cancer claims for 5-a-day diet,
Americans started voting in federal and state elections on Tuesday, with President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry locked in a neck-and-neck battle for the White House. President Bush and his wife voted early in Crawford, Texas, near their ranch, beforepréposition boarding a plane to pay a visit to the fiercely contested state of Ohio in a bid to mobilise Republican support. Senator Kerry spent the morning in Wisconsin supporting get-out-the-vote efforts in a state that allows same-day registration of voters
[ participe -ing, relatif à Senator Kerry ],
before heading home to Boston to vote and await results.
[ before est une préposition ;
une préposition est toujours liée à une forme nominale ],
Voting
gets under way in tight presidential race,
participe-ing
autres énoncés
Un participe-ing peut déterminer un nom.
Ci-dessous, dealing with abuse vise et détermine medics.
L'ensemble forme le groupe nominal complexe medics-dealing-with-abuse.
Equivalence théorique de Protecting children : The fact of protecting.
Protecting children puts doctors at risk
Threats and violence face medics dealing with abuse
Threats, violence and unjustified complaints against doctors and other health professionals are driving them out of the area of child abuse, leaving vulnerable children potentially unprotected, surveys showed yesterday.
Headline, and sub,
Enoncé suivant
Equivalence théorique du participe-ing : As he was meeting...
Meeting 10 Palestinian and Israeli editors and journalists in Downing Street on Tuesday, two hours before the first of two suicide bombings in Israel, he said that without security, negotiations on the outstanding issues - borders, settlements, the future of Jerusalem, refugees - would be fruitless.
Blair
talks of 'terrible virus',
Leaving the independent Atlantic label to sign with a major company, [ Après avoir quitté... ]
he recorded Georgia, a song written by Hoagy Carmichael 30 years earlier. It provided the first sign of his desire to broaden his audience still further, and it took the charts by storm in 1960. A year later Hit the Road, Jack returned to the gospel-blues style and gave Charles and his backing singers, the Raeletts, a worldwide hit. Ray
Charles, father of soul music, dies at 73:
participes-ing
autres énoncés
ISTANBUL (Reuters) - A bomb blast ripped through a city bus, killing two people in Istanbul on Thursday,
[ participe-ing > valeur ici > effet, conséquence, effet de la principale SVO ],
days before President Bush arrives in the country for a NATO summit, Turkish television said.
Second Bomb Blast in a Day Rocks Turkey, 2 Dead,
Speaking yesterday in Warsaw, the Polish capital,
[ participe-ing > valeur ici > repérage > précision d'ordre circonstanciel, spatio-temporel, contextuel ],
Mr Blair said the evidence of weapons of mass destruction in the dossier was "evidence the truth of which I have absolutely no doubt about at all".
Straw,
Powell had serious doubts over their Iraqi weapons claims:
Looking directly through the bigger telescopes,
[ participe-ing > valeur ici > complément de moyen ],
their lenses covered with glass so dark you couldn't see anything except the sun, we could look at an even finer sight, as if a black bug was crawling very slowly across a lemon yellow frisbee. "It's gorgeous, gorgeous!" cried Dr Allan Chapman of Oxford, a professor of the history of science. He is also the world authority on Jeremiah Horrocks, a genius from Liverpool who had gone to work in a village near our field, possibly to train as a vicar.
Using others' incorrect tables of planetary motions, accurate observations of his own, and endless calculations on scraps of paper,
[ participe-ing > valeur ici > complément de moyen ],
this youth worked out that Kepler - one of the greatest astronomers of all time - was wrong, and there would be a transit of Venus on December 4 (our calendar) 1639.
A
piece of history passes by
sémantisme détermination syntaxe style
segment difficilement / non déplaçable
1 - Déplacer entering Israel, qui vise et détermine 4 militants, créerait un contre-sens :
??? Entering Israel Israeli Soldiers kill 4 militants.
Un segment déterminant n'est pas mobile, puisqu'il fait partie intégrante du GN complexe : 4 militants entering Israel.
1 - Israeli Soldiers Kill 4 Militants Entering Israel
Sat Oct 2, 2004 01:33 AM ET
GAZA (Reuters) - Israeli troops shot dead four Palestinian gunmen who were infiltrating Israel's border with northern Gaza, [ be + -ing ] witnesses said, as the army continued a wide-scale offensive in the area to weed out rocket launchers. A military source said soldiers had received earlier information about militants who planned to infiltrate into southern Israel and carry out an attack in a town in the area. Troops spotted four gunmen wearing explosives belts cutting through the border fence, and killed them, the source said. Headline and first §§,
The government plans to forge ahead with compulsory home sellers' packs, despite the Lords having thrown out the proposal last night.
Compulsory
home sellers' packs face struggle,
Polls show the race is extraordinarily close, with a flurry of surveys showing a dead heat nationally and contradictory polls indicating most of the 10 hardest fought battleground states could tip either way. Bush and
Kerry Face Verdict of Voters,
Last week's seizure of material belonging to anti-globalisation websites could have serious consequences for citizen publishers.
Bobbie Johnson reports
Heavy hand of the
law,
Occupants of car seen near shooting are urged to 'look in mirror', amid call to protect bystanders giving evidence
School leads
mourning for gun victim,
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - NYMEX crude kept close to record highs near $54 early on Tuesday as global oil supplies remained hounded by disruptions, magnifying concerns over U.S. heating oil stocks ahead of the winter, traders said.
NYMEX Crude Near Highs Off $54,
ST. LOUIS (Reuters) - President Bush and Democratic challenger John Kerry argued about Iraq, jobs and taxes in their second debate Friday, with Kerry questioning Bush's judgment and the president accusing Kerry of crumbling under political pressure.
Bush, Kerry Differ Sharply on Iraq, Taxes,
New tremors were detected at Mount St Helens yesterday as scientists warned that the volcano, which erupted in May 1980, killing 57 people,
[ conséquence, effet de l'action décrite dans la proposition en which ]
was about to blow again.
Tremors
heard at Mount St Helens,
At least 46 people were killed and 200 injured in a series of bomb attacks targeting US and Iraqi forces in and around Baghdad today.
Dozens of the victims were children.
Multiple Iraq bombings
kill 46,
No stranger experience can have happened to Mr. Chamberlain during the past month of adventures than his reception back home in London. He drove from Heston to Buckingham Palace, where the crowd clamoured for him, and within five minutes of his arrival he was standing on the balcony of the Palace with the King and Queen and Mrs. Chamberlain. The cries were all for "Neville," and he stood there blinking in the light of a powerful arc-lamp and waving his hand and smiling.
For three minutes this demonstration lasted. Another welcome awaited the Premier in Downing Street, which he reached fifteen minutes later. With difficulty his car moved forward from Whitehall to No. 10. Mounted policemen rode fore and aft and a constable kept guard on the running board of the car. Every window on the three floors of No. 10 and No. 11 was open and filled with faces. The windows of the Foreign Office across the way were equally full - all except one, which was made up with sandbags. Everywhere were people cheering.
One of the women there found no other words to express her feelings but these, "The man who gave me back my son." Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain stood for a few moments on the doorstep acknowledging the greeting.
Then Mr. Chamberlain went to a first-floor window and leaned forward happily smiling on the people.
"My good friends," he said - it took some time to still the clamour so that he might be heard - "this is the second time in our history that there has come back from Germany 'peace with honour.' I believe it is peace for our time. " Return from Munich,G, Saturday October 1, 1938, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1938/oct/01/ secondworldwar.fromthearchive
participe-ing > valeur > commentaire
autres énoncés
Judge Dismisses NRA Bankruptcy Case, Heightening Risk For Dissolution Of Group
[ valeur de ce participe-ing : commentaire relatif à l'information transmise par la proposition principale ]
May 11, 2021 NPR
Reaching Back To The New Deal,
[ valeur de ce participe-ing : commentaire relatif à l'information transmise par la proposition principale ]
Biden Proposes A Civilian Climate Corps
May 11, 2021 NPR
Banking On Busy Summer Travel Season,
[ valeur de ce participe-ing : commentaire, déduction relatif / relative à l'information transmise par la proposition principale ]
Airlines Add More Flights And New Routes
May 7, 2021 NPR
participe-ing > valeur > contexte, cause
autres énoncés
Facing A Recall [ election ] And A Massive Surplus [ budget surplus ],
[ valeur de ce participe-ing : contexte de l'information transmise par la proposition principale ]
Gov. Newsom Proposes More Stimulus Checks
May 10, 2021 NPR
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
non déterminant, non catégorisant
séquence-ing > portée de -ing > Ncomplexe
séquence-ing -> portée > proposition (SVO)
-ing > question > présupposition
séquence nominale-ing autonome
séquences auxilaires / verbales :
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